Agriculture And Technology

Agriculture and Technology
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GROUP LEADER –
SUSOVAN CHOWDHURY (59)
GROUP MEMBERS –
i) SATYAJIT SWAIN (40) ii) ANIRBAN PODDAR (04) iii) MRINAL JANA ( )
School: Kendriya Vidyalaya, IIT Kharagpur
– Thank you –
AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
Agriculture is the production of food and goods through farming. Agriculture was the key development
that led to the rise of human civilization, with the husbandry of domesticated animals and plants (i.e.
crops) creating food surpluses that enabled the development of more densely populated and stratified
societies. The study of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
|619 |
|Fruit |503 |
|Meat |259 |
|Oilcrops |133 |
|Fish (2001 estimate) |130 |
|Eggs |63 |
|Pulses |60 |
|Vegetable Fiber |30 |
|Top agricultural products, by individual crops |
|Sugar Cane
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Water Is The Most Precious Resource This Planet Has To
Water is the most precious resource this planet has to offer. A one of a kind substance, water is a resource
that sustains all life on this planet. Yet, humanity supports an industry that uses water inefficiently and
irresponsibly, one that takes more 42% humanity's accessible fresh water and wastes it. Unless we take
the proper initiative, our world's water supplies will slowly deplete, leaving earth in an eternal drought,
which could potentially cause an end to the human race. Agriculture is an industry that will cause water
scarcity to erupt throughout the world if not changed from its irresponsible methods. As the world's
largest industry, agriculture uses 70% of our accessible remaining freshwater. In other words, the amount
of water ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Similarly, even when the water does make it to the irrigation systems, much of it is also wasted due to
lazy field application methods. Sprinkler systems are installed to make work easier, but the amount of
water it spews out is not necessary, but farmers refuse to uninstall the systems because it brings
maximized growth to crops and thus increasing the amount of harvest. One may think that agricultural
water transportation isn't as defective as it may seem, as some of the water will drip down into the
underground aquifers, but what one doesn't know is that the water also drags dangerous agrichemicals
with it. More specifically, pesticides and insecticides can pollute the water in the underground aquifers,
making the water non–potable and thus furthering water scarcity. A huge majority of water used in the
agricultural industry is wasted; a predicted 60%, but on the other hand, the one may argue that through
all these troubles, the food that is grown does go to use. This, however, is wrong, because even when our
food is grown or raised through the unnecessary, maximized water, huge quantities of the food is wasted
every single day.
Humanity has carelessly managed food production, thus wasting the massive quantities of water that are
used to grow crops and raise animals. First of all, the cultivation of thirsty, exotic plants that are from
exotic regions, thus needing higher quantities of water to make

Landscaping Essay
The old ones surely bore great wisdom wisdom with them. One of them said," Never underestimate the
therapeutic value of landscaping. It renders a boundless platform where people can make use of their
incipient creative talents to create impressive and satisfying artistic work. It renders a remarkable
opportunity for individuals to use their thoughts, undying patience and the gift of mother nature to create
their own paradise." True. And every aesthetically literate person knows that the artistic dimensions of
existence makes sense for every sphere of human endeavor; and that a sophisticated artistic sensibility
has the ability to bring a cure to cancer as to the composition of a great symphony. At Harter
Landscaping and contractors, we offer expert landscaping services to help you create an ideal
environment that compliments your home. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We keep all of these under control using chemical, organic and granule products; though our aim is to
completely use organic products in the near future. The pesticides are used on the lawns, trees, shrubs
and bushes; ranging from the basic 6–step lawn management system to deep root feeding. We manage
different plants differently to ensure you achieve a beautiful scene of healthy plants, trees and lawns. Our
workers have had a chance to deal with the most resistance pest and diseases with success so you can
trust on us to keep everything under control. 4. Irrigation and Sprinkler services. One of the most key in
having healthy, green lawns and beautiful flower gardens, plants, trees, shrubs and bushes is having your
sprinkler system strategically placed. Using the best products in the market, we offer expert sprinkler
system repair, maintenance and new installation services. We assist you in finding the ideal position of
the irrigation system. Warranty is offered in all our work and we deal in sprinkler systems of all makes
and models. 5. Trees

The Pros And Cons Of The California Water Project
6.The California Water Project takes water from northern California to the south through various means.
The two sides have disagreements on how the water should be used. Northern Californians argue that if
they sent more water to the south, they would waste it, resulting in the Sacramento River being
degraded. However, southern Californians still want more water, because they feel that their growing
populations and agricultural needs require the water. The Aral Sea was the world's fourth largest
freshwater lake in 1960. Since then, there has been a water transfer project using mainly a canal that
sends water to numerous locations across Asia. It is now almost dry because of our use. Some ways it
has been effected include: it's lost 72 feet of height, 89% of its volume, and has been split in half. Also,
its salinity increased sevenfold while toxicity increased (resulting in contaminated drinking water and
health issues). Recovery efforts soon began in 1999, and with the contribution of 600 million dollars
from the UN and the World Bank. Surrounding countries also worked hard, and now the situation,
though still progressing toward the worse, is more or less stable. China's South–North Water Transfer
Project mostly involves three large channels. This project is very expensive, but provides water to the
water–needy huge population of northern China. There are critics, although there are scientists that
believe the potential economic, health, and environmental benefits from this

Human Over Use of Water
I. INTRODUCTION. Day after day, increasing amounts of water consumption among all citizens for
drinking, washing and bathing, swimming and other necessary daily uses. God has encouraged us to
keep this blessing and not wasting it. The water consumption is vital topic which concerns the
international public opinion. We need to work on changing the patterns and habits of everyday consumer.
Hundreds of millions people do not have enough water because of wasting water. The water was still a
source of conflicts and ambitions between nations despite international agreements signed. This report
will discuss problems of human over use of water & it will give solutions to these issues. II. The Water
Situation Nowadays Today, finding water is difficult although it was basic natural source which was easy
to find. About 80 countries now have water shortages & 2 billion people face shortage in access to clean
water according to World Health Organization (WHO).Also, 1 billion people has lack enough water to
simply meet their basic needs. Two most significant dangers to global water stability are the increase in
Population & groundwater reduction. In the last century, the human population has by 5 billion. , while
the total amount of drinkable water has slightly decreased see figure 1(Alois 1). Figure 1 A. Important
Water Facts Water in the earth is divided to 2 parts: 1–seawater has 97% of Water in the earth 2–
freshwater‫ي‬ has3% of Water in the earth, but only

