The Girl Child Marriage Act Of 2003

The Girl Child Marriage Act Of 2003
Culture is said to be the way of life of people. It is difficult to divorce man from his culture as it defines him. Girl child marriage is one of the
cultures of the Hausa people of Nigeria. Researches have shown that most Hausa women are married before they are in their early twenties. This
culture has been frowned at by most Nigerians because it robs the girl child the opportunity to choose who she would have really loved to marry
as she does not have the mental ability to make such a decision at a tender age. Also, the health challenges that the girls are prone to is also another
reason for the call of the abolishment of such way of life. The child act of 2003 protects the Nigerian girl child against being forced into an early
marriage; it states that a girl under the age of 18 cannot be contracted into marriage. It is no wonder that the recent proposed girl child marriage bill act
by some senators brought about mixed reactions from Nigerians. Many of these reactions out–rightly condemned not only the propositions but also
those that proposed the law. This work seeks to analyse how the blackberry messenger has been used to convince Nigerians to kick against what most
called 'child slavery act '. Keywords: Girl–child, blackberry messenger, culture, minor, pictures INTRODUCTION Following the alleged proposed
move to legalise girl–child marriage, several reactions from individuals, activists, groups and organisations have evolved. Many took to the streets,
media houses and
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Disadvantages Of Complementary Interpretation
3 Complementary Interpretation among RT and CP
3.1 Basis of Complementary Interpretation
From what has been discussed above, it can be concluded that because of the differences of subject in diverse verbal communication, the complication
of discourse comprehension, and the variability of context, any single theory is insufficient to explain the whole picture of utterance. CP and RT
respectively own their distinctive advantages and disadvantages, so as to induction of their differences in various aspects is necessary to examine
whether the two theories can be reciprocally complemented..
1пј‰ The perspective of utterance interpretation
Mainly from the social and interpersonal perspective to explain the conversational implicature, CP is meant to lead the two parties of verbal
communication to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Aside from both being important theories of pragmatics field, there's another significant similarity between the two, from the author's perspective.
Generally speaking, the core of Cooperative Principle is that communicators in a conversation will work together towards the final purpose of utterance
–– in other words, they share a common purpose or at least a common direction of acceptance. At every stage of the conversation, in accordance with
the needs of meeting communication purpose or with the direction of acceptance, people are willing to make their due contributions. Relevance
Theory states that by the act of making an utterance the speaker is conveying that what they have said is worth listening to, and it will provide
"cognitive effects" worthy of the processing effort required to find the meaning. It can be translated as the speaker only has to convey as much
information as needed in any given context, so that the audience can recover his/her intended meaning from what was said as well as from the context
and implications. It coincides with the quantity and quality maxim of Cooperative

What Is Tutentology?
The word tautology is derived from the Greek word "tauto" (the same) and "logos" (a word or an idea). In grammatical tautology, there is an
unnecessary repetition of meaning, using multiple words to effectively–or ineffectively–say the same thing. Thus, tautology presents the needless
repetition of an idea without imparting additional force or clearness.
Aelius Donatus (Chase, 1926), a famous Latin grammarian defined tautology: "Tautology is a faulty repetition of phrases, such as 'me, myself and I'."
Current dictionary definitions leave it unclear whether repeated words or repeated ideas constitute a tautology, and whether mere repetition suffices.
Three dictionary definitions illustrate this confusion:
(a)Merriam Webster Dictionary: "Needless ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They don't know whether it is true or false, because they are not involved. I'm involved. I've been involved with this stuff all my life. But I'm involved.
So I know when you are telling the truth and when you not. I just see many many untruthful things and I will tell you what also I see – I see tone. You
know the word TONE? The tone is such hatred. I'm really not a bad person, by the way. But the tone is such– I do get good gradings, you have to
admit that – the tone is such hatred. (Pause) I watched this morning a couple of the negro and I have to say they are very honourable people, they are
very – not because they are good, they hit me also when I do something wrong. But, they have the most honest morning show. That's all I can say, it is a
most honest – but, the tone Jim, if you look the hatred, the, I mean, sometimes, sometimes somebody gets. Well you look at your show that goes on 10
o clock in the evening. You just take a look at that show. That is a constant hatred; the panel is almost always exclusive anti
–Trump. The good news is
that has good gradings. But, the panel is almost exclusive anti–Trump. And the hatred and venom comin' from his mouth; the hatred coming from other
people on your network. And now, I will say this, aah, I watch it, I see it, I'm amazed by it, and I just think you would be a lot better, I honestly do.
The public gets it. Look, when I

Porcelain And Pink Character Analysis
In the extract of the play Porcelain and Pink by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the characters Lois and Julie's individual personalities can be uncovered. One can do
this through analysation of conversation through turn–taking, cooperative principles, implicature and politeness strategies. We shall discuss these four
aspects in detail.
The individual personalities of the characters can be explored by investigating the turn–taking in this dialogue. To begin with, we will look at Lois.
From line one to three, this character shows that she is to–the–point and very direct. One can see this through the conversation analysed during
turn–taking, Lois plainly states she has a date, and then tells Julie that is none of her business (lines 1 and 3). She does ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
We are first introduced to implicature in the first line of the extract from Lois, who is trying to implicitly get Julie out of the bathroom. To argue this
claim we will look at lines one to four where Lois expresses that she has a date with Julie, but is implying that she would like Julie to hurry up
because of this reason. Julie, wanting to know more about this date and ignoring the fact that she knows she needs to hurry up, explicitly asks about
it. This exposes the girls' unlike makeup, Lois is trying to suggest a reason to Julie to get out of the bathroom, which is a nicer way of getting the
message across instead of plainly asking her, which could be seen as rude. Julie, however, is not moved by her inferred meaning, this shows her
mischievous and meddlesome side. (Levey et al. 2015. P

Why Research Is Important Essay
Asking me why research is important is like asking me why breathing is important or why is walking important. For me, it is a fundamental way of
life. Okay, maybe not as fundamental as oxygen, but it is way up there. Research is important because it can satisfies our thirst in discovery and
make deeper understanding about particular material. A research could give us a confidence booster when complete it. Research is effected our life.
Try to think what research have done so far. We know lot of things because of research. People do research because they want to know something new
and solve a problem. Research which is the foundation for knowledge that makes possible so much of the innovation and application that provides
wider benefit. In research,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Language used in communication among the speaker with the hearer. Trough language an idea, opinion, feeling, critics and some supports can be
expressed. Oka (in Suyono, 1990:45) state that to express the feeling, idea, opinion, critics, and suggestion is a basic means of language. With
language the people can express their idea, opinion and also doing a good communication. When the people want to share their idea, feeling, opinion
or doing some speech they should use language correctly. In doing a good conversation we should intend the utterance clearly to the hearer and also
the hearer should listen what the speaker saying carefully, it is what the expert call with cooperative principle in pragmatics field. Pragmatics is a study
about the meaning in use or speaker meaning. One of the most basic assumptions we must make for successful communication to take place in that
both people in a conversation are cooperating, it is conveyed by the philosopher, Paul Grace. Not all of the people willing to doing cooperative
conversation because of some factor, one of them wants to be polite or even unwillingness in doing a good conversation. Furthermore we often listen
the utterance have a different meaning with the intention of the

