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The document provides an overview of optical DWDM fundamentals, including terminology, fiber characteristics, and transmission effects. It discusses key topics such as optical propagation in fibers, attenuation and compensation using optical amplifiers, dispersion types and limitations, and wavelength grids. Diagrams and examples are used to illustrate optical power measurements, budgets, safety classifications, and the impacts of attenuation and dispersion on transmission performance.

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Optical DWDM Fundamentals BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 1
Agenda Introduction and Terminology Optical Propagation and Fiber Characteristics Attenuation and Compensation Dispersion and Dispersion Compensation Non Linearity SM Optical Fiber Types Simple SPAN Design DWDM Transmission ROADM: Operational Benefits Cisco ONS 15454 MSPP/MSTP Functionality BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 2
Introduction BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 3
Modern Lightwave Eras OXC’s 10,000 ROADMs Capacity (Gb/s) 1,000 100 Research Systems Optical Networking Wavelength Switching 10 1 Commercial Systems SONET Rings and Fiberization DWDM Linear Digitization Systems 0 1985 BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 1990 1995 2000 2005 Year © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 4
Optical Spectrum IR UV 125 GHz/nm λ Visible 850 nm Light 980 nm 1,310 nm Ultraviolet (UV) Visible Infrared (IR) Communication wavelengths 850, 1310, 1550 nm Low-loss wavelengths Specialty wavelengths 980, 1480, 1625 nm BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 1,480 nm 1,550 nm 1,625 nm C =ƒ x λ λ (Nanometers) Frequency: ƒ (Nerahertz) Wavelength: 5
Terminology Decibels (dB): unit of level (relative measure) –X dB is 10–X/10 Decibels-milliwatt (dBm): decibel referenced to a milliwatt dBm used for output power and receive sensitivity (absolute value) dB used for power gain or loss (relative value) X mW is 10xlog10(X) in dBm, Y dBm is 10Y/10 in mW Wavelength (Lambda): length of a wave in a particular medium; common unit: nanometers, 10–9m (nm) Frequency (ν): the number of times that a wave is produced within a particular time period Wavelength x frequency = speed of light ⇒ λ x ν = C BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 6
Terminology—Fiber Impairments Attenuation = Loss of power in dB/km Chromatic Dispersion = Spread of light pulse in ps/nmkm Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio (OSNR) = Ratio of optical signal power to noise power for the receiver BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 7
ITU Wavelength Grid The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) has divided the telecom wavelengths into a grid; the grid is divided into bands; the C and L bands are typically used for DWDM ITU Bands U λ(nm) 1675 1625 1565 1530 S C L 1460 E 1360 1260 O λ0 λ1 λn 1530.33 nm BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 0.80 nm 195.9 THz Channel Spacing = 100 GHz © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 1553.86 nm λ 193.0 THz ν 8
Bit Error Rate (BER) BER is a key objective of the optical system design Goal is to get from Tx to Rx with a BER < BER threshold of the Rx BER thresholds are on data sheets Typical minimum acceptable rate is 10–12 BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 9
Optical Power Definition: Optical Power Is the Rate at Which Power Is Delivered in an Optical Beam Optical Power Measurements: Power is measured in watts; however, a convenient way to measure optical power is in units of decibels (dB) The power measured on a particular signal is measured in dBm The gain/loss measured between two points on a fiber is in dB Power loss is expressed as negative dB Power gain is expressed as positive dB BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 10
Optical Power Budget The Optical Power Budget is: Optical Power Budget = Power Sent – Receiver Sensitivity Calculate using minimum transmitter power and minimum receiver sensitivity Attenuation/loss in the link, greater than the power budget, causes bit errors (dB) Design networks with power budgets, not distances BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 11
Optical Power Budget—Example Transmitter maximum power = –2 dBm Receiver sensitivity = –28 dBm Transmitter Receiver –2 dBm –28 dBm Power Budget = 26 dB Calculate Power Budget = ?? Common Power Budgets Short Reach (SR) 6 dB (75% Power Loss) Intermediate Reach (IR) 13 dB (95% Power Loss Long Reach (LR) 26 dB (99.75% Power Loss) Key: Every 3dB is loss of half of signal BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 12
Eye Diagram The vertical eye opening shows the ability to distinguish between a 1 and a 0 bit The horizontal opening gives the time period over which the signal can be sampled without errors BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 13
Eye Diagram For a good transmission system, the eye opening should be as wide and open as possible Eye diagram also displays information such as maximum signal voltage, rise and decay time of pulse, etc. Extinction ratio (ratio of a 1 signal to a 0 signal) is also calculated from eye diagram BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 14
A Few Words on Optical Safety Think optical safety at all times Wear specified optical eye protection Optical power is invisible to the human eye Never stare at an optical connector Keep optical connectors pointed away from yourself and others Glass (fiber cable) can cut and puncture Fiber splinters are extremely difficult to see Damage is usually permanent! BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 15
Laser Classifications/Safety Icons Class 1 Lasers that are incapable of causing damage when the beam is directed into the eye under normal operating conditions. These include helium-neon lasers operating at less than a few microwatts of radiant power. Class 2 SR and IR Optics, Some LR Lasers that can cause harm if viewed directly for ¼ second or longer. This includes helium-neon lasers with an output up to 1 mW (milliwatt). Class 3A Many LR Optics, CWDM GBICS Lasers that have outputs less than 5 mW. These lasers can cause injury when the eye is exposed to either the beam or its reflections from mirrors or other shiny surfaces. As an example, laser pointers typically fall into this class. Class 3B Some LR Optics, Amplifier Outputs Lasers that have outputs of 5 to 500 mW. The argon lasers typically used in laser light shows are of this class. Higher power diode lasers (above 5 mW) from optical drives and high performance laser printers also fall into this class. Class 4 Lasers that have outputs exceeding 500 mW. These devices produce a beam that is hazardous directly or from reflection and can produce skin burn. Many ruby, carbon dioxide, and neodymium-glass lasers are class 4. BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 16
Protective Eyewear Available Protective goggles or glasses should be worn for all routine use of Class 3B and Class 4 lasers Remember: eyewear is wavelength specific, a pair of goggles that effectively blocks red laser light affords no protection for green laser light Laser Safety Equipment Can Be Investigated in Greater Detail at the Following Link: http://www.lasersafety.co.uk/frhome.html BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 17
Optical Propagation in Fibers BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 18
Analog Transmission Effects Attenuation: Reduces power level with distance Dispersion and nonlinearities: Erodes clarity with distance and speed Signal detection and recovery is an analog problem BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 19
Fiber Geometry An Optical Fiber Is Made of Three Sections: The core carries the light signals The cladding keeps the light in the core Core Cladding The coating protects the glass Coating BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 20
Fiber Dimensions Fiber dimensions are measured in µm 1 µm = 0.000001 meters (10-6) Core (8–62.5 µm) Cladding (125 µm) 1 human hair ~ 50 µm Refractive Index (n) n = c/v n ~ 1.46 n (core) > n (cladding) Coating (245 µm) BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 21
Geometrical Optics Light Is Reflected/Refracted at an Interface θ1 = Angle of incidence θ1r = Angle of reflection n2 n1 θ2 = Angle of refraction n2 θ1 θ1r θc > n1 θ2 θc θc—Is the Critical Angle BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 θ2=90 n1 > n2 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. If Angle of Incidence Is Greater Than Critical Angle, All the Light Will Reflect (Instead of Refract); This Is Called Total Internal Reflection Cisco Confidential 22