The Ogallala: Preserving the Great American Desert Essay
Long ago, the middle of the North American continent was a treeless prairie covered by tall grasses and
roaming buffalo. When European settlers came, they called this area the Great American Desert. Today,
this "desert" is covered with fields of wheat, corn, and alfalfa made possible by center–pivot
irrigation. My grandfather used to sell center–pivot systems and when my family drove to my
grandparent's home in Nebraska, we would count how many "sprinklers" were watering each
section of land. At the time, I didn't know that this water was being pumped from somethng called the
Ogallala Aquifer, a huge underground water supply. Throughout the years, this aquifer has made the
Great American Desert one of the best farming ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"If pumped out over the United States," Lexis writes, "the High Plains aquifer would
cover all 50 states with one and one–half feet of water."
The Nature and the Extent of the Problem
Each year, at least 7.8 trillion gallons of water are drawn up from the Ogalla Aquifer to irrigate the crops
planted on the High Plains. These cros are the main food sourrce for our entire country. Tragically,
irrigation is depleting the aquifer faster than it can replenish itself, and that is the problem. In fact, only
the tiniest fraction of the water is ever replaced in the Ogallala Aquifer. If the water were ever fully
depleted, the aquifer would need 6,000 years to refill naturally (Zwingle 83). The only way the Ogalla
can be replenished is by water seeping down through the layers of soil until it reaches the aquifer. This
water comes from the small amount of precipitation in the region, as well as from streams, reservoirs,
canals, and irrigation (McGuire and Sharpe).
How serious is the problem? Since 1930, the aquifer's water has been reduced by 11 percent (Lewis).
The volume of water has decreased because the use of irrigation has increased so much since World War
II. In 1949, 2.1 million acres were under irrigation. In 1969, the amount of irrigation land rose to 9.0
million acres; and in 1978, it rose to 13 million acres

What Substance Covers Three Fourths Of The Earth And Is...
What substance covers three fourths of the earth and is essential for sustaining life? The answer is water;
according to Maslow 's hierarchy of needs pyramid water is placed at the bottom, which is the
foundation of the pyramid, this means that water is one of the foundations of life and essential for living
on this earth. Although the earth is made of seventy five percent of water only about two percent of it is
safe for proper use and consumption and what 's worse the only two percent of water we can use is
quickly being drained by inefficient farming/agriculture and reckless water usage. Even if people do not
realize it right now the world is in a major water crisis and if we don 't change our ways soon, we'll run
out, but we don 't have to, there are solutions that could reduce and solve the water crisis problem and
they include informing the public, funding desalination plant, and looking at how we use our water.
We're running out of water and not many people know about it or care enough to try and solve it, there
are multiple reasons and causes of why we are running out of water. One reason we are running out of
water was mentioned earlier, only about two percent of the water is safe for consumption but it doesn 't
stop there. According to "where is the water" of the two percent freshwater we can use, about seventy
percent of the water is stored in ice caps and glaciers (Pearlman, Howard) and the other thirty are
divided into rivers, aquifers and the atmosphere. So

Creative and Innovative Solutions to Water Scarcity
The list below are some creative and innovative solutions to water scarcity. Very basic technology, such
as rainwater collection, water filtration, building wells and water desalination can be some solutions, but
they are not included in this list, as it is already very common and many
countries/communities/fundraisers have employed these technologies already. Innovative Technology
P&G PUR Packets (for cities/towns with contaminated water) The PUR packet is a small pack of
powder that can quickly turn 10 liters of dirty water to clean and drinkable water. Developed by P&G
and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the PUR packet removes pathogenic
microorganisms and suspended matter, making previously contaminated water clean. Watch a video of
how it works: http://www.pg.com/pur_packet.shtml. Atmospheric Humidity Collector (for cities/towns
with lack of water) Lima, Peru is one of the driest places on Earth and over 700,000 people have no
access to clean water. However, Lima's atmospheric humidity is over 90 percent. Therefore, Peru's
University of Engineering and Technology (UTEC) thought of a way to turn the humid air into clean and
drinkable water. They built a humidity–collecting billboard in the Bujama District of Lima. Electricity
from the city's power lines runs the five condensers inside the billboard. When air contacts the cooled
surfaces of the condensers, the air also cools, and the water vapor in the air condenses into liquid water.
After

Corner Sprinklers Research
In this problem, the football field will need a fresh watering or irrigation system. This is for the football
field to be moist so the grass within the field will not get dried up. The sprinklers will be placed on
corners, the sides and in the middle. The corner sprinklers spray 90 degrees. The side sprinklers spray
180 degrees. The sprinklers that are in the middle or away from corners or sides spray around about of
360 degrees. All the sprinklers in the football field can spray of 40 feet. The number of sprinklers in the
football field is 50. 10 spinklers going along the length and 5 sprinklers on the width. This multiplies to
the number 50. Sprinklers were placed everywhere on corners, sides and in the middle 40 feet apart from
each other so that the whole football field could be watered without any water being wasted. The pipes
are placed on top, middle and bottom of the field which extends to 360 feet, left and right. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The corner sprinklers, which represents orange, cover an area of 1,256 feet. The equation
903603605,024452,160360360360=1,256is how the area of the corner sprinkler is solved. Half circle of
the sprinklers that are colored pink, cover an area of 2,512 feet. The equation
1803603605,024904,320360360360=2,512is how the area of the side sprinkler is solved. The full circle
of the sprinkler converage which is color–coded purple, covers an area of 5,024 feet. 1,600=5,024is the
area of a whole sprinkler area converage. The cost of the sprinklers will be a total of $550. This was by
multiplying the cost of Orbit 4–inch Gear Drive Pop up sprinkler, $11, and the quantity of 50 sprinklers.
The amount of piping that is required is 1,880 feet of pipes. All of the piping will cost $1,410 for the

How Irrigation Changed Yuma
Describe In Detail How Irrigation Changed Yuma/Southern Arizona There are many different ways
irrigation has changed Yuma and the rest of Southern Arizona very drastically. Irrigation has existed in
Southern Arizona and Yuma County since the 1800's. Irrigation has been practiced in the Algodones
Grant with a view to determine if gravity canals would be effective for irrigation. 50,000 to 60,000 acres
are extremely fertile and are very capable of producing crops when there is a sufficient amount of water
given for irrigation to take place. "Water is too valuable to use on farms" was a myth in the 1900's about
irrigation but there is 80% of the Colorado River water the is used in agriculture. Agriculture business in
Yuma county has changed

The Irrigation Systems At Universities
At universities across America, and especially at a southern school such as Baylor, water is used in vast
amounts each year, leading to large utility bills as well as a high carbon footprint. Therefore the
irrigation systems at universities must be highly efficient in order to not be wasteful. Unfortunately, at
Baylor we have major irrigation issues. The sprinklers overwater areas of the grass, leaving bog–like
areas that are unsavory for anyone passing by, and many of the sprinklers rotate too far, therefore
watering large portions of the sidewalks, not only wasting water, but also annoying teachers and
students. If it was possible to reduce the amount of water used by Baylor then it would not only be able
to reduce its yearly utility bill by a substantial amount, but also enables Baylor to be better stewards of
the Earth by saving water and reducing its carbon footprint. In order to save water Baylor has to make
efforts to fix the irrigation system. I propose a that Baylor hires the landscaping crew to find areas on
campus where the grass is being overwater, reduce the amount of water going to those areas, and also fix
the rotation on sprinklers that require readjustment in order to keep the water on the grass. In regards to
the importance of an efficient Baylor irrigation system, Paul Clare, the marketing manager of Facilities
and Energy at Baylor had this to say:
"In accordance with its Christian mission and vision, Baylor University strives to be a community that