The Importance Of Pragmatic Language Processing
as Goodman & Stuhlmuller (2013) claim that pragmatic language understanding is a social cognition. Perhaps the complex systems involved in
pragmatic language understanding are modules that specifically process information about social context, and, it is likely that these interpretation.
Perhaps one might start by searching for data suggesting that semantic processing and pragmatic processing involve different parts of the brain.
In a series of experiments, Rabagliati, Pylkkanen & Marcus (2013) tested linguistic ambiguity resolution in children compared to adults. They found
that children processed language differently than adults and that children had trouble integrating contextual cues (Rabagliati et al., 2013, p. 1085). And
they suggested that this may be because children's executive function abilities are not fully developed (Rabagliati et al. p. 1085, 2013). This notion is
in alignment with previous research by Khanna and Boland (2010) who studied lexical ambiguity resolution in 7 to 10 year old's and in adults. They
found that those who had more fully developed executive function abilities also were more sensitive to context in their lexical interpretation (Khanna &
Boland, 2010).
These results are starting to paint a picture that the structures for analyzing and interpreting syntax and semantics may be different than the structures
that are involved in a pragmatic interpretation. One might hypothesize that the modules for strict semantic understanding are in

H. Paul Grice: A Cooperative Principle
According to British/ American philosopher H. Paul Grice (1975), for the conversation to be efficient, people need to cooperate with their
conversational partners and conversation only makes sense in a mutually accepted context. Thus, he proposed a Cooperative Principle which consists
of four maxims of conversation. "Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose
or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged" Grice (1975:45) The Maxims: Quantity 1.Make your contribution as informative as is
required; 2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. Quality 1. Do not say what you believe to be false; 2. Do not say that...
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They were stopped at the door and the guard asked his wife for an ID. The conversation followed: Mey (2012:78) The doorman is blatantly flouting
the maxim of quality giving false information concerning his own age. This way he is conveying the message that he does not believe Mey's wife
and suggesting that she looks very young. What is more, Inger took it as a compliment! May states that the flout had ,in fact, the pragmatic effect of
a compliment. 2. Violation of quantity maxim. Allan and Jaszczolt (2012:58) claim that "with quantity implicatures a speaker means not just what
she says but also that she does not mean something stronger" and present a few examples: 1. Barry tried hard to lift the 300 lb barbell. In this
utterance we are likely to infere that Barry failed to lift 300 lb barbell. Otherwise, the speaker would have said that he succeeded. 2. He thought he
was strong enough to lift it. In this case the hearer might infer that he was not sure that he could lift it.3. He had lifted the 250 lb barbell three times.
With this sentence the speaker probably implicates that he did not lift the barbell more than three

Analysis Report: Communicative Competence
Analysis Report: Communicative Competence
1. The universal characteristics and limitations of language
There are many limitations in communication and language especially in the written language. The background of the communication, for example
when the conversation between Grace and Sarah many such features like implicature, linguistic code and the language level can be assessed. Before
that can be done it is important that the fact that nonverbal communications may influence and understanding of the conversation may largely depend
on the understanding of the nonverbal communications. There are nonverbal communications that take place and are often neglected in the study of
linguistics.
According to Portch (1985) the body communicates constantly both verbally and nonverbally. Though the nonverbalcommunication in this context
cannot be observed, some common elements that could have implications in the conversation given for analysis can be seen by analyzing the
non–verbal cues. Thus in analyzing the conversation the following points seem to be valid: taking that the conversation begins with the reference to a
man, who would be cross with both of them: that being implied by the use of the term of his being cross with them. There can be many implications
here. Someone was waiting for the women, and they were late. That must be what would be implied if the sentence was interpreted in isolation. But
when the reply is given the conclusion is that they have tickets of the

Examples Of Implicature Analysis
Implicature Analysis Before telling the theory, Ryan asks what everybody wants in life. Hari answers something about his girlfriend and Surdy
wants to know who Hari's girlfriend is. Actually the question is intended for Hari but Ryan takes the charge and says it is not his business which
appears to be violation of maxim of relation. He should have told Surdy Hari's girlfriend's name but he and Hari do not want everybody to know it.
In order to hide the information from others, Ryan violates maxim of relation. It also violates tact maxim as Ryan impolitely suggests Surdy that you
don't have anything to do with that. To be polite, his reply should have been 'we do not want you to know Hari's girlfriend's name.' On the contrary,
Ryan suggests Surdy not to ask Hari's girlfriend's name. But as stated earlier this conversation has taken place between friends so; friends do say
something impolitely as it is an informal conversation. Close friends do not mind if anyone of them uses impolite language with them. Concluding
Remarks Impolite conversation is a very common thing between friends, especially when they are away from home and having a party. They violate
maxims every time to convey something else to their friends. People, in general, violate maxims of co–operative principle and politeness principle with
a motive. Here Ryan's motive is to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This means that they have to repeat the courses they have missed during suspension period. They are also unable to appear the campus interviews.
During suspension period they have worked on Ryan's lube project in professor Veera's lab. Somehow professor Cherian shows some pity and allows
them credits for their lube project on which they have been working during suspended semester. They are happy and start preparing for campus
interviews. Hari argues with Ryan over Ryan's indifference with his

Semiotic Or Semilogical Theory Of Communication
1.INTRODUCTION
Communication serves a variety of purposes and takes on a variety of forms; and is so much more than merely a transmission of information. Often
communication includes ambiguous forms (which may be either deliberate or spontaneous). How is one to interpret a speaker's utterances and how is
this interpretation done? The Relevance Theory of Sperber and Wilson (1986) – to be explored in this paper – proposes an interpretation of utterances
based on a theory in pragmatics about how a hearer interprets a speaker's utterances.
In the past, two models have been put forward to explain how communication is processed. They are as follows:
1.1.The Code Model
This model (also known as the Shannon–Weaver model (1949)) presents ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
their shared knowledge). There is therefore a certain degree of reliance on the hearer making the right inferences from what is not explicitly
communicated. This may be diagrammatised as follows:
Speaker's thought/intention + context–mediated information –> encoded –> transmitted –> decoded + context mediated information –> intention
/thought understood.
Inference may be understood from the following example: The message 'Tom has bought the Times' requires contextual knowledge for it to be
understood – i.e. that 'the Times' is the name of a newspaper publication. Also, it is to be inferred from the statement that rather than buying the entire
press enterprise, Tom has merely bought one issue, and probably the issue of the day in question.
The Inferential model includes Grice's model of implicature (i.e. what is meant, suggested or hinted at but not overtly stated). Therefore, in order for
communication to be successful, Grice proposed the Cooperative Principle which includes the maxims of quantity, quality relevance and manner. The
Relevance theory develops the maxim of relevance.
With regards to metaphorical language, there is no sharp dividing line between it and the literal. "The same cognitive processes are involved in
understanding all utterances. This distinguishes our view from the classical (Aristotelian) view of figurative language where figurative utterances