Wavelength Propagation in Fiber n2 θ0 n1 Cladding θ1 Core Intensity Profile Light propagates by total internal reflections at the core-cladding interface Total internal reflections are lossless Each allowed ray is a mode BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 23
Different Types of Fiber Multimode fiber Core diameter varies n2 Cladding 50 µm for step index n1 62.5 µm for graded index Core Bit rate-distance product > 500 MHz-km Distance limited Single-mode fiber Core diameter is about 9 µm n2 n1 Cladding Core Bit rate-distance product > 100 THz-km BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 24
Attenuation BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 25
Attenuation in Fiber Light loss in fiber is caused by two things Absorption by the fiber material Scattering of the light from the fiber Light loss causes signal attenuation Scattering 850 nm 1310 nm Rayleigh Scattering BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Highest Lower 1550 nm Lowest 26
Other Causes of Attenuation in Fiber Microbends—Caused by small distortions of the fiber in manufacturing Macrobends—Caused by wrapping fiber around a corner with too small a bending radius Back reflections—Caused by reflections at fiber ends, like connectors Fiber splices—Caused by poor alignment or dirt Mechanical connections— Physical gaps between fibers BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 27
Optical Attenuation Pulse amplitude reduction limits “how far” (distance) 10 dBm 10 mW Attenuation in dB=10xLog(Pi/Po) 0 dBM 1 mW Power is measured in dBm: –3 dBm 500 uW –10 dBm 100 uW –30 dBm 1 uW P(dBm)=10xlog(P mW/1 mW) Pi P0 T T BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 Examples © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 28
Attenuation Response at Different Wavelengths 850nm Region BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 1310 nm Region 1550 nm Region 29
Attenuation: Compensated by Optical Amplifiers Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) are the most commonly deployed optical amplifiers Commercially available since the early 1990s Works best in the range 1530 to 1565 nm Gain up to 30 dB (1000 photons out per one photon in) Optically transparent Wavelength transparent Input Coupler Isolator Bit rate transparent Output 1480 or 980 nm Pump Laser Erbium Doped Fiber BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 30
Dispersion BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 31
Types of Dispersion Chromatic Dispersion • Different wavelengths travel at different speeds • Causes spreading of the light pulse Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) • Single-mode fiber supports two polarization states • Fast and slow axes have different group velocities • Causes spreading of the light pulse BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 32
A Snapshot on Chromatic Dispersion Interference Affects single channel and DWDM systems A pulse spreads as it travels down the fiber Inter-symbol Interference (ISI) leads to performance impairments Degradation depends on: Laser used (spectral width) Bit-rate (temporal pulse separation) Different SM types BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 33
Limitations from Chromatic Dispersion Dispersion causes pulse distortion, pulse “smearing” effects Higher bit-rates and shorter pulses are less robust to Chromatic Dispersion Limits “how fast” and “how far” 10 Gbps 60 Km SMF-28 t 40 Gbps BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 4 Km SMF-28 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential t 34
Combating Chromatic Dispersion Specialized fibers: DSF and NZDSF fibers (G.653 and G.655) Dispersion compensating fiber Transmitters with narrow spectral width Regenerate pulse (O-E-O) BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 35
Polarization Mode Dispersion Caused by ovality of core due to: Manufacturing process Internal stress (cabling) External stress (trucks) Only discovered in the 90s Most older fiber not characterized for PMD BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 36
Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) Ey nx ny Ex Pulse as It Enters the Fiber Spreaded Pulse as It Leaves the Fiber The optical pulse tends to broaden as it travels down the fiber; this is a much weaker phenomenon than chromatic dispersion and it is of some relevance at bit rates of 10Gb/s or more BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 37
Combating Polarization Mode Dispersion Factors contributing to PMD Bit rate Fiber core symmetry Environmental factors Bends/stress in fiber Imperfections in fiber Solutions for PMD Improved fibers Regeneration Follow manufacturer’s recommended installation techniques for the fiber cable PMD does not need compensation up to 10G in systems up to about 1600km optical transmission, while compensation is required for longer systems or 40G BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 38
How Far Can I Go Without Dispersion Issues? Distance (Km) = Specification of Transponder (ps/nm) Coefficient of Dispersion of Fiber (ps/nm*km) A Laser Signal with Dispersion Tolerance of 3400 ps/nm Is Sent Across a Standard SM Fiber, Which Has a Coefficient of Dispersion of 17 ps/nm*km It Will Reach 200 Km at Maximum Bandwidth Note That Lower Speeds Will Travel Farther BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 39
Transmission Over SM Fiber— Without Compensation Transmission Rate Distance 2.5 Gb/s 980 km 10 Gb/s 60 km 40 Gb/s 4 km Industry Standard—Not Cisco Specific BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 40
Dispersion Compensation Cumulative Dispersion (ps/nm) Total Dispersion Controlled +100 0 –100 –200 –300 –400 –500 No Compensation With Compensation Distance from Transmitter (km) Dispersion Shifted Fiber Cable Transmitter Dispersion Compensators BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 41
Nonlinearity BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 42
From Linear to Non-Linear Propagation As long as optical power within an optical fiber is small, the fiber can be treated as a linear medium Loss and refractive index are independent of the signal power When optical power levels gets fairly high, the fiber becomes a nonlinear medium Loss and refractive index depend on the optical power BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 43
Effects of Nonlinearity Self-Phased Modulation (SPM) and Cross Phase Modulation (XPM) A Single Channel’s Pulses Are Self-Distorted as They Travel (SPM) Interference Multiple Channels Interact as They Travel (XPM) BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 Interference © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 44
Four-Wave Mixing (FWM) 2ω1-ω2 ω1 ω1 ω2 Into Fiber ω2 2ω2-ω1 Out of Fiber Channels beat against each other to form intermodulation products Creates in-band crosstalk that cannot be filtered (optically or electrically) BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 45
Four-Wave Mixing (FWM) 2ω1-ω2 ω1 ω1 ω2 Into Fiber ω2 2ω2-ω1 Out of Fiber If you have dispersion the beat signal will not fall on a real signal Therefore, some dispersion can be good in preventing FWM in an optical network BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 46
FWM and Dispersion Dispersion Washes out FWM Effects FWM Efficiency (dB) 0 D=0 –10 –20 D=0.2 –30 D=2 –40 D=17 –50 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Channel Spacing (nm) BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 47
The Three “R”s of Optical Networking The Options to Recover the Signal from Attenuation/Dispersion/Jitter Degradation Are: Pulse as It Enters the Fiber Pulse as It Exits the Fiber Re-Gen to Boost the Power Re-Shape DCU Phase Variation O-E-O Re-Time *Simplification BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 Phase Re-Alignment* t ts Optimum Sampling Time © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. t ts Optimum Re-gen, Re-Shape, and ts Optimum Sampling Time Remove Optical Noise Sampling Time Cisco Confidential t 48
SM Optical Fiber Types BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 49
Types of Single-Mode Fiber SMF (standard, 1310 nm optimized, G.65) Most widely deployed so far, introduced in 1986, cheapest DSF (Dispersion Shifted, G.653) Intended for single channel operation at 1550 nm NZDSF (Non-Zero Dispersion Shifted, G.655) For WDM operation in the 1550 nm region only TrueWave™, FreeLight™, LEAF, TeraLight™, etc. Latest generation fibers developed in mid 90s For better performance with high capacity DWDM systems MetroCor™, WideLight™ Low PMD ultra long haul fibers TrueWave Is a Trademark of Lucent; TeraLight Is a Trademark of Alcatel; FreeLight and WideLight Are Trademarks of Pirelli; MetroCor Is a Trademark of Corning BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 50