The Problem Of California Drought
California Drought
It wasn't so long ago America experienced one of its biggest natural disasters. From this event many lost
their homes, vegetation, and brought the great depression to an even worse position. The worst American
drought was known as the "dust bowl" in the 1930's, many citizens didn't see it coming because they
didn't see the signs and for that same reason many suffered. Today California is receiving the same signs
that it's coming to a drought, but the citizens don't seem to take it seriously to what the outcome could
come too. The people from California need to understand that there has to be something done to preserve
more water. Discipline is key to preserve more water, it can all start at home by also being responsible
managing how much water you should be using. Cities as well should put in action by investing more
money to give our community the best up to date irrigation system, and or have a larger amount of city
workers around the clock inspect all the areas to see no wasting is occurring. As I said discipline is the
key word for every citizen in California to understand if they would like to keep California out of a
drought. Many people waste water in a daily basis where if one person may not seem like a lot, but
multiply it with about more than 39,145,000 people that live in California doing the same thing, it tends
to add up drastically. Anything is a waste of water from leaving the sink running while brushing your
teeth, washing dishes,

Why Is Irrigation Important In Arizona
Irrigation has changed Arizona a lot economically wise and land wise, irrigation is an important factor to
Yuma. It brought people here for jobs and that lead to Yuma making more houses which brought up the
economy and had more land to plant agricultural crops like vegetables and fruits, irrigation basically
improved Arizona. Irrigation is a successful project, the Yuma project helped field workers and help year
round farming conditions like the dry soil/ dry land it gave people more jobs to provide for themselves
and their families irrigation had a big impact on Arizona and people that needed jobs Yuma used the land
for houses, cities, livestock and made fields for farming. It affects both the local area and state because
the overall economic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People who have farms like a family business would lose their business they would not be able to afford
it anymore. If Arizona did not have irrigation so many people would be out of a job and the economy
would go down, Arizona is one of the top water users in the united states, Yuma is also the main state for
farming, Yuma uses the underground passageways to irrigate about fifty thousand acres to farms in the
Yuma, Arizona and one hundred fifteen thousand acres in total they used for houses, cities, livestock, and
some has remained unused. Arizona is the nation's second–leading producer of lettuce, cauliflower,
melons, and lemons. Population has increased because Arizona made more houses, field workers come
out here and buy houses so they can work and the companies made more houses, Arizona created more
farms so they can grow more agricultural crops it also brought more people here to work they bought off
some companies and they made more tech knowledge Yuma made more cell phone towers having
irrigation in Yuma/southern Arizona help a lot it made the economy better by making agriculture

The Use Of Water From Aquifers And Reservoirs Without...
The drought in the western United States has been going on for nearly five years and while there are
countless ways to lessen the effects, there isn't much action being taken. If nothing is done, the supply of
groundwater in the United States along with the quality of it will greatly diminish within the next few
decades. In many Western states such as California, the residents haven't been taking much notice to the
situation due to their use of the use of water from aquifers and reservoirs without strict regulations. The
continuous use of water from these aquifers will eventually result in empty aquifers and no fresh, potable
water for residents in the affected areas and in order for a change to actually be made the people must
realize what kind of situation they are actually in and that if they do not follow regulations put forth they
will be in a dangerous situation. Aquifers are being tapped into in order to supplement the water not
being provided naturally throughout the drought. The water being taken from these aquifers are
distributed for many different uses, but the number one consumer of this water is agriculture. In the
United States around 80 percent of the nation 's consumption of water goes towards agricultural purposes
and in western states almost 90 percent of their water supply (USDA, 2013). If these states continue to
use the groundwater from aquifers and reservoirs, such as the Ogallala, at such a high rate, roughly 70
percent of this water will be gone in

Sprinklers
The Task was to design an irrigation system,since the football field needed a new one. Then determine
the best route for the water pipes The areas of the field the sprinkler waters, the location of
sprinklers,and how much of the field the sprinkler waters.The whole field has to be covered and not
overwatered. Adobe illustrator was used to create a scale design for the system that the students
selected,layers had to be included to represent the different parts of the irrigation system.The cost of the
materials for the system also had to be determined. The design process was set up like this, the angle of
the sprinklers was 360 degrees.The radius of each sprinkler is 40 feet.The number of sprinklers was
determined on how the sprinklers were positioned. How the placement of the sprinklers were determine
was the head to head range .How the placement of piping was determined was by finding the best way to
link the sprinklers together. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To find the area the students had to use the formula a=r2. Then the students multiply 3.14 by the radius
40 feet squared,which additionally gives 5024 ft for the full circles.After that,the students get 5024, it
will be divided by 2 which will then provide the answer 2512ft for the half circles. Then 2512ft will be
divided by 2 again giving the answer 1256ft for the quarter circles.The cost of each sprinkler is $11,the
football field needs 50 sprinklers,The cost of 50 sprinklers would be $550. The total amount of piping
needed to reach all of the sprinklers 1960 ft. The amount of pipes that are needed will cost

Ground Water Depletion
A
Ground Water Depletion
Hp Ground Water Depletion in India
A study on the ground water depletion across the World ,specifically in India. The causes of
depletion,current scenario and the way forward
Krishnapriya J 12HS60006 MHRM, IIT Kharagpur
11/11/2012 1
Table of Contents
1. ABSTRACT
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
4 2. OBJECTIVES OF THE TERM
PAPER–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––4 3. REVIEW OF
LITERATURE––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––4 3.1.
INTRODUCTION––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
4 3.2. CURRENT GROUND WATER SCENARIO & DEPLETION TRENDS –––6 4 MAJOR
CAUSES FOR GROUND WATER ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ground water is a source of drinking water. It is r usually purer than freshwater in lakes and rivers. The
different forms/sources of ground water includes wells, tube wells, springs, geysers etc.
4
India is the largest user of groundwater for irrigation in the world. India has around 432 cubic
kilometres of annual replenishable groundwater re–sources. With a net annual groundwater availability
of 399 cubic kilometres, the net withdrawals in 2004 amounted to 58% of the net annually available
resource .The drawn amount of groundwater is estimated to be 210 billion cubic meters per year
compared to 105 billion cubic meters in China and 100 billion cubic meters in US. Indian agriculture is
sustained by groundwater. According to the 2005–06 Agricultural Census of the country, 60.4 percent of
the net irrigated area is irrigated using groundwater. Agriculture is the source of livelihood for majority
of Indian population. Groundwater is contended to have ushered green revolution in the country.
Groundwater irrigation has ensured food security in times of deficit rainfall and facilitated a manifold
increase in agricultural productivity. The country has become a net exporter of food grains. In 2009–10,
agriculture employed 52.9 percent of the working population (National Sample Survey Organization,
2011). In addition, around 80 percent of the rural population