Pragmatic Equivalence In Translation
Translation is considered as more deeper than exchanging lexical and grammatical terms . A translator 's main goal is to convey the message of the
source text with the same meaning and intention . He can achieve this goal when he applies pragmatic equivalence. Pragmatic equivalence can be
defined as : the ability of the translator to convey the source language to target language with the same intention of the text producer and equivalent
words and same affection to the reader . Mainly , pragmatics has to do with the intention of speakers . It studies why sentences are used and studies
also the context of utterance and environment surrounding each sentence used in the situation . Translator should give attention to different types of
beyond meanings that arise from what's literally said , this can go under term of " implicit meaning " which has relation with pragmatics . Moreover ,
Speaker's intentions has to go with elements of structure and texture . In addition . equivalence has an important role in translation process . And the
translator will achieve his goal of exchange using equivalence . Since, translation is considered as more deeper than exchanging lexical and grammatical
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This research paper will examine the linguistic theories of speech act and Gricean maxims and their relations to pragmatic equivalence . It will provide
linguist's opinions about types of speech act and felicity conditions and the maxims and the implicature from different sources . This paper assists the
translator to understand the theories and will make him able to convey the implied meaning intended by the speaker not the literal meaning of the
words only

Direct And Indirect Speech Acts
In order to communicate, people use not only utterances that contain words and grammatical structures. Those utterances also include specific actions
(Yule, 1996, p.47).
Let's imagine a situation where you are on a job interview and your interviewer states:
Welcome aboard.
It is more than just a statement, because this utterance is used to perform the act of giving you an employment. In another example we can describe the
act of the compliment [a] and expression of surprise [b]. a.You're the man!
b.No way! Actions that are performed through the process of speaking are described as speech acts, but the theory is more focused on acts that are
not completely covered by major divisions of grammar or any other theory of actions (Horn, Ward, 1994, p.53). In English language, actions are...
Directives are used to make someone do something that speaker wants.
Could you close the window?
Stop doing this!
5.Commisives represent the speaker's commitment to take some action in the future.
I'll do this tomorrow.
I will go to see a doctor. Direct and indirect speech acts
Speech acts can be classified on the basis of their structure and function. There are three general types of sentences in English which are based on the
structure(Yule, 1996, p.54): 1.Declarative makes a statement or tells something You have a blue hat.
The lights are on.
2.Interrogative asks a question Do you have a blue hat?
Are the lights on?
3.Imperative commands something Put that blue hat on!
Put the lights on! Direct speech act occurs when there is a direct relationship between a structure and a function. When interrogative is used to ask a
question [a], it is direct speech. Indirect speech on the other hand, occurs when there is no direct relationship between a structure and a function. When
interrogative is used to mare a request [b], it is indirect speech (Yule, 1996, p.55). a.Where have you been?
b.Could you open the window? 1.3. The cooperative

Grice Maxims
Grice's maxims
We use the language every day to communicate with each other in order to learn and produc.in other words we need language to cooperate.
.In linguistics the cooperative principles design to cooperate to work together in order to communicate efficiently between two people or groups of
people.
Grice's maxims was written in 1975 and created by Paul Grice about how follow the conversation maxims. The linguist Paul Grice presented these
maxims in depth and give us four maxims.
The cooperative principle is generally about cooperative with one another, when two people want to speak or to exchange it.
The cooperative principle in two sides: speakers who observe the cooperative principle, and listeners where assume that speakers are observing it. This
allows ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Speakers may violate or break one of the maxims . Grice's belief was about hearers who are assume that speakers are conforming to the CP, and
interpret utterances under this assumption. The difference between what the words in an utterance mean and what the speaker's intention meaning was,
Grice implicature. It is clear in which the message that people intend to convey is not wholly contained within the words they use, but depends on
hearers interpreting the message taking into account context and implicated meaning.
There is a continuity between everyday creativity and literature that the creativity has many properties in relation to poetic features. There is a link
between such everyday conversation and literature itself .
Literary language is seen as a highly valued in which words and phrases are carefully chosen for their artistic effect in the same time the listeners and
readers are responded to these aesthetic. In literature that certain forms of language are highly creative .creativity is not restricted to literary text but
how we can interact with

What Is Pragmatic Equivalence?
Pragmatics is "the study of the purposes for which sentences is used, of the real world conditions under which a sentence may be appropriately used as
an utterance" (Hatim, Basil (1992), p.59). Pragmatic Equivalence as a theory demonstrates the close relation between the meaning of a text in the
source language and the target language. Speech Act Theory and Grice's Cooperative Principle set the basics of linguistics related with translation
studies in terms of the meaning and its effect between two different languages, the meaning and intentionality are primary elements to any translator
seeks to transfer the exact message of the text in the source language . Speech Act Theory by Austin (1962) demonstrates how words in an utterance
carry out... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The performance of the act is the main object in that utterance. The circumstances; in which the utterances are uttered are important, they have to be
appropriate. The speakers have to perform in a certain way; that correspond to the action " whether 'physical' or 'mental' action ". (Austin,1962,p.8).
Austin (1962) elaborates that; the action can be performed by other ways, not only by a performative utterance. The circumstances in different actions
have to correspond to the action, they describe.When the speakers objecting, they can make something different, from the one in their mind. For
instance, "awe inspiring performatives, such as ' I promise' ", so the action and the utterance must be serious when uttering it. This is basically related
to the significance of an utterance.Promising is one of the performatives. In uttering a promise, the speaker must have intention, in order to make this
utterance; gives the right idea or impression. A performative promise does not involve the statement, that one is promising. Such explicit performative
utterance, does not describe what the speaker is doing or, it does not mean that the speaker starts doing that action. (Austin, 1962,

Humor In Stand Up Comedy
A Discourse Analysis of Maz Jobrani's Stand–up Comedy
1. Introduction
1.1 Background
This is a study of humor in stand–up comedy, focusing on analyzing a script using the Cooperative Principle and Flouting the Maxims by Grice
(1975). Humor is used in our daily life to address social, cultural or political issues in an entertaining manner. Repeatedly, people express their opinion
and ideas with short, funny, exaggerating, dramatic and sarcastic ways to achieve certain effects, thereby they could feel humorous. Also, humor is
practical because without even realizing it, the audience will change their view on matters they were once deeply convinced with. In this article, I will
shed light on the different functions of humor. I will study and analyze the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It generally involves two main aspects: definition and pragmatics. In this article, I will only deal with pragmatics. Hancher (1980) explains that humor
comes out by violating speech act in appropriate condition or associated conversational theory of implicature. Raskin (1985) differentiates humor
dialogs from daily normal conversation and proposes the theory of humor's cooperative principle in which listeners do not take the speaker's words at
face value. The speaker is not expected to tell the truth or to give related information. Attardo (1993) explains the substance of humor and shows the
results behind violating Grice's cooperative principle. Many studies and researches attempt to illustrate the analysis of humor form the pragmatics
point of view. However, only few works explore humor with discourse analysis. In this article I will apply the pragmatic theory using the cooperative
principle by Grice (1975) and emphasizing on the four maxims merged with discourse analysis to reveal the result of humor in English in the light of
flouting or non–observance of Grice's cooperative

Turn-Taking System as Described in Conversation Analysis
Outline and illustrate the turn–taking system as described in Conversation Analysis
Introduction to Discourse
Student Number: 12022165
Academic year 2012/2013
TABLE OF CONTENT
1INTRODUCITON
2TURN–TAKING
3STRUCTURE OF THE TURN–TAKING SYSTEM
3.1Techniques for selecting the next speaker
4OPENING AND CLOSING OF THE CONVERSATION
4.1Openings
4.1.1Topic
4.2Closings
5CONCLUSION