Fiber Dispersion Characteristics DS NZDS- NZDS+ SMF • Normal fiber • Non-Dispersion Shifted Fiber (NDSF) G.652 • > 90% of deployed plant Dispersion (in ps/nm- km) 25 20 15 10 5 0 –5 –10 DSF G.653 NZDSF G.655 –15 –20 1350 1370 1390 1410 1430 1450 1470 1490 1510 1530 1550 1570 1590 1610 1630 1650 Wavelength (in nm) BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 51
Different Solutions for Different Fiber Types Good for TDM at 1310 nm SMF OK for TDM at 1550 (G.652) OK for DWDM (with Dispersion Mgmt) OK for TDM at 1310 nm DSF Good for TDM at 1550 nm (G.653) Bad for DWDM (C-Band) OK for TDM at 1310 nm NZDSF Good for TDM at 1550 nm (G.655) Good for DWDM (C + L Bands) Good for TDM at 1310 nm Extended Band OK for TDM at 1550 nm (G.652.C) (Suppressed Attenuation in the Traditional Water Peak Region) OK for DWDM (with Dispersion Mgmt Good for CWDM (> Eight wavelengths) The Primary Difference Is in the Chromatic Dispersion Characteristics BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 52
Span Design BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 53
Span Design Limits Attenuation Source and receiver characteristics Tx: 0dBm Rx sensitivity: –28dBm km 120 Dispersion tolerance: 1600ps/nm OSNR requirements: 21dB Rx km 100 Span characteristics –30dBm Distance: 120km m 20k Span loss: .25dB/km (30dB total) –25dBm Dispersion: 18ps/nm*km Tx e Tim BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 –5dBm in ma Do © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 0dBm gth len ve n Wa omai D Cisco Confidential 54
Span Design Limits Amplification Source and receiver characteristics Tx: 0dBm km 120 Rx sensitivity: –28dBm Rx Dispersion tolerance: 1600ps/nm km 100 OSNR requirements: 21dB –13dBm Span characteristics m 20k Distance: 120km –8dBm Span loss: .25dB/km (30dB total) A DF E Dispersion: 18ps/nm*km Bm 0d B 6d +12dBm -6dBm Tx e Tim BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 ain om D © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. +17dBm gth len ve n Wa omai D Cisco Confidential EDFA characteristics Gain: 23dB (max = 17dBm Noise figure: < 6dB Max input: –6dBm 55
Span Design Limits Dispersion Source and receiver characteristics Tx: 0dBm Rx sensitivity: –28dBm k 120 Dispersion tolerance: 1600ps/nm OSNR requirements: 21dB k 100 Span characteristics m Rx m 2160ps/nm Distance: 120km m 20k Span loss: .25dB/km (30dB total) 1800ps/nm Dispersion: 18ps/nm*km Tx e Tim BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 ain om D © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 360ps/nm 0ps/nm th eng vel n Wa omai D Cisco Confidential 56
Span Design Limits Dispersion Compensation Source and receiver characteristics F DC Tx: 0dBm Rx sensitivity: –28dBm B) 0d (1 Rx km 120 Dispersion tolerance: 1600ps/nm OSNR requirements: 21dB –23dBm 1560ps/nm km 100 Span characteristics –13dBm 2160ps/nm Distance: 120km Span loss: .25dB/km (30dB total) m 20k –8dBm 1800ps/nm Dispersion: 18ps/nm*km A DF E Bm 0d B 6d –6dBm Tx e Tim BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 ain om D +12dBm 360ps/nm Gain: 23dB (Max +17dBm) Noise figure: < 6dB +17dBm 0ps/nm th eng l ave ain W om D © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. EDFA characteristics Cisco Confidential Max input: –6dBm DCF characteristics Dispersion: –600ps/nm Loss: 10dBo 57
Span Design Limits of Amplification (OSNR) Source and receiver characteristics A F Distance: 60km x 4 Spans ED Span loss: .25dB/km (15dB/span) F DC km Dispersion: 18ps/nm*km A 60 F ED FA ED Bm 0d Tx D ime T BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 ain om m 60k FA ED Span characteristics m 60k m 60k F DC +17dBm OSNR 15dB Noise +17dBm OSNR 39dB gth len ve n Wa omai D © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Too Low Noise +17dBm OSNR 21dB Noise Noise Noise Noise +17dBm OSNR 33dB F DC Noise +17dBm OSNR 27dB F DC B 6d Rx FA ED Tx: 0dBm Rx sensitivity: –28dBm Dispersion tolerance: 1600ps/nm OSNR requirements: 21dB Noise EDFA characteristics Noise Noise Gain: 23dB (Max +17dBm) Noise figure: < 6dB Max input: –6dBm Cisco Confidential 58
Real Network Design Challenges Complicated multi-ring designs Multiple wavelengths Any to any demand Nonlinearities Advanced modulation Simulation and Network Design Software Is Used to Simplify Design BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 59
Network Design Tools? Concept to Creation Easier • GUI-based network design entry • Any-to-any demand • Comprehensive analysis = first-time success • Smooth transition from design to implementation • Bill of materials • Rack diagrams • Step-by-step interconnect BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 60
DWDM Transmission BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 61
DWDM Systems Transponder Mux-Demux Amplifier OADM Mux-Demux DCU BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. OA Cisco Confidential OADM 62
More DWDM Components Optical Amplifier (EDFA) Optical Attenuator Variable Optical Attenuator Dispersion Compensator (DCM / DCU) BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 63
Intelligent DWDM Network Architecture Intelligent DWDM SYSTEM VOA VOA OSC EDFA OSC EDFA DCM DCM EDFA EDFA OSC VOA Service Mux Intelligent DWDM SYSTEM OSC VOA Service Mux Integrated system architecture BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 64
2.5Gb Service Cards SONET/SDH Ethernet SAN Video 2.5G Multi-Rate Transponder OC-3/STM-1 OC-12/STM-4 OC-48/STM-16 1xGigabit Ethernet ETR/CLO STP ISC-3 2.5G InfiniBand SDI DV6000 HDTV 2.5G DataMuxponder 8xESCON 2xGigabit Ethernet BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 2x1G FC/FICON 1x2G FC/FICON 65
10Gb Service Cards OTN SONET/SDH Ethernet SAN 10Gb Enhanced Transponder 10Gb LAN and WAN PHY 10Gb SONET/SDH 10Gb FC 10Gb DataMuxponder 8xGigabit Ethernet 4x2.5G Muxponder 4xOC-48/STM-16 ODU-1->OTU-2 8x1G FC/FICON/ISC-1 4x2GFC/FICON/ISC-3 2x4GFC Enhanced GE/10GE XPonder 20xGigabit Ethernet 2x10GE 16xOC-3/STM-1 16xOC-1/STM-4 4xOC-48/STM-16 8xGigabit Ethernet MSPP on a Blade OTU-2 10Gb SONET/SDH 10Gb ODU-2 XPonder BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 10Gb LAN and WAN PHY 10Gb FC 66
40Gb Service Cards SONET/SDH OTN Ethernet SAN 40Gb Transponder 40Gb SONET/SDH 40Gb LAN 40Gb OTU-3 40Gb Muxponder 4x10Gb OTU-2 4x10Gb OTU-2e 4x10Gb SONET/SDH 4x10Gb LAN 4x10Gb FC 4x8Gb FC BENEFIT: All 40G applications covered by 1 transponder BENEFIT: Aggregation cards reduce the cost of service delivery and allow for “pay as you grow” using XFP BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 67
Optical Amplifiers and Filters EDFA 17dBm Variable Gain PreAmplifier with DCU Access 17dBm Variable Gain Booster 21dBm Variable Gain Booster 17 dBm Fix Gain Booster 21dBm Variable Gain Regional Amplifier with DCU Access L-Band 17dB Variable Gain Booster L-Band 20 dB Variable Gain PreAmplifier with DCU Access BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. RAMAN 500mW RAMAN w/ integrated 7dBm Variable Gain PreAmplifier Cisco Confidential Filters 40ch/80ch 20 WSS ROADM 40ch 80 WXC ROADM 40ch/80ch Mux/Demux 68
Optical Protection Schemes Unprotected Client Protected PSM Protected Splitter Protected Y-Cable or Line Card Protected BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 69
Availability Solutions Comparison 100.00% 99.999% 99.998% 99.99% 99.9% 99% BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 70
Unprotected 1 Client Interface 1 Transponder 1 client & 1 trunk laser (one transponder) needed, only 1 path available No protection in case of fiber cut, transponder failure, client failure, etc.. BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 71
Client Protected Mode 2 Client interfaces 2 Transponders 2 client & 2 trunk lasers (two transponders) needed, two optically unprotected paths Protection via higher layer protocol BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 72
Optical Trunk Protection Working trunk Optical TrunkSplitter Trunk-Switch protected trunk Only valid in Point 2 Point topologies Protects against Fiber Breaks BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 73
Optical Splitter Protection Working lambda Optical Splitter Switch protected lambda Only 1 client & 1 trunk laser (single transponder) needed Protects against Fiber Breaks BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 74
Line Card / Y- Cable Protection working lambda 2 Transponders “Y” cable Only one TX active protected lambda 2 client & 2 trunk lasers (two transponders) needed Increased cost & availability BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 75
ROADM: Operational Benefits BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 76