How Irrigation Changed Yuma
It is without saying that irrigation holds a vital role in the Yuma County and is significant in varying
ways. The influence and control that it has reaches past the county and state of Arizona and affects
people throughout the nation. It paved the way for superior crops, more efficient farms, and great feats of
accomplishment.
Irrigation changed Yuma in a number of different ways. The state of Arizona was drastically different
then than it is now. Throughout the years, different aspects of it underwent a metamorphosis which
affected its people and economy. Yuma and the state of Arizona began to see a large population increase
during the California Gold Rush of 1848. With a substantial amount of foreigners and people seeking the
path to riches ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It changed the landscape and people of Arizona, provided challenges to overcome, helped the state
drastically with only a few negative outcomes, and even resulted in an advancement with technology. We
would not be in the state that we're in if it wasn't for irrigation in Yuma. Bibliography
Christie, Joyce. Sprinklers: Spray Helps Seed to Germinate in Heat. N.p.: Yuma Daily Sun, 1987.
Herzog, Blake. "Official: Ariz. Water Restrictions Unlikely." Yuma Sun. April 4, 2015.
Holmes, Garnett, Bureau of Plant Industry United States, and Bureau of Chemistry and Soils United
States. Soil Survey of The Yuma Area, Arizona–California. N.p.: Govt. print. off., 1905 Hoover Dam.
N.p.: US Department of the Interior, 2006.
IID. "IID History." Imperial Irrigation District
"Intellicast – Yuma Historic Weather Averages in Arizona (85365)." Intellicast – Yuma Historic Weather
Averages in Arizona (85365). Accessed January 16, 2017.
http://www.intellicast.com/Local/History.aspx?location=USAZ0275.
Noble, Wade. "A Case Study in Efficiency – Agriculture and Water Use in the Yuma, Arizona Area."
Yuma

California Is Going On A Four Year Drought
California is going on a four–year drought, having many devastating implications that are being felt by
everyone in the state. The population hit the hardest has been the farmers of California. California, being
economically driven by its agricultural production, is losing hundreds of thousands of jobs every year
due to the lack of water. Farmers' use 80% of water the state produces, directly influencing their
production (Mieszkowski, 2014). The country heavily relies on California for much of its produce such
as tomatoes, nuts, avocados, strawberries, broccoli, grapes and various others (Cooley et al. 2015). In
2014, harvested acreage was 6.9 million acres, the lowest it has been for the past 15 years. Farmers are
now being forced to use significantly less land then before, but also ditch old irrigation techniques and
implement new techniques to better conserve water; maximizing production as much as possible in order
to combat the drought.
California is the leading state in agricultural production; however, the state has taken a blow from this
four–year drought. Farmers have been forced to re–evaluate their irrigation systems and make necessary
changes to conserve water. In order to judge the agricultural water use efficiency, scientists are using a
ratio of evapotranspiration of the crop grown to the water applied to the crop. Evapotranspiration is the
total evaporation and plant transpiration from land surface to the atmosphere (Marin et al. 2015).
Through various

Conserving Water For The Future
Conserving Water for the Future "Agriculture must mediate between nature and human community, with
ties and obligations in both directions. To farm well requires an elaborate courtesy toward all creatures,
animate and inanimate" (Wendell Berry). Farming is a delicate balance between producing the most
possible from the land without destroying the land. In order for farming to be sustainable more has to be
grown with less. Water conservation can be addressed in developing countries by simply embracing
modern farming methods. In developed countries more money will have to be invested into water saving
irrigation methods. There was a time when you didn't shut the water off when you brushed your teeth
and now it is habit to shut the water off to save that little bit of water. The same spirit will have to
implemented in farming simple methods can be used to save water. In order for farming to be sustainable
in an ever changing world, more time and effort needs to be dedicated to water conservation because the
population is growing, water is a finite resource, and using less water allows farmers to irrigate more
land with the same amount of water.
Farmers across the world will have to embrace modern irrigation techniques. Africa is a prime example
of a continent heavily invested in water conservation. In a continent where 23.2% of its inhabitants are
starving they still have farms without irrigation (World Hunger). Well it would require significant
changes switching

Time Efficient And Cost Effective
Time Efficient and Cost Effective Automizationin Polyhouse
Nikale P. B. Sawant S.B.
BE Computer, BE Computer,
AVCOE, SangamnerAVCOE, SangamnerUnder the Guidance Of
priyankanikale1694@gmail.comsnehalsawant876@gmail.com Dr. Baisa L. Gunjal
+ 918983785829 +917738187627 AssociateProfessor , AVCOE Sangamner
Rathod P. D. Padwal R. D. hello_baisa@yahoo.com BE Computer , BE Computer, +9196572078552
AVCOE, Sangamner AVCOE, Sangamner rathodpooj4511@gmail.comradhikapadwal@gmail.com
+919112163265 +919766698957
Abstract:
Large population of India depends on agriculture field .Agriculture sector is badly affected by
environment condition. The solution to this problem is polyhouse farming.
Polyhouse is nothing but the greenhouse covered with simple polyethylene sheet .The function of a
polyhouse is to create the optimal growing conditions for the full lifecycle of the plants. Here our
objective is to design automated polyhouse. The aim and objective of this project is to design and
implement an cost effective and time efﬁcient automatic pesticide distribution system. In this we will
develop a mobile based irrigation control system .Here we will use the idea of coffeemaker which mix
up two or more pesticide and distribute among crops in polyhouse using drip system.
Keywords:Microcontroller, Microprocessor,