INTRODUCITON
In conversation people seem to follow a certain rule of communication which is often perceived as effortless as breathing but not many people are
aware that turn–taking system as described in conversation analysis is deeply structured, organized and has a predictable pattern. It is also one of the
basic mechanisms in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To avoid unintended implicature in dispreferred responses (invitation/declination) we often add something to them. We can not respond to the
invitation by saying "no" as this could be considered as inappropriate and would create implicature. That is why in the case of declining an invitation
we have to add an apology, explanation or an excuse why we refused the offer. There are also examples when we have one adjacency pair embedded
within another
Dispreferred or complex responses can also be:
Silence
Pauses
Preface: well, uhm, ah
Example:
[pic]
(Levinson, 1983:308)
Politicians often take on these dispreferred responses in order to avoid anwsering a question directly. Alternative responses to the first part of the
adjacency pairs are:
[pic]
(Levinson, 1983:307)
Example: Interview of Paxman vs. Howard in which Howard (leader of the oposing party) continues to avoid anwsering the questions provided by
Paxman.
Paxman: Did you threaten to overule him?

Howard: I was not entitled to instruct Derek Lewis and I did not instruct him.
Howard: The truth of the matter is that Mr. Marriot was not suspended–
Howard: I did not overule Derek Lewis–
Paxman: Did you threaten to

The Projection Of ' War '
The Projection of 'War' in Poetry: Applying Metaphor Theory One study that investigates the role of metaphor in poetry is Peter Stockwell (2002).
Stockwell defines metaphor as ' the use of one expression to refer to a different concept in in a way which is still regarded as meaningful, and metaphor
has most prototypically been associated with poetic and literary usage.' According to Stockwell, much work in cognitive science has demonstrated that
metaphor is related to the function of human mind. ZoltГЎn KГ¶vecses (2009) affirms that poets share people's everyday conceptual metaphor they use
in poetry and blend proposed that in many cases poetry makes use of what he and Turner, (1996) Fauconnier and Turner (2002) call "blends," in which
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The mentioning of these circumstances creates a distinctive thematic representation. The construction of the cleft sentence 'it was' followed by the
adverbial phrase is to emphasize the time' fourteenth of that month' and the place 'Goyja'. Here, the context is described literary which is the rheme of
the poem while 'the wind abducted my pen' is the theme. The verb 'abduct' is a transitive verb. This structure is clearly metaphorical. The contextual
parameters of the first two lines are not clear–cut shown. The field including the process of 'abduction' is expressed in a lexico–grammatically a
different way that creates a grammatical metaphorical expression which according to Halliday and Hassan (1995) involves the transformation of verbs
and adjectives. The process of abduction is force dynamic image schema metaphor in the sense that wind cannot 'abduct' things but human beings and
thus human being and wind are compared. The process of abduction is a characteristic of human being. This material process requires a human actor
while the poet uses 'the wind' as instrumental as a participant. In addition, Halliday and Hassan's interpersonal metafunction of the second participant of
the verb 'abduct' involves another grammatical metaphor wherein a 'pen' is not used in its literal sense. Here, 'pen' refers as thoughts, ideas, and feeling
and/or anything that can be written. The noun group involving determiner 'my pen' includes the person

Essay On Pretty Little Liars
In the tv show Pretty Little Liars, based on four inseparable best friends, until one summer one of them,went mysteriously missing. This show set in
the fictional town of Rosewood, Pennsylvania, the series follows the lives of four girls, Aria Montgomery, Hanna Marin, Emily Fields, and Spencer
Hastings, whose clique falls apart after the disappearance of their leader, Alison DiLaurentis. One year later, the estranged friends are reunited as they
begin receiving messages from a mysterious figure named "A", who threatens to expose their deepest secrets, including ones they thought only Alison
knew. At first, they think it's Alison herself, but after her body is found, the girls realize that someone else is planning on ruining their perfect lives.
...
And its what you do with your friends, when you can actually be seen in public, with the person that you are going out with.
Aria:( looking back, and see the Principal) Oh, My God. I am so busted. Hackett just saw me staring at Erza. Now he's walking over here. I think that
what Mr. Fitz meant was Steinbeck used the farmer as a metaphor for his frustration. Is he gone?
Emily: No, and he's totally watching you.
In this scene the implicature is how Aria, changed drastically the conversation she was having with Emily about Ezra, who is her boyfriend and her
teacher. They had tried to keep their relationship in secret as a result that they both know that being romantically involved with a student is a felony.
But a few times before Aria had been caught staring or exchanging smiles between both of them, so Mr. Hackett began to get suspicious. So as soon as
Aria noticed that he were looking at her, she immediately changed the conversion and made a reference about some reading Another time on this show
that we also see the relevance, when the girls are at Spencer Kitchen studying for a examen, they are converting about Aria's relationship with Ezra the
Teacher, and how they almost got caught;
Season 1 Ep 13 (36:06–37:09)

The Definitions Of Pragmatics
Pragmatics is a field of study appeared in the late sixties and early seventies. It is the branch of linguistics concerned with language use, which deal
with the form and meaning of sentences respectively (Ninio and Snow, 1996, p.9). Hence, pragmatics is usually associated with utterance and speaker
meaning. Some definitions of pragmatics stress different views and perspectives will help us to understand this field.
Mey (2001), pragmatics is the use of language in human communication as determined by the conditions of society (p.6). Blum–Kulka and Kasper
(1993) are defined that as the study of people's comprehension and production of linguistic action in context. As for Leech (1983), described pragmatics
as the study of how utterances have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The continental view would also covers broader cognitive notions as the knowledge of situations, social institutions and cultures among others would
be influenced by language. Culpeper and Haugh (2014) indicated that some issue such as "politeness" can be addressed in both Anglo–American and
the continental views hence it purposes of describing not only some aspects of linguistic structure but also some aspects of social function and context.
Moreover, many of the topics addressed in both views extracted of three major pragmatic theories: speech acts (Austin, 1962, Searle, 1969–1975),
conversational implicatures (Grice, 1975), and politeness (Brown & Levinson,

Styles Influence Of Communication In Military Organizations
Obviously, the structure, systems and leadership styles influence communication and its manifestations in any organization (military, industrial,
commercial). Nowadays, in the light of the modern technological and organizational revolution, the military organization is increasingly similar to
civilian institutions; nonetheless, it differs in a radical way – its members must be always ready to pay the supreme sacrifice: their life. Due to this
life–binding commitment, the military must act like a rigidly–stratified organization, in which each level is linked to its hierarchical superior or
subordinate by immediate and loyal allegiance.
The organizational structure, as mentioned before, is strictly stratified. It manifests – formally and informally – through diverse attitudes, behaviors,
conducts, reactions, between otherwise equal members of the society, classified and empowered by the institution according to rank and position. The
hierarchy is rigid and must be obeyed under all circumstances, by all members of the organization, regardless of their race, color, status, age, gender etc.
When the hierarchical flow does not move smoothly across the organization, communication is obstructed. This is ... Show more content on
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Taking into consideration that the military organization is mainly characterized by group work, cooperation and coordination among isolated elements,
it is critical that the level of communication between the members of the organization be optimal, a characteristic which falls under the responsibility
of the leader, constantly concerned with facilitating clear and efficient transfer of information. Consequently, the inherent conditions of communication
(transparency, freedom of expression, respect for others' opinions, positive feedback) are conscientiously respected by all the members of the
organization and come to define modern military