Manual DWDM Network Life-Cycle: Present Mode of Operation (PMO) Manual provisioning of optical design parameters Manual provisioning of equipment & topology into EMS/NMS Complicated Network Planning Labor-intensive operation Manual installation, manual power measurements and VOA tweaking at every site for every l Manual DWDM processes: labor intensive and error prone Result: high OpEx costs BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 77
ROADM Based DWDM Networks Simplify Opex, Simplify Network Architecture, Simplify Network Planning Physical Rings O O O O O O O O O OADM Based Architecture Re-plan network every time a new services is added Certain sites can only communicate with certain other sites Extensive man hours to retune the network Need to brake entire ring to prevent lasing O BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 1-8ch OADM © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 78
ROADM Based DWDM Networks Simplify Opex, Simplify Network Architecture, Simplify Network Planning Physical Rings R O O R R O O R O Improve Opex Efficiency O R R O O R R O OADM Based Architecture ROADM Based Architecture Re-plan network every time a new services is added Certain sites can only communicate with certain other sites Extensive man hours to retune the network Need to brake entire ring to prevent lasing O BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 1-8ch OADM © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Plan network once All nodes can talk to all nodes day one The network Automatically Tunes itself Improved network performance with DGE at every site R Cisco Confidential 2° ROADM 79
DWDM Mesh Benefits Capacity Increase, Efficient Fiber Usage, Increased Availability Physical Rings Physical Rings Physical Rings Ring-Based Architecture Traffic must follow ring topology, constricted Inefficient traffic routing increase regeneration Costly transponders for OEO ring interconnects Single choice for service path & protect path 2° ROADM BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. OEO ring interconnect Cisco Confidential 80
DWDM Mesh Benefits Capacity Increase, Efficient Fiber Usage, Increased Availability Physical Rings Physical Rings Physical Rings 4 Transponders Eliminated Ring-Based Architecture Mesh Architecture Traffic must follow ring topology, constricted Inefficient traffic routing increase regeneration Costly transponders for OEO ring interconnects Single choice for service path & protect path 2° ROADM BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. A–Z provisioning—data follows fiber topology more efficient use of fiber Better load balancing increases capacity Shorter distance = less regeneration Eliminate transponders More options for service & protect paths OEO ring interconnect Cisco Confidential 2° -8° ROADM 81
Automated DWDM Network Life-Cycle: Next-Generation Cisco ONS 15454 MSTP Automated provisioning of all parameters Easy planning with Cisco MetroPlanner BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 82
Automated DWDM Network Life-Cycle: Next-Generation Cisco ONS 15454 MSTP Automated provisioning of all parameters Easy design changes based on actual fiber plant Easy planning with Cisco MetroPlanner BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 83
Automated DWDM Network Life-Cycle: Next-Generation Cisco ONS 15454 MSTP Automated provisioning of all parameters Easy design changes based on actual fiber plant Easy planning with Cisco MetroPlanner BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 Automated optical layer for endto-end connection setup; Manual patching of client at endpoints only © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 84
Automated DWDM Network Life-Cycle: Next-Generation Cisco ONS 15454 MSTP Automated provisioning of all parameters CTM learns everything from the network and stays in sync Easy design changes based on actual fiber plant Easy planning with Cisco MetroPlanner BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 Automated optical layer for endto-end connection setup; Manual patching of client at endpoints only © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Simplified, graphical A-Z provisioning & trouble shooting via CTM 85
Automated DWDM Network Life-Cycle: Next-Generation Cisco ONS 15454 MSTP Automated provisioning of all parameters CTM learns everything from the network and stays in sync Easy design changes based on actual fiber plant Easy planning with Cisco MetroPlanner Automated end-toend setup Automated optical layer for endto-end connection setup; Manual patching of client at endpoints only Simplified, graphical A-Z provisioning & trouble shooting via CTM Automated DWDM Processes: simplified, SONET-like operation Result: Reduces OpEx, facilitates wide deployment BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 86
Cisco ONS 15454 MSPP/MSTP Functionality BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 87
Cisco Vision: Flexible and Intelligent Optical Network Individual Products Technology Solutions Business Solutions Traditional Vendors Flexible Inflexible • • • • • • • • Preplanning Rigid configurations Limited application support No linkage with service delivery/enables © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. ROADM: Fully flexible design rules ROADM: Any wavelength anywhere Wide variety of applications Integrated TDM / Layer2 functionalities + Direct interconnection with L2 / L3 Intelligent Software Enables Automated Network Set-Up and Management Along Network Life Difficult to Manage BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 Cisco Optical Cisco Confidential 88
Cisco IP NGN Transport Network Innovation– Investment Protection Multiservice Provisioning Platform Multiservice Transport Platform Reconfigurable Add/Drop Multiplexer (ROADM) ONS 15454 Over 75,000 Deployed IP over DWDM ONS 15454 MSTP CRS-1 SONET and SDH ONS 15454 Multiservice Transport Platform Mesh ROADM, Ethernet-Enabled DWDM ONS 15454 SONET and SDH Mesh ROADM (WXC) SONET and SDH SONET and SDH ONS 15454 SONET and SDH Multiservice Transport Platform XPonder MSPP-ona-blade ROADM Solution Multiservice Transport Platform Multiservice Provisioning Platform MSPP Introduction: SONET/SDH + Ethernet (EoS) BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 Efficient Core Transport: 2-Degree ROADM: Integrated Intelligent Industry-Leading DWDM and Core Intelligent DWDM: ROADM Technology Routing Solution: Consolidating Drives Deployable SW Management MSPP and DWDM Wavelength and Tunable ITU Functionality onto a Services into Optics on CRS-1 Single Platform the Metro © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Cisco IP NGN: Optical Vision Operationalize, Packetize and Deliver Connected Life Experiences 89
Compatible to Existing Management System (CTM) NOC MGX Voice Gateway ONS 15302 Higher Layer OSSs CTM GateWays ONS 15305 ONS 15305 Repository Repository (Oracle 9i) (Oracle 9i) CTM Clients (Solaris 10, Windows 2000/XP and Qualified XTerminals) ONS 15327 ONS 15305 CTM Server (Solaris 10) Data Communications Network (DCN) ONS 15454 MSTP ONS 15454 Metro Core Ring 10G 2.5G Ring ONS 15600 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential ONS 15305 ONS 15305 ONS 15454 SDH Metro Edge 2.5G Ring ONS 15310 MA BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 CRS-1 XR 12000 Catalyst 7609 ONS 15600 ONS 15305 ONS 15454 SDH ONS 15302 90
Summary BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 91
Summary Introduction on terminology Optical Propagation Attenuation and Compensation Chromatic PMD Non-Linearity Fiber types Basic span design DWDM System/ROADM ONS 15454 MSPP/MSTP Functionality BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 92
Q and A BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 93
BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 94

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dwdm

  • 1.
    Optical DWDM Fundamentals BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 1
  • 2.
    Agenda Introduction and Terminology OpticalPropagation and Fiber Characteristics Attenuation and Compensation Dispersion and Dispersion Compensation Non Linearity SM Optical Fiber Types Simple SPAN Design DWDM Transmission ROADM: Operational Benefits Cisco ONS 15454 MSPP/MSTP Functionality BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 2
  • 3.
    Introduction BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 CiscoSystems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 3
  • 4.
    Modern Lightwave Eras OXC’s 10,000 ROADMs Capacity(Gb/s) 1,000 100 Research Systems Optical Networking Wavelength Switching 10 1 Commercial Systems SONET Rings and Fiberization DWDM Linear Digitization Systems 0 1985 BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 1990 1995 2000 2005 Year © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 4
  • 5.