BRAE 340 Problem set 1 Essay
1.
a. Power– kilowatt,
b. Area – acres,
c. Application Rate – in/hr,
d. Pressure – head,
e. Depth – inches,
f. Length – miles,
g. Velocity – ft/sec,
h. Volume – ac–in,
i. Flow Rate – cu–ft/sec
2. Statements (1) and (2) refer to water volumes. Are these Net or Gross volumes? (1) Crop water use
(cu–ft) = Seasonal ET (ft) x Crop area (acres) x 43,560 sq–ft/acre (2) Volume applied by system (ac–in)
= Application rate (in/hr) x Irrigation time (hr) x Area (acres)
a. (1) is Net; (2) is Gross
b. (1) is Gross; (2) is Gross
c. (1) is Gross; (2) is Net
d. (1) is Net; (2) is Net
3. Statements (1) and (2) refer to water amounts. Are these Net or Gross amounts? (1) Crop water ...
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A salt concentration of 1562 ppm is equivalent to an electrical conductivity of how many dS/m?
a. 1 dS/m ≈ 700 ppm
b. ppm x (1 dS/m)/(700 ppm) = dS/m
c. The correct answer is: 2.2314285714286
13. If a soil has a moisture tension of 0.15 bars and the salinity of the soil water is 1.86 dS/m, what is the
total tension experienced by the plant roots? That is, what is the sum of the moisture tension and the
osmotic (due to salinity) tension?
a. 57 cb
b. 34 cb
c. 71 cb
d. 67 cb
e. 206 cb
i. moisture tension = bars x 100 cb/bar = cb ii. osmotic tension = dS/m x 30 cb/(1 dS/m) = cb iii. total
tension = moisture tension (cb) + osmotic tension (cb)
14. What pumping rate (CFS) is required to deliver 47 acre–inches in 20 hours?
a. rate = amount ÷ time
b. rate = ac–in/hr x 1 CFS/1 ac–in/hr = CFS
c. The correct answer is: 2.35

15. Crop ET is 0.22 in/day, and irrigations are every 7 days. What is the crop water use between
irrigations (in)?
a. Amount = rate (in/day) x time (days) = inches
b. The correct answer is: 1.54
16. 30 acres of cotton uses water at the rate of 0.21 inches per day. How many cubic feet per day does
the cotton use?
a. Volume = depth (in) x area (acres) = ac–in/day
b. ac–in/day x 1 ft/12 in x 43560 sq–ft/acre = cu–ft/day
c. The correct answer is: 22869
17. A rain gauge is constructed of a funnel with diameter D = 4 inches, fixed to the top of a tube with
diameter d = 2 inches (see drawing). Rain water

Water Shortages Threaten Food Supplies and Regional Peace ...
Spreading water shortages threaten to reduce the global food supply by more than 10 percent. Left
unaddressed, these shortages could lead to hunger, civil unrest, and even wars over water, reports a new
book from the Worldwatch Institute.
Irrigation accounts for two thirds of global water use, but less than half that water reaches the roots of
plants. "Without increasing water productivity in irrigation, major food–producing regions will not have
enough water to sustain crop production," said Sandra Postel, author of Pillar of Sand: Can the Irrigation
Miracle Last? The book was funded by the Wallace Genetic Foundation and by the Pew Fellows
Program of the Pew Charitable Trusts.
"Some 40 percent of the world's food comes from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Yellow River, the cradle of Chinese civilization, ran dry for a record period in 1997, failing to reach
the sea for 226 days.
With population growing rapidly in many of the most water–short regions, water problems are bound to
worsen. The number of people living in water–stressed countries is projected to climb from 470 million
to 3 billion by 2025, the study notes. Already many countries do not have enough water to meet domestic
demands for food, creating a source of potential political instability.
Water–short countries are increasingly turning to the world grain market. In the swathe of countries from
Morocco across North Africa and the Middle East to Iran, virtually every nation is facing water
shortages as rising populations draw against a limited supply and as irrigation water is diverted to satisfy
growing urban demand. To meet their food needs, these countries are importing grain. (Importing a ton
of wheat is the equivalent of importing 1,000 tons of water.)
Last year, the water required to produce the grain and other farm products imported into the region was
equal to the annual flow of the Nile River. And this deficit is growing year after year. Jordan is importing
some 91 percent of its grain, Israel 87 percent, Libya 85 percent, Saudi Arabia 50 percent, and Egypt 40

Irrigation In Yuma Essay
Irrigation was nothing new in Yuma, Arizona. Over the years irrigation had just gotten better, it did
manage to change Yuma in some positive ways while irrigation improved. Many people and the
developers of Yuma County had to overcome many challenges but it was not easy to do so. The project
did have both some negative and some positive effects on Yuma County.
Irrigation helped out farmers and their farmland. Also, Irrigation in Yuma came with the Reclamation
Act, which had given permission to the Yuma Project. Some structures like the Laguna Dam and the
siphon were built because of the irrigation and helped Yuma become popular with its famous crops, for
example, the lettuce and wheat. With all of these factors throughout the history of Yuma has made the
Yuma that we know today.
The Reclamation Act was passed in 1902 by the federal government. It was meant to allow projects to be
created that would help with irrigation. The purpose of the Act was to guarantee that safe water ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was being used to put the water higher to be able to flow into Yuma instead of it being pumped.
Once the Imperial Dam had been completed, there was not much need for the Laguna Dam anymore.
Another part of the Yuma PRoject was the Yuma Siphon, it was a huge tunnel that was built seventy feet
underneath the Colorado River. The siphon was made to take water from the California side of the
Colorado River to the Arizona side of the Colorado River. With the siphon, it supplies the Yuma Valley
and Yuma itself with all its water. The water being brought to the Yuma Valley is also the water we use to
water all of our crops which helped with irrigation. With all of these structures that helped us with
agriculture, it brought popularity to the Yuma community and put a name to this town for having good
lettuce and cauliflower because of the water canals that were created to bring the right amount of water
that were able to grow these

Construction Of Heis ( High Efficiency Irrigation System
Career Episode 3
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 In this third career episode I shall describe a position that I am currently occupying. I have been
working "On Farm Water Management Department," as "Water Management Officer" since November
2007. I joined this organization as Assistant Agricultural Engineer and then after promoted as water
management officer. It functions under Ministry of Agriculture, Punjab, Pakistan. I am an agricultural
engineer. I am employed as a Group Leader of engineering department in above mentioned organization.
The group under my direction performs high efficiency water–supply systems design and water
conservation techniques in agriculture lands. I have gone through several trainings during this course of
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All these are the basic focuses of department. 1.2.2 High Efficiency Irrigation Systems
In crop production the irrigation water is the most critical factor to enhance its productivity and also
effective use of other non–water inputs. There is inefficient use of available resources in agriculture field
in Punjab province and on other hand Punjab is encountering severe shortage of irrigation water from
many decades. It is causing much lower agriculture productivity while Punjab is highly productive
resource base of Pakistan. High efficiency irrigation systems (HEIS) resulted in finding water and
nutrient efficient options and most appropriate ways to address various crop production related issues.
1.2.3 Types of HEIS
There are number of High efficiency irrigation system methods such as bubbler , drip , rain–gun, center
pivot , conventional sprinkler all these methods involve use of pipes for carrying water from the source
to points of use. Small emitters in form of droplets are being used in drip or trickle irrigation which
provide water to individual plants without causing waste of water. Bubbler irrigation is as well similar to
trickle irrigation the difference is only that instead of pipe in this form of system we use micro sprinklers
mounted on small spikes. Only in rain gun irrigation system water is being pumped at high pressure via
piped system and then after sprayed over the field.
Drip Irrigation System the highly water efficient