Paul Grice's Cooperative Method
Grice's maxims
We use the language every day to communicate with each other in order to learn.in other words we need language to cooperate.
In linguistics the cooperative principles design to cooperate to work together in order to communicate efficiently between two people or groups of
people.
Grice's maxims was written in 1975 and created by Paul Grice about how follow the conversation maxims. The linguist Paul Grice presented these
maxims in depth and give us four maxims.
The cooperative principle is generally about cooperative with one another when two people want to speak or to exchange the conversation.
The cooperative principle in two sides: speakers who observe the cooperative principle, and listeners where assume that speakers are observing it. This
allows for the possibility of implicatures, which are meanings that are not explicitly conveyed in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If we violate the maxim of quality, we lie. If we violate the maxim of quantity by not giving enough information. According to Grice, a maxim has been
flouted and implicature .There is an important relation between conventional and an implicit meaning. Speakers can interact in many utterances, but the
hearer gather the utters. Cooperative principle attempts to make the utterances more difficult rather easier and can delete information.
The CP is concerned with being helpful, avoiding miscommunication particularly in speaking. Many problems in interpretation between Grice's use of
the term 'cooperation' with a technical meaning, and meaning of the word ,because dialogue may be right or wrong termed as being cooperative .
The literature(literary text ) is different from non–literary text that the literary text defined as poetic function, and self–referential so it refers to its own
world created by authors. The writer created the imaginary world and the text refers to its own imagination. In contrary non–literary text includes
advertisement,medicine,science,and all life

Violation Of The Maxims Of Cooperative Principle
Chapter –I
For the Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy in English (Ph. D.)
Research Topic
Violation of the Maxims of Cooperative Principle in
Samuel Beckett's Selected Plays.
Research Student
Mr. Mundhe Ganesh Balavantrao
Research Guide
Dr. B. A. Jarange
Place of Research
Institute of Advanced Studies in English, Pune
CONTENTS
1)Introduction
2)Rationale of the Study
3)Hypothesis
4)Review of the Research Work
5)Aims and Objectives of the Research Project
6)Data, Methodology and Techniques
7)Plan of Thesis

I)Chapter – I (Introduction)
II)Chapter – II (Theoretical Framework)
III)Chapter – III (Analysis of the play Endgame)
IV)Chapter – IV (Analysis of the play Waiting for Godot)
V)Chapter – V (Analysis of the plays Happy Days )
VI)Chapter –VI (Conclusion and pedagogical implications)
8)Scope And Limitations of the Study
9)Significance of the Study
10)Conclusion
CHAPTER – I
Introduction:
The main aim of the present research is to study how Pragmatics works as a torch in the appreciation of literature. Pragmatics is associated with the
study of meaning as communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener. This type of study necessarily involves the interpretation of what people
mean in a particular context and how the context influences what is said. It requires a consideration of how the speakers organize what they want to
say and under what circumstances. It also focuses on the social, political and ethical aspects of

Pragmatic Analysis of Seinfeld's the Contest
Materia
LingГјГstica
Paper
Pragmatic Analysis of
Seinfeld
"The Contest"
Alumno: Juan Wickenhagen
Profesora: Karen De Francesco
CAFI
2012
Index
Abstract............................................................2
Introduction........................................................3
Corpus..............................................................4
Conclusion.......................................................16
Bibliography......................................................17
Annex:
Seinfeld "The Contest" : Full Synopsis....................18
Abstract

This paper focuses on the pragmatic analysis of an episode of the American sitcom "Seinfeld" called "The Contest". In order to carry out the work
several fragments were selected from the episode's script, which were analyzed using as theoretical framework the concepts taken from the book "
Pragmatics" by George Yule. The interactions of those... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You could sell out Madison Square Garden. Thousands of people could watch you! You could be a big star!
On the other hand, the use of anaphoric reference is mainly used to refer to George's mother since she becomes the starting point of the plot's dramatic
action when George confess to his friends that his mother had "caught" him. There are many examples as regards that in the first part of the episode:
JERRY: So, what did she do?
GEORGE: First she screams, "George, what are you doing?! My God!"(...)
ELAINE: (Wide–eyed) So, she fell?
ELAINE: (Between chuckles) How is she?
GEORGE: (Somewhat angered) She's in traction.
Inclusive and Exclusive we
In this passage, Jerry uses the so–called "exclusive we" (speaker plus other(s), excluding addressee) to state the differences between men and women as
regards masturbation:
JERRY: We have to do it. It's part of our lifestyle. It's like, uh...shaving.
Both "we" in this sentence refer to "men" or "men's world" as a way of keeping Elaine, the only woman in the group of friends, out of the contest.
Yet later on in the story, Jerry uses what Yules calls "inclusive we" (speaker and addressee included) to include Elaine in the bet, and after "they"
(men) allowed her to compete in such a contest:
JERRY: Well, obviously, we all know each other very well, (Elaine slightly laughs) I'm sure that we'll all feel comfortable within the confines of the
honor system.
Both "we" in this sentence do not refer to men

Examples Of Implicature As A Device For Politeness
6.Implicature as a Device for Politeness It is important to clarify if politeness itself constitutes an implicature or not. This notion has been explained by
Brown and Levinson (1987: 6, 95) who claims that politeness arises from the speaker attributing "a polite intention" to the speaker in the form of a
particularized implicature. Leech (1983:80) proposes that politeness arises in the form of implicatures from utterances that are consistent with the
"Principle of Politeness". He maintains that in order to be polite, the speaker places him/herself in a low value and in contrast he/she places the hearer
in a high value. The politeness maxims subsumed under this include: generosity/tact, approbation/modesty, agreement, sympathy, and obligation (ibid:
132). Using such sentences as Could I borrow this electric drill? Implies politeness. In addition, it follows or observes politeness maxim. In this
situation 'generosity' in English seems to involve, among other things, avoiding imposition by asking directly what others wanmgfgv0076nt rather than
making assumptions (Ibid: 133–134). Politeness is an implicature that the hearer has to recover in order to understand the reasons why the speaker
communicates messages in a manner that does not apparently meet the standards associated with 'efficient' communication captured by the Cooperative
Principle and its four maxims of quantity, quality, relation and manner (Cruz, 2004: 3–4). Kallia (2004: 161) says that politeness implicature arises in
the same way as... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The rational actions people take to preserve both kinds of face, for themselves and the people they interact with, add up to politeness. Brown and
Levinson (1987) also argue that in human communication, either spoken or written, people tend to maintain one another's face