    Optical Spectrum IR UV 125 GHz/nm λ Visible850 nm Light 980 nm 1,310 nm Ultraviolet (UV) Visible Infrared (IR) Communication wavelengths 850, 1310, 1550 nm Low-loss wavelengths Specialty wavelengths 980, 1480, 1625 nm BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 1,480 nm 1,550 nm 1,625 nm C =ƒ x λ λ (Nanometers) Frequency: ƒ (Nerahertz) Wavelength: 5
  • 6.
    Terminology Decibels (dB): unitof level (relative measure) –X dB is 10–X/10 Decibels-milliwatt (dBm): decibel referenced to a milliwatt dBm used for output power and receive sensitivity (absolute value) dB used for power gain or loss (relative value) X mW is 10xlog10(X) in dBm, Y dBm is 10Y/10 in mW Wavelength (Lambda): length of a wave in a particular medium; common unit: nanometers, 10–9m (nm) Frequency (ν): the number of times that a wave is produced within a particular time period Wavelength x frequency = speed of light ⇒ λ x ν = C BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 6
  • 7.
    Terminology—Fiber Impairments Attenuation =Loss of power in dB/km Chromatic Dispersion = Spread of light pulse in ps/nmkm Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio (OSNR) = Ratio of optical signal power to noise power for the receiver BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 7
  • 8.
    ITU Wavelength Grid TheInternational Telecommunications Union (ITU) has divided the telecom wavelengths into a grid; the grid is divided into bands; the C and L bands are typically used for DWDM ITU Bands U λ(nm) 1675 1625 1565 1530 S C L 1460 E 1360 1260 O λ0 λ1 λn 1530.33 nm BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 0.80 nm 195.9 THz Channel Spacing = 100 GHz © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 1553.86 nm λ 193.0 THz ν 8
  • 9.
    Bit Error Rate(BER) BER is a key objective of the optical system design Goal is to get from Tx to Rx with a BER < BER threshold of the Rx BER thresholds are on data sheets Typical minimum acceptable rate is 10–12 BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 9
  • 10.
    Optical Power Definition: Optical PowerIs the Rate at Which Power Is Delivered in an Optical Beam Optical Power Measurements: Power is measured in watts; however, a convenient way to measure optical power is in units of decibels (dB) The power measured on a particular signal is measured in dBm The gain/loss measured between two points on a fiber is in dB Power loss is expressed as negative dB Power gain is expressed as positive dB BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 10
  • 11.
    Optical Power Budget TheOptical Power Budget is: Optical Power Budget = Power Sent – Receiver Sensitivity Calculate using minimum transmitter power and minimum receiver sensitivity Attenuation/loss in the link, greater than the power budget, causes bit errors (dB) Design networks with power budgets, not distances BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 11
  • 12.
    Optical Power Budget—Example Transmittermaximum power = –2 dBm Receiver sensitivity = –28 dBm Transmitter Receiver –2 dBm –28 dBm Power Budget = 26 dB Calculate Power Budget = ?? Common Power Budgets Short Reach (SR) 6 dB (75% Power Loss) Intermediate Reach (IR) 13 dB (95% Power Loss Long Reach (LR) 26 dB (99.75% Power Loss) Key: Every 3dB is loss of half of signal BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 12
  • 13.
    Eye Diagram The verticaleye opening shows the ability to distinguish between a 1 and a 0 bit The horizontal opening gives the time period over which the signal can be sampled without errors BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 13
  • 14.
    Eye Diagram For agood transmission system, the eye opening should be as wide and open as possible Eye diagram also displays information such as maximum signal voltage, rise and decay time of pulse, etc. Extinction ratio (ratio of a 1 signal to a 0 signal) is also calculated from eye diagram BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 14
  • 15.
    A Few Wordson Optical Safety Think optical safety at all times Wear specified optical eye protection Optical power is invisible to the human eye Never stare at an optical connector Keep optical connectors pointed away from yourself and others Glass (fiber cable) can cut and puncture Fiber splinters are extremely difficult to see Damage is usually permanent! BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 15
  • 16.
    Laser Classifications/Safety Icons Class1 Lasers that are incapable of causing damage when the beam is directed into the eye under normal operating conditions. These include helium-neon lasers operating at less than a few microwatts of radiant power. Class 2 SR and IR Optics, Some LR Lasers that can cause harm if viewed directly for ¼ second or longer. This includes helium-neon lasers with an output up to 1 mW (milliwatt). Class 3A Many LR Optics, CWDM GBICS Lasers that have outputs less than 5 mW. These lasers can cause injury when the eye is exposed to either the beam or its reflections from mirrors or other shiny surfaces. As an example, laser pointers typically fall into this class. Class 3B Some LR Optics, Amplifier Outputs Lasers that have outputs of 5 to 500 mW. The argon lasers typically used in laser light shows are of this class. Higher power diode lasers (above 5 mW) from optical drives and high performance laser printers also fall into this class. Class 4 Lasers that have outputs exceeding 500 mW. These devices produce a beam that is hazardous directly or from reflection and can produce skin burn. Many ruby, carbon dioxide, and neodymium-glass lasers are class 4. BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 16
  • 17.
    Protective Eyewear Available Protectivegoggles or glasses should be worn for all routine use of Class 3B and Class 4 lasers Remember: eyewear is wavelength specific, a pair of goggles that effectively blocks red laser light affords no protection for green laser light Laser Safety Equipment Can Be Investigated in Greater Detail at the Following Link: http://www.lasersafety.co.uk/frhome.html BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 17
  • 18.
    Optical Propagation in Fibers BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 ©2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 18
  • 19.
    Analog Transmission Effects Attenuation: Reducespower level with distance Dispersion and nonlinearities: Erodes clarity with distance and speed Signal detection and recovery is an analog problem BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 19
  • 20.
    Fiber Geometry An OpticalFiber Is Made of Three Sections: The core carries the light signals The cladding keeps the light in the core Core Cladding The coating protects the glass Coating BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 20
  • 21.
    Fiber Dimensions Fiber dimensionsare measured in µm 1 µm = 0.000001 meters (10-6) Core (8–62.5 µm) Cladding (125 µm) 1 human hair ~ 50 µm Refractive Index (n) n = c/v n ~ 1.46 n (core) > n (cladding) Coating (245 µm) BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 21
  • 22.
    Geometrical Optics Light IsReflected/Refracted at an Interface θ1 = Angle of incidence θ1r = Angle of reflection n2 n1 θ2 = Angle of refraction n2 θ1 θ1r θc > n1 θ2 θc θc—Is the Critical Angle BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 θ2=90 n1 > n2 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. If Angle of Incidence Is Greater Than Critical Angle, All the Light Will Reflect (Instead of Refract); This Is Called Total Internal Reflection Cisco Confidential 22
  • 23.
    Wavelength Propagation inFiber n2 θ0 n1 Cladding θ1 Core Intensity Profile Light propagates by total internal reflections at the core-cladding interface Total internal reflections are lossless Each allowed ray is a mode BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 23
  • 24.
    Different Types ofFiber Multimode fiber Core diameter varies n2 Cladding 50 µm for step index n1 62.5 µm for graded index Core Bit rate-distance product > 500 MHz-km Distance limited Single-mode fiber Core diameter is about 9 µm n2 n1 Cladding Core Bit rate-distance product > 100 THz-km BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 24
  • 25.
    Attenuation BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 CiscoSystems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 25
  • 26.
    Attenuation in Fiber Lightloss in fiber is caused by two things Absorption by the fiber material Scattering of the light from the fiber Light loss causes signal attenuation Scattering 850 nm 1310 nm Rayleigh Scattering BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Highest Lower 1550 nm Lowest 26
  • 27.
    Other Causes ofAttenuation in Fiber Microbends—Caused by small distortions of the fiber in manufacturing Macrobends—Caused by wrapping fiber around a corner with too small a bending radius Back reflections—Caused by reflections at fiber ends, like connectors Fiber splices—Caused by poor alignment or dirt Mechanical connections— Physical gaps between fibers BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 27
  • 28.