Environmental Planning : Australia, Environment And...
Environmental Planning in Australia
Executive summary
In Australia, environment and planning laws are integrally linked and legislation aims to balance the
right to use and develop property with the need to preserve and protect environmental quality. An
intergenerational report is presented every 5 years which shows the country's plans for next 40 years to
preserve the environment which includes different aspects like land, water, ecosystem etc. and use the
resources in a way so that there are enough resources for future generations. In this report we will be
discussing how the intergenerational repot of 2015 is going to help to sustain the environment.
Introduction
Environmental planning is the process of evaluating how social, political, economic and governing
factors affect the natural environment when considering development. The goal of environmental
planning is to come up with a win–win situation for society and the environment. With successful
environmental planning, society wins by being able to use the area in productive ways, and the
environment wins by being able to sustain itself for future generations. It is about protecting natural
ecosystem and environment, protecting and enhancing land, water and air quality. It also includes
promoting sustainability and waste reduction and Ensuring that actions result in a net gain to natural
systems.
Background
Situation Analysis
The 2015 Intergenerational Report flagged that Australia, like the rest

Portfolio Task 5 Essay
Portfolio Task 5 Part A: In your questioning you may wish to include topics on erosion, his involvement
in shaping the land, the farms water runoff or irrigation methods used. Question 1. Me: Can you please
state what plant growth regulator you use on your crops? Many can harm the roots of the vegetation and
loosen them, causing the soils to be easily carried away by the river. Farmer: I use Ethephon, which I
have heard can be found in a variety of commercial herbicides. Me: Ethephon contains bacteria which
are harmful towards the specific turf that you are cultivating. Due to the bacteria, the roots of your florae
will eventually loosen to the point where the soils will drop into the river. This will add to the build–up
of sediments. Ultimately, the contaminated river will cause blockage. The ecosystem living in the body
of water would die off or be forced to migrate. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Me: In your opinion, what factors do you consider to be the reason the runoff is having a negative impact
on the environment? Farmer: I am not entirely sure. A factor I have taken into consideration was the idea
that I am applying a large amount of pesticides on the turf. Me: Due to the fact that there is no compact
vegetation on this farm, the chances of a larger runoff are higher. Pesticides and other hazardous
chemicals used on the grass flow into the river during a major flood. Products such as these damage and
harm the ecosystem living in that particular body of water. In the long run, people who depend on fish
for their main source of protein and their economic livelihood is

New Water Management System Essay
Table of Contents
Details Page No
Executive Summary 01
Introduction 02
Feasibility Report 03
Segmentation, Targeting, and positioning (STP) 04
Marketing Mix (4p's) 05
Objective and issue sale forecasting 06
Budget plan 07
Promotional Budget for six month 08
Conclusion 09
Executive Summary
Water irrigation and management system I use in this system new technology ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
By using our system in 40% of water can be saved . The company operates through the use of our
technology, in which wireless devices and sensors. You will be charged a monthly basis compared to the
square footage . Use your own distribution channel and not subcontracting. In the end it will generate
enough revenue to overcome the cost.
Introduction
The water irrigation system with new technology is introduced very low cost that meets all the
requirements of modern irrigation system to facilitate the entire segment of people require. In Pakistan,
farmers using old irrigation system that most benefits are provided. And agriculture plays an important
role in our economy, but there is no improvement in the irrigation system used for many years and lead
to waste water, and also have an impact on crop growth. I am sure that this system was readily adopted
by our customers and can purchase our services, because the system is profitable. Instead of our old
smart irrigation system should be favorable by customers and can easily afford. Our suppliers are those
who buy the sensors and the system network and wireless zig bee dusting.
Idea of the business
The system should be back in Pakistan. Because in the old irrigation system used Pakistan that result in
the loss of high quality water. Water Management System is a complete–effective, durable, and cost.
Intelligent Irrigation and Water Management System, which allows producers, vineyards, golf courses,

The Effect Of Traditional Solid Waste Disposal?
Background information
Subterranean irrigation planters (SIPs) allow input water to be applied directly to the root zone where
plants (trees are included in this) are able to perform uptake by capillary action. This reduces surface
evaporation and increases effective irrigation efficiency while also containing the root systems of
individual plants. This form of irrigation can be used in conjunction with system wastewater from the
production of fish or other aquaculture allowing the nutrients to be recycled back into a plant system
while also reducing negative environmental and monetary impacts of traditional solid waste disposal.
This process reduces the effort needed to sustain the plant, while also reducing the functioning costs of
maintenance and water. Additionally, the added nutrients improve the health of the plant, and utilize the
otherwise wasted resources found in the fish effluent.
SIPs have been patented for use on a small scale for over one hundred years. Materials used have
changed fairly drastically as time has progressed but the general setup has remained the same. SIPs
generally consist of a container, soil, water, a boundary layer separating the soil and the water reservoir,
and can also include surface covers, capillary material, float valves, and center columns. The general SIP
design lends itself to alterations and adaptations based upon the desires and needs of each individual
client for instance, there are a variety of materials that can be used

The Effects Of Drought On The Southern United States
There is an alarming situation emerging in the Southwestern United States where record setting drought
conditions persist and the forecast for the future warns of continued drought conditions. Effects of the
drought are as visible as they are alarming; Lake Mead, one of the largest reservoirs in this region is well
below its high water mark leaving officials to wondering how they can continue to provide both water
and electricity to the region. According to the National Climate Assessment 2014, ninety–two percent of
this region uses irrigation to water crops accounting for seventy–nine percent of the water withdrawals
(Garfin). In addition, a study by NASA concludes droughts in the Southwest United States may be
longer and drier than previous droughts in the last one thousand years (Cole). The ongoing drought in the
Southwestern United States is driving water reserves to dangerously low levels, adversely affecting an
agricultural system that will have ripple effects throughout the entire country, unless the farmers of this
region can learn to farm without water they may not survive.5
In order to understand drought we must first understand what drought means. Drought is defined by
Merriam–Webster dictionary as "A period of dryness especially when prolonged; specifically: one that
causes extensive damage to crops or prevents their successful growth" (Merriam–Webster).The
southwestern United States is considered, for the most part, an arid region. That doesn't mean that it is a

Water Scarcity
Water scarcity is the lack of sufficient water sources in a country or a region. It can affect 2.8 billion
people around the world one month out of a year. More than 1.2 billion people around the world lack
access to clean drinking water.
According to the UN about 2.7 billion people across the globe will face water shortages by 2050 if
changes aren't put into place. That's nearly ⅓ of the world's population and on top of that 2.5 billion will
find it hard to find enough freshwater to meet their daily needs.
As the driest inhabited continent, Australia is definitely not immune to this and must make some
changes. So, how do people go about making changes and what are those changes?
Water scarcity can be caused by water pollution. Water pollution comes from many sources including
pesticides and fertilizers that wash away from farms, untreated and untested human wastewater, and
industrial waste. Even some groundwater isn't safe from pollutants because they can leak through the
ground to underground aquifers.
Another cause of water scarcity can be agriculture. Agriculture uses ~70% of the worlds freshwater, and
still some 60% of this water is wasted due to leaking irrigation systems, bad methods of use and
cultivation of crops that are too thirsty for where they are being grown. Also many countries that produce
large amounts of food– including India, China, Australia, Spain and the United States– are getting close
to their limits in terms of water resources. Added to the