Essay on The Concept of Deictic Centre
1.1 The concept of deictic centre
Deixis deals with the words and expressions whose reference relies entirely on the circumstances of the utterance. For that reason these special
expressions and their meaning in discourse can only be understood in light of these circumstances. The term deictic centre underlines that the deictic
term has to relate to the situation exactly at the point where the utterance is made or the text is written. One could even say that the deictic centre is the
unmarked "anchorage point" from which the utterance is made. To decode the meaning of a sentence we use a "navigation system".
In our day–to–day conversational exchanges, the speaker does not consciously use deictic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Central time (coding time): Adverbs of time, now and then
3. Central place (the location of the speaker): Adverbs of space, here and there
4. Discourse centre (the point of the speakerВґs discourse): Adverbs of time and place, conjunctions
5. Social centre (the speakerВґs social status relative to the AdresseeВґs)
Next we can distinguish between proximal terms (like here, now, this – near to the speaker) and distal terms (like there, then, that – away from the
speaker). It is important to note that in context of deixis and grammar, when direct speech is shifted into indirect speech, the proximal forms also shift
into the corresponding distal forms. Compare the two following sentences:
"You were here this morning?"
I asked him whether he had been there that morning.
In contrast to the effect of "immediateness" proximal deictic forms create, the reported speech utterance normally makes the original
speech event seem more remote.
In the following section, I shall discuss some forms of deixis in detail.
Person deixis
These seemingly simple forms are sometimes quite tricky in their use. Children often have problems using personal pronouns. The three pronouns
from first to third person I, you and he, she, it are in many languages elaborated with markers of relative social status (social deixis). Expressions
indicating a higher social status are called honorifics. In German or French, there is a special

Grice's Cooperative Principle And Kinds Of Pragmatics...
This chapter explains an overview of related theories, which are the pragmatics theory by George Yule including the Grice's cooperative principle and
kinds of maxim according to Grice.
2.1 Pragmatics
According to Yule (1996), pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener
(or reader). "Pragmatics focuses more on how we achieve meaning in a particular context, by considering such factors as how, where and when
something is said, who says it, what is the relationship between the speaker and the listener, and how we understand the use of ambiguous language"
(Baker and Ellece, 2011, p.100). In other words, pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning. Therefore, from the ... Show more content on
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67). In other words, flouting the maxim of quality occurs when a speaker says something which needs to be considered as blatantly untrue. For
example: Mark: 'Great, that's really great! That's made my Christmas!'
Mark is a speaker who says something which is considered as blatantly untrue, because at that time, he got accident on the day, and he wishes it will
be happiness day. He became upset that made him say something which is blatantly untrue. So, the speaker blatantly fails to observe a maxim in order
to lead the hearer to look for implied meaning or in this situation the hearer already knows that Mark says the opposite.
2.1.2.3Flouting Maxim of Relation
Thomas (1996) said that "the maxim of relation is exploited by making a response or observation which is very obviously irrelevant to the topic in
hand" (p.70). So, the speaker flouts the maxim of relation if his/her contribution is not relevant. For

Clyne's Revision of Grice's Maxims Essay
Grice's Maxims have been criticised for being too Anglo–centric. Michael Clyne proposes revisions to the four maxims in his 1994 book Intercultural
Communication at Work. Do Clyne's revisions of this model go far enough in universally accounting for intercultural conversation? Why or why not?
Grice's General Cooperative Principle has been under continuous debate for the past three decades. It is mainly through the maxims that Grice's
paradigm has been challenged as highly ethnocentric, however such readings may tend to take the maxims too literally rather than as "reference
points for language interchange" (Allan as cited in Clyne, 1994, p. 11). There is some agreement in this, but as suggested by Mey (1994, p. 74), the
principle and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In such cases, there is a clash between Grice's maxims and the pragmatic rules of conversation, which are culturally sensitive. For example, when being
offered a drink, a typical Chinese person would automatically say no the first time, while expecting the offer to be made at least two or three times
more. This resembles a kind of phatic language communication; saying no, but not really meaning no. In this sort of situation, if someone doesn't
adhere to the cultural norm – choosing to follow Grice's maxims instead, then they would sound odd and out of place. The above example
demonstrates that Grice's maxims aren't relevant in all contexts as they clash with certain cultural values systems. Many linguists (Clyne, 1994;
Hymes, 1986; Loveday, 1983; Walsh, 2009) have picked up on this discrepancy between theory and data, claiming that the maxims are only relevant
to the English speaking Western world. In particular, Clyne (1994) has pointed out that they have limited relevance to cultures where content and
knowledge are core values. For example, speakers of Malagasy, "whose form of co–operation seems to consist in making their contributions as opaque,
convoluted and non–perspicuous as possible" (Keenan as cited in Mey, 1994, p. 74) could be seen as flouting the Maxim of Quantity. This is because
information, especially 'new' information gives the holder a certain amount of prestige, thus Malagasy people tend to

Text 1.11 And The Language
In the following essay I will compare and contrast two texts with each other by referring to the language and linguistic features.
The main idea in Text 1.11 is of a persuasive manner. This text is aimed at persuading the reader to buy the "Mentz & Rahmen" products. This
statement is supported by the use of the modality words "except" and the use of the active voice: "settle" and "listening". The cohesion in the text is
found in the form of an ellipsis and makes use of transitions with the use of the words "stereo", "earpiece", "sound", "listening" and "headphones".
These words are all directly related to the product. The writer also uses Reference cohesion in referring back to the people. Text 3:3 is an
argumentative piece. The writer appeals ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Text 3:3 avoids speaking directly to the reader. The language features within text 1:11 are very vast. The use of bound or inflectional morphemes is
clear when the word "distorted" is used. One can also find an example of zoomorphism in the words "hisssing" and "jusst". The words "conk out on
them" is often found in American English which is common in informal writing. This text is written in the active voice thus speaking directly to the
reader, and uses conjunctions like "and" to create a natural flow. Typographic elements are also used in this text to make reading more interesting and to
emphasize certain key words. Text 3:3 on the other hand has all the qualities of an argumentative newspaper article. The writer makes use the present
tense and quotations to substantiate his arguments. Also makes use of the words "complex" and "consistent" which are inflectional morphemes.
The rhetorical devices in text 1:11 are used effectively: Description and imagery is used as the writer describes a situation in which a reader uses
another set of headphones with a bad quality and the use of a Hyperbole comparing the experience with a nightmare. Text 3:3 uses some of the same
methods especially the Hyperbole when they refer to: "people who like nothing better than to kill team–mates" and "scam, cheat and abuse". In this text
the writer makes use of implicature. The writer also uses conjunctions: "and"

Three Essential Concepts In Foundations Of Pragmatics
The second chapter of "Foundations of Pragmatics" describes three essential concepts in pragmatics. It starts with identifying the pragmatic perspective
as a scope concerned with "all aspects of human (linguistic) communication" (Fetzer 2002); such as the speaker's background knowledge, intentions and
assumptions, etc. This perspective also examines the linguistic and non–linguistic resources available for a speaker to accomplish a communicative
goal in a certain social context.
After that, context is explained as a fundamental concept to account for describing the micro–macro dialogue in pragmatic studies. According to
Cummings (2005), there are two types of context: static (written texts) and dynamic (verbal exchange). The dynamic notion of context is a vital
concept for micro–macro pragmatics since it allows us to think of the factors that may cause misinterpretation between interlocutors, and of the level of
analysis at which such misinterpretation becomes visible.
The third notion is micropragmatics and macropragmatics. Micropragmatics is defined as the study of illocutionary force at the utterance level while
macropragmatics refers to the study of a sequence of utterances which form discourses/texts. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This journey starts with the input obtained from the interpretation of the lexical and grammatical coding of the utterance (immediate) context. Since
this input (from deixis, lexical triggers) is insufficient for the interpretation of the context because it does not include non–textual cues, the analysis
proceeds to the study of inferencing (presuppositions, implicatures). Once the speaker/hearer interpretation is given, then the speech act level determines
the function of the utterance. After that the speech act comes as the umbrella category for deixis, presupposition, implicature, and, potentially, a
component category or a vital input in the macro