    Optical Attenuation Pulse amplitudereduction limits “how far” (distance) 10 dBm 10 mW Attenuation in dB=10xLog(Pi/Po) 0 dBM 1 mW Power is measured in dBm: –3 dBm 500 uW –10 dBm 100 uW –30 dBm 1 uW P(dBm)=10xlog(P mW/1 mW) Pi P0 T T BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 Examples © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 28
  • 29.
    Attenuation Response at DifferentWavelengths 850nm Region BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 1310 nm Region 1550 nm Region 29
  • 30.
    Attenuation: Compensated by OpticalAmplifiers Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) are the most commonly deployed optical amplifiers Commercially available since the early 1990s Works best in the range 1530 to 1565 nm Gain up to 30 dB (1000 photons out per one photon in) Optically transparent Wavelength transparent Input Coupler Isolator Bit rate transparent Output 1480 or 980 nm Pump Laser Erbium Doped Fiber BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 30
  • 31.
    Dispersion BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 CiscoSystems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 31
  • 32.
    Types of Dispersion ChromaticDispersion • Different wavelengths travel at different speeds • Causes spreading of the light pulse Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) • Single-mode fiber supports two polarization states • Fast and slow axes have different group velocities • Causes spreading of the light pulse BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 32
  • 33.
    A Snapshot onChromatic Dispersion Interference Affects single channel and DWDM systems A pulse spreads as it travels down the fiber Inter-symbol Interference (ISI) leads to performance impairments Degradation depends on: Laser used (spectral width) Bit-rate (temporal pulse separation) Different SM types BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 33
  • 34.
    Limitations from ChromaticDispersion Dispersion causes pulse distortion, pulse “smearing” effects Higher bit-rates and shorter pulses are less robust to Chromatic Dispersion Limits “how fast” and “how far” 10 Gbps 60 Km SMF-28 t 40 Gbps BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 4 Km SMF-28 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential t 34
  • 35.
    Combating Chromatic Dispersion Specializedfibers: DSF and NZDSF fibers (G.653 and G.655) Dispersion compensating fiber Transmitters with narrow spectral width Regenerate pulse (O-E-O) BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 35
  • 36.
    Polarization Mode Dispersion Causedby ovality of core due to: Manufacturing process Internal stress (cabling) External stress (trucks) Only discovered in the 90s Most older fiber not characterized for PMD BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 36
  • 37.
    Polarization Mode Dispersion(PMD) Ey nx ny Ex Pulse as It Enters the Fiber Spreaded Pulse as It Leaves the Fiber The optical pulse tends to broaden as it travels down the fiber; this is a much weaker phenomenon than chromatic dispersion and it is of some relevance at bit rates of 10Gb/s or more BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 37
  • 38.
    Combating Polarization ModeDispersion Factors contributing to PMD Bit rate Fiber core symmetry Environmental factors Bends/stress in fiber Imperfections in fiber Solutions for PMD Improved fibers Regeneration Follow manufacturer’s recommended installation techniques for the fiber cable PMD does not need compensation up to 10G in systems up to about 1600km optical transmission, while compensation is required for longer systems or 40G BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 38
  • 39.
    How Far CanI Go Without Dispersion Issues? Distance (Km) = Specification of Transponder (ps/nm) Coefficient of Dispersion of Fiber (ps/nm*km) A Laser Signal with Dispersion Tolerance of 3400 ps/nm Is Sent Across a Standard SM Fiber, Which Has a Coefficient of Dispersion of 17 ps/nm*km It Will Reach 200 Km at Maximum Bandwidth Note That Lower Speeds Will Travel Farther BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 39
  • 40.
    Transmission Over SMFiber— Without Compensation Transmission Rate Distance 2.5 Gb/s 980 km 10 Gb/s 60 km 40 Gb/s 4 km Industry Standard—Not Cisco Specific BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 40
  • 41.
    Dispersion Compensation Cumulative Dispersion (ps/nm) TotalDispersion Controlled +100 0 –100 –200 –300 –400 –500 No Compensation With Compensation Distance from Transmitter (km) Dispersion Shifted Fiber Cable Transmitter Dispersion Compensators BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 41
  • 42.
    Nonlinearity BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 CiscoSystems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 42
  • 43.
    From Linear toNon-Linear Propagation As long as optical power within an optical fiber is small, the fiber can be treated as a linear medium Loss and refractive index are independent of the signal power When optical power levels gets fairly high, the fiber becomes a nonlinear medium Loss and refractive index depend on the optical power BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 43
  • 44.
    Effects of Nonlinearity Self-PhasedModulation (SPM) and Cross Phase Modulation (XPM) A Single Channel’s Pulses Are Self-Distorted as They Travel (SPM) Interference Multiple Channels Interact as They Travel (XPM) BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 Interference © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 44
  • 45.
    Four-Wave Mixing (FWM) 2ω1-ω2ω1 ω1 ω2 Into Fiber ω2 2ω2-ω1 Out of Fiber Channels beat against each other to form intermodulation products Creates in-band crosstalk that cannot be filtered (optically or electrically) BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 45
  • 46.
    Four-Wave Mixing (FWM) 2ω1-ω2ω1 ω1 ω2 Into Fiber ω2 2ω2-ω1 Out of Fiber If you have dispersion the beat signal will not fall on a real signal Therefore, some dispersion can be good in preventing FWM in an optical network BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 46
  • 47.
    FWM and Dispersion DispersionWashes out FWM Effects FWM Efficiency (dB) 0 D=0 –10 –20 D=0.2 –30 D=2 –40 D=17 –50 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Channel Spacing (nm) BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 47
  • 48.
    The Three “R”sof Optical Networking The Options to Recover the Signal from Attenuation/Dispersion/Jitter Degradation Are: Pulse as It Enters the Fiber Pulse as It Exits the Fiber Re-Gen to Boost the Power Re-Shape DCU Phase Variation O-E-O Re-Time *Simplification BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 Phase Re-Alignment* t ts Optimum Sampling Time © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. t ts Optimum Re-gen, Re-Shape, and ts Optimum Sampling Time Remove Optical Noise Sampling Time Cisco Confidential t 48
  • 49.
    SM Optical Fiber Types BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 ©2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 49
  • 50.
    Types of Single-ModeFiber SMF (standard, 1310 nm optimized, G.65) Most widely deployed so far, introduced in 1986, cheapest DSF (Dispersion Shifted, G.653) Intended for single channel operation at 1550 nm NZDSF (Non-Zero Dispersion Shifted, G.655) For WDM operation in the 1550 nm region only TrueWave™, FreeLight™, LEAF, TeraLight™, etc. Latest generation fibers developed in mid 90s For better performance with high capacity DWDM systems MetroCor™, WideLight™ Low PMD ultra long haul fibers TrueWave Is a Trademark of Lucent; TeraLight Is a Trademark of Alcatel; FreeLight and WideLight Are Trademarks of Pirelli; MetroCor Is a Trademark of Corning BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 50
  • 51.
    Fiber Dispersion Characteristics DS NZDS- NZDS+ SMF •Normal fiber • Non-Dispersion Shifted Fiber (NDSF) G.652 • > 90% of deployed plant Dispersion (in ps/nm- km) 25 20 15 10 5 0 –5 –10 DSF G.653 NZDSF G.655 –15 –20 1350 1370 1390 1410 1430 1450 1470 1490 1510 1530 1550 1570 1590 1610 1630 1650 Wavelength (in nm) BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 51
  • 52.
    Different Solutions forDifferent Fiber Types Good for TDM at 1310 nm SMF OK for TDM at 1550 (G.652) OK for DWDM (with Dispersion Mgmt) OK for TDM at 1310 nm DSF Good for TDM at 1550 nm (G.653) Bad for DWDM (C-Band) OK for TDM at 1310 nm NZDSF Good for TDM at 1550 nm (G.655) Good for DWDM (C + L Bands) Good for TDM at 1310 nm Extended Band OK for TDM at 1550 nm (G.652.C) (Suppressed Attenuation in the Traditional Water Peak Region) OK for DWDM (with Dispersion Mgmt Good for CWDM (> Eight wavelengths) The Primary Difference Is in the Chromatic Dispersion Characteristics BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 52
  • 53.