Proper Timing And Placement Of Fertilizer
Proper timing and placement of fertilizer, development of more efficient crop varieties, and proper
irrigation are among some of the other solutions to improve the efficiency of nitrogen uptake (Robertson
& Vitousek, 2009). Considering the widespread use of fertilizers and huge area of arable land in use, one
particularly promising solution seems to be the use of fertilizers coated with nitrification inhibitors. A
study measuring the effect of dicyandiamide (DCD), which limits the conversion of NH4+ to NO3– , on
a grazed pasture demonstrated a 68 percent reduction in nitrate leaching as a result of its application (Di
& Cameron, 2005). In addition to nitrogen releases, agricultural activities contribute significant amounts
of carbon dioxide and methane to the environment, both of which are GHGs. Within this sector, methane
enters the atmosphere mainly through enteric fermentation by ruminants, manure, and rice paddies.
Without taking into account emissions from fossil fuel use, agriculture is responsible for about one third
of global net carbon dioxide emissions as a result of deforestation, burning of biomass, and draining of
wetlands (Johnson, Franzluebbers, Weyers, & Reicosky, 2007). Carbon dioxide emissions associated
with fossil fuels on the farm are mostly due to diesel combustion from machinery used for planting,
tilling, and fertilizer and pesticide application. Production and transportation of agricultural inputs
should also be considered to account for

Ap Human Geography Chapter 1 Summary
Water Stress – When the demand for water is higher than the amount of water available.
Agriculture – The science or practice of farming, including soil care and readying for crops, care for
farm animals, and the actions of collecting milk and wool.
Irrigation – The supply of water to land or crops to help growth, typically by means of channels.
Soil Erosion – When the top layer of soil is worn down due to too much water, ice, or wind.
Crop Rotation – When a farmer studies crops and plans for different placement in soil for the plants each
year, rotating their placement annually.
Mitigate – To lessen, diminish; to lessen the risk of.
Surface Irrigation – Basins or trenches with water flowing – due to gravity – in between rows of crops.
[17]
Sprinkler Irrigation – Portable or installed machines programmed to automatically spray water onto your
grass and/or garden.
Subsurface Irrigation – Water pipes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, they are made of saltwater, so we cannot use this source of water to drink and water plants.
But freshwater sources, such as rivers, lakes, springs, melted snow and underground bodies of water, can
be used in irrigation for farmland and for us to drink. [3]
The Effects of Water Scarcity on Agriculture
How Much is Consumed
Without water, the lives of millions of children, and adults, are at risk. For children under five, water–
and–sanitation diseases are one of the leading causes of death [4], along with malnutrition. [5]
Unfortunately, studies show that in 2025, two–thirds of the world's population will be water stressed. [6]
If this proves to be correct, then will two–thirds of the world's population be hungry? We use so much
water to produce even the simplest of agriculture. It takes 2,000 to 5,000 liters of water to make food for
just one person, not to mention that humans need to drink 2.5 liters of water daily. [7]
Figure 1 [8] The Main

Monitoring The Energy Consumption Mac Protocols
Data Transmission in Automatic Irrigation System Using WSN
Akshay U. Mankar
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
R. M. D. Sinhgad School of Engineering and Technology
Pune, India akshaymankar3511@gmail.com Prof. Mrs. Snehal Bhosale
Assistance Professor, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
R. M. D. Sinhgad School of Engineering and Technology
Pune, India snehalbhosale@sinhgad.edu Abstract– Wireless Sensor Network broadly used for observing
the environmental constraint. An automated irrigation system is developed to improve water use for
agriculture yields. Energy conservation is a very critical issue in wireless sensor networks. For
monitoring the energy consumption MAC protocols plays a very major role. With the help sensors and
simple circuitry this work purposes low–cost product, which can be bought even by a poor farmer. The
structure has a dispersed sensor nodes (SN) comprising of soil moisture, humidity and temperature
sensors located in the soil and base station (BS). BS will gather data from SN. If the collected data in the
BS is less than threshold value then BS will perform a needed action for irrigation. In this project, a
TDMA based algorithm and single hop wireless communication are used to provide better energy
efficiency. Network Simulator–3 (NS–3) has been used for the exploration of the algorithm.
Keywords– TDMA scheduling, Wireless sensor networks, Energy efficiency, Automatic irrigation
I. INTRODUCTION

An Irrigation Method For Agriculture
Water is primarily irrigated; irrigated water is needed for growing the crops this planet survives and
flourishes off of. There are various methods of irrigation, such as surface irrigation, drip/macro
irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and subsurface irrigation. Surface irrigation involves techniques where
water is simply distributed over the soil surface by gravity. It is also the most common form of irrigation
throughout the world. Drip irrigation delivers water directly to the root of a plant. This is a very effective
method of irrigation because almost no water is lost through runoff or evaporation (Burt,...& Hardy,
2000). However, drip irrigation is rarely used by small–scale farmers, who face some of the worst water
shortages, because of the high costs of this particular irrigation system (Burt,...& Eisenhauer, 1997). The
selection of an irrigation method for agriculture is dependent on the type of crop, climate of the area,
economics, water quality, energy availability, and multiple other factors (Burt,...& Hardy, 2000). The
United States exports about one–third of all water it withdrawals in the form of crops and various other
goods. Water's necessity for survival has led to its mismanagement and thus overuse. Societies around
the world are finally beginning to realize that water is very limited and must be reserved. The Colorado
River used to flow 20 mil ac–ft to the Gulf of California; currently, it only flows around 7 mil ac–ft and
no water reaches the gulf

Analysis Of The Article ' Growing More Food With Less...
Introduction:
This essay is a review of the article "Growing More Food with Less Water", written by Sandra Postel.
According the article, our global freshwater sources, including underground aquifers and rivers are
stressed beyond their ability to provide freshwater. Agriculture redesign is necessary with the two
primary goals being to cut water demands of mainstream agriculture and bring low cost irrigation to poor
farmers. Typical irrigation, crop furrow flooding is a main cause of wasted and polluted water. This
article discusses alternatives to typical irrigation. These alternatives have been tested onsite by farers and
surveyed.
Article Summary:
Severe water scarcity could be imminent in the not so distant future. Flooding crop furrows has been an
inexpensive irrigation method for over six thousand years. Though traditional, it is very wasteful. An
excessive amount of the water evaporates into he air, or soaks into the ground while the plants receive
very little. The excess water drains into rivers and underground aquifers. The water running from the
furrows is polluted with fertilizers. The constant use of flooding creates erosion, waterlogging and
salinization of the soil. 40 percent of the world's food grows on irrigated soil.
There are multiple reasons why the practice of flooding crop furrows continues. The practice of flooding
crop furrows produces two to three harvests per year with a higher crop yield. Sprinklers and drop
system technology have been much