Theories Of Pragmatics
Why are there so many theories in pragmatics concerning meaning in language? Why is the study of language use crucial to understanding meaning in
language? How does the development over time of the main theories in pragmatics show a greater understanding of language use? Introduction First
of all, what do we understand with meaning? What is it? Meaning seems like a very straightforward concept but it is very obscure indeed. As human
beings we are designed to acquire meaning from the world, it allows us make a conceptualization of the world. It is the most important feature of
language, as the main purpose of language is to communicate with each other, in other words, to know what we "mean". This looks quite
straightforward and obvious as I have mentioned before, but what makes meaning so hard to understand is the little consciousness that we have of the
knowledge and principles that govern our communicative ability that make us humans. As Aristotle said in Politics, "Man is by nature a social animal;
an individual who is unsocial naturally... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The term "context" is vast, but it can be defined as the elements that surround an utterance and determine its meaning. The meaning of the utterances
is inferred, that means that the meaning is implicit and is interpreted subjectively which also affects to the number of interpretations that can derive
from one context. One same sentence can have two different meaning in a different context. For instance, consider two people, Jane and Ron, who
have just started dating. If Ron says to Jane at the end of the night, "I like you a lot." Jane will most likely feel great about the situation. But
imagine that Jane and Ron have been dating for some weeks now, and Jane asks, "Do you love me?" Now if Ron says, "I like you a lot," her reaction
will most definitely be very different, as Ron's statement would be taken as a negative

Example Of Pragmatic Equivalence
Over decades, the concern of translators and scholars of language use have transformed piecemeal from the language itself to its intended meanings to
solve the problems of misunderstanding and ambiguity. Pragmatic Equivalence is one of the prominent studies, which contributes to deal with this
matter. Pragmatics itself is an independent branch of language studies which "studies the use of language in human communication as determined by
the conditions of society." (Mey, 2001, p.6) However, equivalence means to give a similar impact from the source text on the target reader.
Accordingly, the Pragmatic Equivalence studies seek to translate what the source writer or speaker really means in particular situations, and according
to special conditions, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Grice has presumed that the participants of the same speech or conversation try most of time to be honest, pertinent, "informative" and obvious.
Unlike the "politeness principle" (PP), which has been known to have some reservations about human communicational speeches, Grice has claimed
that "we need the CP to help to account (to).. the relation between sense and force; and this kind of explanation is particularly welcome where it
solves." (Leech, 1983, P.80) In 1975, Grice has firstly suggested the concept of the CP in his article "Logic and Conversation"; in which the roles of
the speakers and listeners are determined to have effective communications, and later on that will help translators in conveying the message of the
author to the readers. The principle can be divided into these next–four maxims:
(i)Maxim of quality: a type of maxims, in which the speaker expects the hearer to be explicit and real. For example; when the speaker is making a "
cake", and he needs to add some sugar as one of its ingredients, then the listener is expected to handle the speaker the sugar box; not the salt nor
pepper ones. (Grice, 1975, pp.

Make America Great Again Analysis
Make America Great Again is a campaign slogan used in American presidential campaigns by Republican candidates. It was firstly introduces by
Ronald Reagan, the 40th President of the United States. During Reagan's presidential campaign, the state faced worsening economy at home market
and the changes were urgently needed. Thus, President Reagan used this slogan to promote patriotism in the period of economical and political
instability.
Donald Trump used this phrase for the first time in December 2011, when he gave the statement claiming he does not want to run for the president in
the future, explaining "I must leave all of my options open because, above all else, we must make America great again" At that time, it was not used as
the slogan. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It has the imperative form and it is used to make a command while evoking patriotism. At first, it seems to be a straightforward direct speech act, but it
has numerous implicatures hidden behind this simple imperative sentence. The question is: How is this implicature reached? The answer to this
question is not the incongruity between the form and the function of the utterance (because there is a direct relationship – imperative/command). The
answer probably lies in the presence of "again". In this example, again is used to make an assertion about a new eventuality (>the possibility to make it
great again). Again triggers an anaphoric presupposition and it requires that the salient eventuality be past to the reference time. It means that this
slogan refers to the time when America was great (i.e. probably when the Republicans were running the government). Thus, the implicature is created
through the usage of again which evokes the additional meaning of the whole

Essay On Iceberg Theory
One way of looking at Hemingway's (1932) "Iceberg Theory" is through Conversational Implicature Theory. This approach is part of the pragmatics
approach applying to literature.
The application of pragmatics in literary analysis dates back to the 1970s. Although previous researchers like Morris (1938) had already proposed the
connection between pragmatics and rhetoric, it was not until 1971 that Ohmann first touched the field by defining literature as a type of discourse.
Later in 1976, Van Dijk first used the name "Literary Pragmatics". In Pratt's (1977) Toward a Speech Acts Theory of Literary Discourse, the author
claimed that language in literary works is also analyzable by linguistics like other forms of language, and this theory was later ... Show more content on
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By saying the hills look like white elephants, the girl tries to draw out another topic. "White elephant" in English is something expensive but useless or
troublesome. At this moment, readers cannot know her intention, but considering their later conversations, the girl is implicating the baby:
By intentionally take the "elephant" as the animal, the man violates the Maxim of Relation. By saying words contradictory to each other, he also
violates the Maxim of Quality. He stops the girl from talking about the baby, which receives a reply sounds irony to him. That is why his tone turns
harsh.
The man's provocative attitude forces the girl to change the topic. Before she tries a second time, they talk about a kind of Spanish alcohol, during
which we can see that the girl does not know Spanish, and it can be further speculated that she relies on the man on this trip. Then their topic changes
to licorice. Readers can say it for sure that the girl is talking with implicature:
The man's answer violates the Maxim of Quality, since it is impossible that everything tastes like licorice. The girl also violates the Maxim of Quality.
She knows the man's words are not true, but still echoes with him. She emphasizes that all the things people have waited so long for taste like licorice,
especially absinthe, but in fact absinthe tastes bitter with slightly

Two Approaches Of Pragmatics
According to Schmitt (2010), there are two approaches of pragmatics, a cognitive or psychological approach which is exploring the relation between
linguistic meaning of utterances, the decontextualized, what speakers mean by their utterances on a particular situation and how hearer interpret those
utterances on those particular situations. Cognitive approach was developed by philosophers Austin, Searle, and Grice. On the other hand, social
pragmatics approach which focuses on the communicative exchanges between individuals in social, cultural and other contextual factors. Brown and
Levinson (1978 – 1987) introduced face model of politeness to this approach.
The main objective of pragmatics is to study on how non–native speakers comprehend and produce speech acts in a target language. Speech act is not
the whole of pragmatics, but is perhaps currently the most important part of the subject. Many of the topics addressed in both narrow and broad views
derive from three major pragmatic theories: Speech Acts, Conversational Implicatures, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In other words, indirectness is a widely used conversational strategy, hence people reduce the unpleasant message contained in requests and other
statement. In indirect speech acts the speaker communicates to the hearer more than he actually says by way of depending on their mutually shared
background information either both linguistic and nonlinguistic together with the powers of rationality and inference on the part of the hearer. To be
more specific, to explain the indirect speech acts can be say it is "a theory of speech acts certain general principles of cooperative conversation"
(Searle, 1979, p. 31–32). As Thomas (1995) people use indirect strategies whenever they want to reach aims from their hearers, when speakers want to
increase the force of the message communicated, or when want to make their speech more