    Span Design BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 53
  • 54.
    Span Design Limits Attenuation Sourceand receiver characteristics Tx: 0dBm Rx sensitivity: –28dBm km 120 Dispersion tolerance: 1600ps/nm OSNR requirements: 21dB Rx km 100 Span characteristics –30dBm Distance: 120km m 20k Span loss: .25dB/km (30dB total) –25dBm Dispersion: 18ps/nm*km Tx e Tim BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 –5dBm in ma Do © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 0dBm gth len ve n Wa omai D Cisco Confidential 54
  • 55.
    Span Design Limits Amplification Sourceand receiver characteristics Tx: 0dBm km 120 Rx sensitivity: –28dBm Rx Dispersion tolerance: 1600ps/nm km 100 OSNR requirements: 21dB –13dBm Span characteristics m 20k Distance: 120km –8dBm Span loss: .25dB/km (30dB total) A DF E Dispersion: 18ps/nm*km Bm 0d B 6d +12dBm -6dBm Tx e Tim BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 ain om D © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. +17dBm gth len ve n Wa omai D Cisco Confidential EDFA characteristics Gain: 23dB (max = 17dBm Noise figure: < 6dB Max input: –6dBm 55
  • 56.
    Span Design Limits Dispersion Sourceand receiver characteristics Tx: 0dBm Rx sensitivity: –28dBm k 120 Dispersion tolerance: 1600ps/nm OSNR requirements: 21dB k 100 Span characteristics m Rx m 2160ps/nm Distance: 120km m 20k Span loss: .25dB/km (30dB total) 1800ps/nm Dispersion: 18ps/nm*km Tx e Tim BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 ain om D © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 360ps/nm 0ps/nm th eng vel n Wa omai D Cisco Confidential 56
  • 57.
    Span Design Limits DispersionCompensation Source and receiver characteristics F DC Tx: 0dBm Rx sensitivity: –28dBm B) 0d (1 Rx km 120 Dispersion tolerance: 1600ps/nm OSNR requirements: 21dB –23dBm 1560ps/nm km 100 Span characteristics –13dBm 2160ps/nm Distance: 120km Span loss: .25dB/km (30dB total) m 20k –8dBm 1800ps/nm Dispersion: 18ps/nm*km A DF E Bm 0d B 6d –6dBm Tx e Tim BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 ain om D +12dBm 360ps/nm Gain: 23dB (Max +17dBm) Noise figure: < 6dB +17dBm 0ps/nm th eng l ave ain W om D © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. EDFA characteristics Cisco Confidential Max input: –6dBm DCF characteristics Dispersion: –600ps/nm Loss: 10dBo 57
  • 58.
    Span Design Limits ofAmplification (OSNR) Source and receiver characteristics A F Distance: 60km x 4 Spans ED Span loss: .25dB/km (15dB/span) F DC km Dispersion: 18ps/nm*km A 60 F ED FA ED Bm 0d Tx D ime T BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 ain om m 60k FA ED Span characteristics m 60k m 60k F DC +17dBm OSNR 15dB Noise +17dBm OSNR 39dB gth len ve n Wa omai D © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Too Low Noise +17dBm OSNR 21dB Noise Noise Noise Noise +17dBm OSNR 33dB F DC Noise +17dBm OSNR 27dB F DC B 6d Rx FA ED Tx: 0dBm Rx sensitivity: –28dBm Dispersion tolerance: 1600ps/nm OSNR requirements: 21dB Noise EDFA characteristics Noise Noise Gain: 23dB (Max +17dBm) Noise figure: < 6dB Max input: –6dBm Cisco Confidential 58
  • 59.
    Real Network DesignChallenges Complicated multi-ring designs Multiple wavelengths Any to any demand Nonlinearities Advanced modulation Simulation and Network Design Software Is Used to Simplify Design BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 59
  • 60.
    Network Design Tools? Conceptto Creation Easier • GUI-based network design entry • Any-to-any demand • Comprehensive analysis = first-time success • Smooth transition from design to implementation • Bill of materials • Rack diagrams • Step-by-step interconnect BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 60
  • 61.
    DWDM Transmission BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 CiscoSystems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 61
  • 62.
    DWDM Systems Transponder Mux-Demux Amplifier OADM Mux-Demux DCU BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. OA Cisco Confidential OADM 62
  • 63.
    More DWDM Components OpticalAmplifier (EDFA) Optical Attenuator Variable Optical Attenuator Dispersion Compensator (DCM / DCU) BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 63
  • 64.
    Intelligent DWDM NetworkArchitecture Intelligent DWDM SYSTEM VOA VOA OSC EDFA OSC EDFA DCM DCM EDFA EDFA OSC VOA Service Mux Intelligent DWDM SYSTEM OSC VOA Service Mux Integrated system architecture BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 64
  • 65.
    2.5Gb Service Cards SONET/SDH Ethernet SAN Video 2.5GMulti-Rate Transponder OC-3/STM-1 OC-12/STM-4 OC-48/STM-16 1xGigabit Ethernet ETR/CLO STP ISC-3 2.5G InfiniBand SDI DV6000 HDTV 2.5G DataMuxponder 8xESCON 2xGigabit Ethernet BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 2x1G FC/FICON 1x2G FC/FICON 65
  • 66.
    10Gb Service Cards OTN SONET/SDH Ethernet SAN 10GbEnhanced Transponder 10Gb LAN and WAN PHY 10Gb SONET/SDH 10Gb FC 10Gb DataMuxponder 8xGigabit Ethernet 4x2.5G Muxponder 4xOC-48/STM-16 ODU-1->OTU-2 8x1G FC/FICON/ISC-1 4x2GFC/FICON/ISC-3 2x4GFC Enhanced GE/10GE XPonder 20xGigabit Ethernet 2x10GE 16xOC-3/STM-1 16xOC-1/STM-4 4xOC-48/STM-16 8xGigabit Ethernet MSPP on a Blade OTU-2 10Gb SONET/SDH 10Gb ODU-2 XPonder BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 10Gb LAN and WAN PHY 10Gb FC 66
  • 67.
    40Gb Service Cards SONET/SDH OTN Ethernet SAN 40GbTransponder 40Gb SONET/SDH 40Gb LAN 40Gb OTU-3 40Gb Muxponder 4x10Gb OTU-2 4x10Gb OTU-2e 4x10Gb SONET/SDH 4x10Gb LAN 4x10Gb FC 4x8Gb FC BENEFIT: All 40G applications covered by 1 transponder BENEFIT: Aggregation cards reduce the cost of service delivery and allow for “pay as you grow” using XFP BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 67
  • 68.
    Optical Amplifiers andFilters EDFA 17dBm Variable Gain PreAmplifier with DCU Access 17dBm Variable Gain Booster 21dBm Variable Gain Booster 17 dBm Fix Gain Booster 21dBm Variable Gain Regional Amplifier with DCU Access L-Band 17dB Variable Gain Booster L-Band 20 dB Variable Gain PreAmplifier with DCU Access BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. RAMAN 500mW RAMAN w/ integrated 7dBm Variable Gain PreAmplifier Cisco Confidential Filters 40ch/80ch 20 WSS ROADM 40ch 80 WXC ROADM 40ch/80ch Mux/Demux 68
  • 69.
    Optical Protection Schemes Unprotected ClientProtected PSM Protected Splitter Protected Y-Cable or Line Card Protected BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 69
  • 70.
  • 71.
    Unprotected 1 Client Interface 1 Transponder 1client & 1 trunk laser (one transponder) needed, only 1 path available No protection in case of fiber cut, transponder failure, client failure, etc.. BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 71
  • 72.