Water Conservation
WATER CONSERVATION
INTRODUCTION:
Water is essential for life on earth. Water is needed for growing food, keeping ourselves clean,
generating power, controlling fire and most importantly to stay alive! This list is simply non–ending.
This shows that water is an integral part of our daily life and we are heavily dependent on it.
Water conservation –
Refers to reducing the usage of water and recycling of waste water for different purposes such as
cleaning, manufacturing, and agricultural irrigation.
Water conservation can be defined as:
1. A reduction in water use accomplished by implementation of water conservation or water efficiency
measures; or, 2. Improved water management practices that reduce or enhance the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Using less water also puts less pressure on our sewage treatment facilities, and uses less energy for water
supply to the grid.
Why should you conserve water?
There are many good reasons to conserve water. Water conservation can help meet future needs. Saving
water will save you money. Water conservation helps preserve the environment. Saving water will save
energy.
Although water conservation helps, some people have misconceptions about what water conservation
can and can't do. If we all work together to conserve water, we can help assure a bright and prosperous
life for future generations. Become an advocate of conservation in your community. Help promote
conservation as a wise and important water management principle.
[pic]SAVE MONEY–
Conserving water saves you money! Not only will your water bill go down, but as you use less water,
your gas or energy bill will also decline. If your whole community conserves, you will also pay less fees
for water–related services. Water conserving communities will not need to pay as much to develop new
supplies and expand or upgrade water and wastewater infrastructure.
Wise usage of water helps us in saving money. We have to pay for the water we use. If we use less water,
we will have more money left to spend on other things.
Preserve the Environment–
Water is the life–blood of

Irrigation In Yumma Essay
Irrigation Throughout Yuma County
Yuma has came a very long way with irrigation. With Yuma being so dry and having sand it was easy to
plant soil and make canals and dams. There has been major challenges, and many successful
achievements for irrigation, with flooding, sediment removings, and building the canals.
Some challenges that Yuma County had with the Irrigation System was flooding, the use of water for
crops on farmland, the supply of water for irrigation, and the transfer of water from the canals. Millions
of years the Quechan Indians would depend on the flooding river to fertilize and irrigate the farmlands
crops Companies had formed irrigate lands in the Yuma Valley, but they were not successful at all with
this plan they thought would work.
It was challenging to get the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The technology had got better because they started using sprinklers and the drip irrigation. The
sprinklers were positive because they had a limit on how much water to use to water the crops which
was something they needed a limit on because water was valuable. They had created multi–crop
production system which were different type of crops that did not use so much water which helped save
money for the yuma project.
Some negative effects the Yuma project had were water issues with the Colorado River, the canal getting
clogged from trash, farm workers that were not as skilled as the others, the population was growing so
they could not use as much land because they had to build residential areas like house for the people, and
flooding. A major flood happened in 1916 which lasted only a few months it was 6 to 8 feet deep and it
was in the lower part of the downtown Yuma part. This had affected the canals, all of yuma because they
could not drive anywhere or build things, or even grow anything because of the

Water management encompasses a long history, going back to...
Water management encompasses a long history, going back to the makes an attempt in prehistoric times
in response to seasonal changes in water availability. Water management was crucial during the
transition from hunting–gathering to farming, and have become nonetheless a lot of necessary with the
emergence of cities, industrial towns, and administrative centers. Water management has never entirely
been a matter often technical intervention. It's embedded at intervals a good diversity of cultural, social
and political arrangements. Water management was important to guarantee water system to the places
where water was required once it absolutely was required, as well as obtaining eliminate excess water or
contaminated water. Water management ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Notably decreasing water resources, thus, incorporates a nice share within the consisting scarceness of
water in Central Asia. Its dimension becomes terribly clear within the following excerpt of President
Nasarbayev's speech before the UN in 1992: "If nowadays this implies tragedy for tens of thousands of
individuals, tomorrow, while not emergency intervention by the UN, it might mean tragedy for millions".
The Republic of Pakistan powerfully condemns former political misconduct and malpractice of the state
exploitation water as a weapon by uncontrolled irrigation practice. Since getting sovereignty, the
Republic of Pakistan has at once improved policy during this field being severely curious about the
stabilization of the ecological state of affairs. Reaffirming, that indispensable efforts are created by the
International Fund for saving the Aral Sea (IFAS) and programs square measure enforced like the
construction of a dyke on the Syr–Darja, supported by the planet Bank, so as to rescue at any rate the
tiny Arabian Sea. Moreover, Pakistan is extremely determined to avoid wasting resources and also the
lake from a similar fate through, amongst different comes, the Caspian surroundings Program (CEP), a
regional program developed by the 5 Caspian littoral states. Being responsive to the UN meagre
infrastructure of facility and Olympian pollution of

Case Study Of Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd.
Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd., incorporated in the year 1986, is a Mid Cap company (having a market cap
of Rs 3412.62 Cr.) operating in Agriculture. Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd. key Products/Revenue
Segments include Micro Irrigation Systems and Other Agri. Related Products. Jain Irrigation Systems
Ltd. emerged as one big company after merging with various Jain Group Companies, such as Jain Plastic
& Chemicals Ltd., Jain Kemira Fertilizers Ltd., Jain Rahan Biotech Ltd, Jain Brothers Industries,
Anubhuti School, and Jain Pipe.
JISL then acquired Tera Agro Technologies and the mango–processing division of Parle–Bisleri Pvt.
Ltd., both located in India. After this and similar other acquisitions, JISL became the largest processor of
fruits & vegetables ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Overseas:
Alcatel, Amari Plastics Plc., Cargill, Coca–Cola, Friesland Foods, GE, General Mills, Heinz, Innocent,
Kerry, Langers Juices Company Inc, Larsen & Toubro, Mars, Incorporated, McCormik, Mitsui & Co.
Ltd., Nestle, Polytrim, Saarioinen, Schumacher, Sleaford, SVZ Industrial Fruit & Vegetable,Taiyo,
Unidelta, Vink, Worlee etc.
Global Presents:
Continent Plants Warehouses Distributor
South & Latin America 2 5 200
North America 6 8 257
Europe 4 9 253
Asia (Other than India) 3 – 26
Australia 0 1 150
Africa – – 15
Total 15 23 901 Data taken from: http://jisl.co.in/ organizationalprofile.pdf
2. Annual

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