Examples Of Co-Operative Principle
2.2 Co–operative Principle In 1967, H. Paul Grice, in his William James Lectures at Harvard University, theorized a set of rules that communicators
should follow while communicating. Grice labels these set of rules as Co–operative Principle. He formulates theory of co–operation in the following
way. For Grice, talk exchanges are continuous and the participants, to some extent, make co–operative efforts so that the purpose of exchange is
achieved. The purpose of exchange can be formulated before it takes place or it may change during conversation. For conversation to be successful
participants are expected to follow the general principle of conversation i.e. co–operative principle. Grice further categorizes co–operative principle into
its maxims... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His response gives right amount of information following maxim of quantity, the response for which B has necessary evidence following maxim of
quality, B's response directly correspond to A's question following maxim of relation, and the response is also given in such a way that it is understood
effectively and efficiently following maxim of manner. 2.2.2 Observance and Violation of the Co–operative Principle Generally interlocutors try to be
co–operative while communicating. The kind of expression expressed by speaker should be replied verbally or non–verbally. The neutral verbal or
non–verbal behaviour i.e. no reply is considered as non– co–operative behaviour. An offer should be accepted or diplomatically rejected; a question
should be answered. Grice calls violation of these maxims of co–operative principles as 'flouting' of maxims. Observance and violation of maxims of
co–operative principles can be studied with following examples. In the above example maxim of quantity has been observed because it follows all the
sub–maxims of quantity. Speaker B's reply to A's question is as informative as is required. It doesn't contribute more information than necessary. The
same question with a different reply is an example of violation of maxim of

Three Approaches Of Pragmatics
According to Schmitt (2010), there are two approaches of pragmatics, a cognitive or psychological approach which is exploring the relation between
linguistic meaning of utterances, the decontextualized, what speakers mean by their utterances on a particular situation and how hearer interpret those
utterances on those particular situations. Cognitive approach was developed by philosophers Austin, Searle, and Grice. On the other hand, social
pragmatics approach which focuses on the communicative exchanges between individuals in social, cultural and other contextual factors. Brown and
Levinson (1978 – 1987) introduced face model of politeness to this approach.
The main objective of pragmatics is to study on how non–native speakers comprehend and produce speech acts in a target language. Speech act is not
the whole of pragmatics, but is perhaps currently the most important part of the subject. Many of the topics addressed in both narrow and broad views
derive from three major pragmatic theories: Speech Acts, Conversational Implicatures, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In other words, indirectness is a widely used conversational strategy, hence people reduce the unpleasant message contained in requests and other
statement. In indirect speech acts the speaker communicates to the hearer more than he actually says by way of depending on their mutually shared
background information either both linguistic and nonlinguistic together with the powers of rationality and inference on the part of the hearer. To be
more specific, to explain the indirect speech acts can be say it is "a theory of speech acts certain general principles of cooperative conversation"
(Searle, 1979, p. 31–32). As Thomas (1995) people use indirect strategies whenever they want to reach aims from their hearers, when speakers want to
increase the force of the message communicated, or when want to make their speech more

So Lashy ! Blastpro Mascara Advert Analysis
Diversity is a genre of advertising seldom used in the advertising world, especially in cosmetic advertising. An example of diversity in cosmetic
adverting would be the CoverGirl mascara advertisement titled "So Lashy! BlastPRO Mascara." This commercial features 7 models who don shirts
professing "lash equality." More significantly, however, is the diversity of models portrayed in the advertisement. advertisement "So Lashy! BlastPRO
Mascara" CoverGirl differs from the traditional conventions of cosmetic advertisements, using diversity to engage diverse customers, rather than
isolating them.
Cosmetic advertisements are the marketing of cosmetic or beauty products by the cosmetic industry through different sources in mass–media.
Traditionally, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By showing the company's concern with "equality" (as stated in the commercial), CoverGirl informs their consumer of that the company is concerned
with issues of equality and diversity, and uses the groundwork already created in social platforms to their advantage. CoverGirl implies a divergence
from the trope of a beautiful woman portrayed in mass media, and instead expands their audience, creating a clientele basis concerned with social

Teaching Pragmatics
Teaching Pragmatics explores the teaching of pragmatics through lessons and activities created by teachers of English as a second and foreign
language. This book is written for teachers by teachers. Our teacher–contributors teach in seven different countries and are both native–speakers and
nonnative speakers of English. Activities reflect ESL and EFL classroom settings. The chapters included here allow teachers to see how other teachers
approach the teaching of pragmatics and to appreciate the diversity and creativity of their endeavors. Taken together, the activities constitute a spectrum
of possibilities for teaching pragmatics. Each submission provides novel insight into the ESL/EFL classroom and demonstrates that there is no single ...
Being outside the range of language use allowed in a language or making a pragmatic mistake may have various consequences. As the teachers
contributing to this volume point out, a pragmatic error may hinder good communication between speakers (Takenoya), may make the speaker appear
abrupt or brusque in social interactions (Lee), or may make the speaker appear rude or uncaring (Yates). Gallow points out that maintaining a
conversation in English requires underlying knowledge of responses that prompt a speaker to continue, show understanding, give support, indicate
agreement, show strong emotional response, add or correct a speaker 's information, or ask for more information. Berry discusses the importance of
learning how to take turns and demonstrates that listening behaviors that are polite in one language may not be polite or recognizable in another.
Unintentional insult to interlocutors (Mach & Ridder) and denial of requests (Weasenforth) have been identified as other potential pragmatic hazards.
Left to their own devices with respect to contact with the target language in and out of the classroom, the majority of learners apparently do not acquire
the pragmatics of the target language on their own (Bouton, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1994, Bardovi–Harlig, 2001; Kasper, 2001). What makes pragmatics
"secret" seems to be in some cases insufficient specific input and in others insufficient

Importance Of Pragmatic Awareness
The premise of this essay is to address the importance of the general development of pragmatic awareness and its instillation in our students in order for
them to comprehend pragmatic meaning when they encounter it outside our classrooms. I believe that with the increasing advancement in technology,
the acceleration of globalization in our world, and the worldwide use of English as the standard for communication, we teachers need to help second
language students develop pragmatic awareness of English language norms in ELL contexts. Overall, the purpose of this paper is to examine ways in
which teachers can further develop these students to become pragmatically competent with whatever relevant linguistic resources they have, for I
expect that a non–native speaker of English with pragmatic incompetence may encounter professional failure in the future. Through learning pragmatics
, the English speakers' intercultural communication competence should be raised. Their Pragmatic Competence would be better because of knowing
cultural differences and being aware of the significance in appropriate languages. In other words, the teaching and learning of pragmatics releases the
difficulties of international communications for both native and non–native speakers.
Hughes and Allen (61) define pragmatics as a branch of linguistics mandated with handling language use and contextual uses. For both the first and
second language learners, pragmatics aim at addressing issues related to text

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