    Client Protected Mode 2Client interfaces 2 Transponders 2 client & 2 trunk lasers (two transponders) needed, two optically unprotected paths Protection via higher layer protocol BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 72
  • 73.
    Optical Trunk Protection Working trunk OpticalTrunkSplitter Trunk-Switch protected trunk Only valid in Point 2 Point topologies Protects against Fiber Breaks BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 73
  • 74.
    Optical Splitter Protection Working lambda OpticalSplitter Switch protected lambda Only 1 client & 1 trunk laser (single transponder) needed Protects against Fiber Breaks BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 74
  • 75.
    Line Card /Y- Cable Protection working lambda 2 Transponders “Y” cable Only one TX active protected lambda 2 client & 2 trunk lasers (two transponders) needed Increased cost & availability BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 75
  • 76.
    ROADM: Operational Benefits BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 76
  • 77.
    Manual DWDM NetworkLife-Cycle: Present Mode of Operation (PMO) Manual provisioning of optical design parameters Manual provisioning of equipment & topology into EMS/NMS Complicated Network Planning Labor-intensive operation Manual installation, manual power measurements and VOA tweaking at every site for every l Manual DWDM processes: labor intensive and error prone Result: high OpEx costs BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 77
  • 78.
    ROADM Based DWDMNetworks Simplify Opex, Simplify Network Architecture, Simplify Network Planning Physical Rings O O O O O O O O O OADM Based Architecture Re-plan network every time a new services is added Certain sites can only communicate with certain other sites Extensive man hours to retune the network Need to brake entire ring to prevent lasing O BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 1-8ch OADM © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 78
  • 79.
    ROADM Based DWDMNetworks Simplify Opex, Simplify Network Architecture, Simplify Network Planning Physical Rings R O O R R O O R O Improve Opex Efficiency O R R O O R R O OADM Based Architecture ROADM Based Architecture Re-plan network every time a new services is added Certain sites can only communicate with certain other sites Extensive man hours to retune the network Need to brake entire ring to prevent lasing O BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 1-8ch OADM © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Plan network once All nodes can talk to all nodes day one The network Automatically Tunes itself Improved network performance with DGE at every site R Cisco Confidential 2° ROADM 79
  • 80.
    DWDM Mesh Benefits CapacityIncrease, Efficient Fiber Usage, Increased Availability Physical Rings Physical Rings Physical Rings Ring-Based Architecture Traffic must follow ring topology, constricted Inefficient traffic routing increase regeneration Costly transponders for OEO ring interconnects Single choice for service path & protect path 2° ROADM BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. OEO ring interconnect Cisco Confidential 80
  • 81.
    DWDM Mesh Benefits CapacityIncrease, Efficient Fiber Usage, Increased Availability Physical Rings Physical Rings Physical Rings 4 Transponders Eliminated Ring-Based Architecture Mesh Architecture Traffic must follow ring topology, constricted Inefficient traffic routing increase regeneration Costly transponders for OEO ring interconnects Single choice for service path & protect path 2° ROADM BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. A–Z provisioning—data follows fiber topology more efficient use of fiber Better load balancing increases capacity Shorter distance = less regeneration Eliminate transponders More options for service & protect paths OEO ring interconnect Cisco Confidential 2° -8° ROADM 81
  • 82.
    Automated DWDM NetworkLife-Cycle: Next-Generation Cisco ONS 15454 MSTP Automated provisioning of all parameters Easy planning with Cisco MetroPlanner BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 82
  • 83.
    Automated DWDM NetworkLife-Cycle: Next-Generation Cisco ONS 15454 MSTP Automated provisioning of all parameters Easy design changes based on actual fiber plant Easy planning with Cisco MetroPlanner BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 83
  • 84.
    Automated DWDM NetworkLife-Cycle: Next-Generation Cisco ONS 15454 MSTP Automated provisioning of all parameters Easy design changes based on actual fiber plant Easy planning with Cisco MetroPlanner BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 Automated optical layer for endto-end connection setup; Manual patching of client at endpoints only © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 84
  • 85.
    Automated DWDM NetworkLife-Cycle: Next-Generation Cisco ONS 15454 MSTP Automated provisioning of all parameters CTM learns everything from the network and stays in sync Easy design changes based on actual fiber plant Easy planning with Cisco MetroPlanner BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 Automated optical layer for endto-end connection setup; Manual patching of client at endpoints only © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Simplified, graphical A-Z provisioning & trouble shooting via CTM 85
  • 86.
    Automated DWDM NetworkLife-Cycle: Next-Generation Cisco ONS 15454 MSTP Automated provisioning of all parameters CTM learns everything from the network and stays in sync Easy design changes based on actual fiber plant Easy planning with Cisco MetroPlanner Automated end-toend setup Automated optical layer for endto-end connection setup; Manual patching of client at endpoints only Simplified, graphical A-Z provisioning & trouble shooting via CTM Automated DWDM Processes: simplified, SONET-like operation Result: Reduces OpEx, facilitates wide deployment BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 86
  • 87.
    Cisco ONS 15454 MSPP/MSTP Functionality BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 ©2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 87
  • 88.
    Cisco Vision: Flexibleand Intelligent Optical Network Individual Products Technology Solutions Business Solutions Traditional Vendors Flexible Inflexible • • • • • • • • Preplanning Rigid configurations Limited application support No linkage with service delivery/enables © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. ROADM: Fully flexible design rules ROADM: Any wavelength anywhere Wide variety of applications Integrated TDM / Layer2 functionalities + Direct interconnection with L2 / L3 Intelligent Software Enables Automated Network Set-Up and Management Along Network Life Difficult to Manage BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 Cisco Optical Cisco Confidential 88
  • 89.
    Cisco IP NGNTransport Network Innovation– Investment Protection Multiservice Provisioning Platform Multiservice Transport Platform Reconfigurable Add/Drop Multiplexer (ROADM) ONS 15454 Over 75,000 Deployed IP over DWDM ONS 15454 MSTP CRS-1 SONET and SDH ONS 15454 Multiservice Transport Platform Mesh ROADM, Ethernet-Enabled DWDM ONS 15454 SONET and SDH Mesh ROADM (WXC) SONET and SDH SONET and SDH ONS 15454 SONET and SDH Multiservice Transport Platform XPonder MSPP-ona-blade ROADM Solution Multiservice Transport Platform Multiservice Provisioning Platform MSPP Introduction: SONET/SDH + Ethernet (EoS) BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 Efficient Core Transport: 2-Degree ROADM: Integrated Intelligent Industry-Leading DWDM and Core Intelligent DWDM: ROADM Technology Routing Solution: Consolidating Drives Deployable SW Management MSPP and DWDM Wavelength and Tunable ITU Functionality onto a Services into Optics on CRS-1 Single Platform the Metro © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Cisco IP NGN: Optical Vision Operationalize, Packetize and Deliver Connected Life Experiences 89
  • 90.
    Compatible to ExistingManagement System (CTM) NOC MGX Voice Gateway ONS 15302 Higher Layer OSSs CTM GateWays ONS 15305 ONS 15305 Repository Repository (Oracle 9i) (Oracle 9i) CTM Clients (Solaris 10, Windows 2000/XP and Qualified XTerminals) ONS 15327 ONS 15305 CTM Server (Solaris 10) Data Communications Network (DCN) ONS 15454 MSTP ONS 15454 Metro Core Ring 10G 2.5G Ring ONS 15600 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential ONS 15305 ONS 15305 ONS 15454 SDH Metro Edge 2.5G Ring ONS 15310 MA BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 CRS-1 XR 12000 Catalyst 7609 ONS 15600 ONS 15305 ONS 15454 SDH ONS 15302 90
  • 91.
    Summary BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 CiscoSystems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 91
  • 92.
    Summary Introduction on terminology OpticalPropagation Attenuation and Compensation Chromatic PMD Non-Linearity Fiber types Basic span design DWDM System/ROADM ONS 15454 MSPP/MSTP Functionality BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 92
  • 93.
    Q and A BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 ©2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 93
  • 94.
    BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 © 2007 CiscoSystems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 94