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Biomechanics in Multiple Fields
1.
2. Biomechanics – What is it?
໘ The term biomechanics combines
The prefix bio, meaning “life,”
With the field of mechanics,
໘ Which is the study of the actions of forces.
‣ “Mechanics” is a branch of physics that is concerned with the
motion and deformation of bodies that are acted on by mechanical
disturbances called forces.
໘ The study of the structure and function of biological systems by
means of the methods of mechanics.
໘ The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting
on the human body and the effects produced by these forces.
3. Mechanics
Bio
Biomechanics – ?
Biomechanics is the application of the principles of mechanics to the systems
of the human body. In biomechanics, we study the forces of nature acting on
the human body when a person picks up an object, walks or stands still.
4. Kinesiology – Is it the same as biomechanics?
⇨ Kinesis (motion) + -logy (science, study of)
Applied anatomy and mechanics
⇨ Kinesiology = anatomy (science of structure) + physiology
(science of body function) + mechanics (science of
movement) = science of movement of the human body.
⇨ The living organism most commonly of interest is the
human body.
5. ֍
⁌ First- kinesiology as the scientific study of human movement
can be an general term used to describe any form of
anatomical, physiologic, psychological, or mechanical human
movement evaluation.
⁌ Second- kinesiology describes the content of a class in which
human movement is evaluated by examination of its source
and characteristics.
☞ Biomechanists use the tools of mechanics, to study the
anatomical and functional aspects of living organisms .
☞ Anthropometric:- the term which related to the dimensions
and weights of body segments.
6. Biomechanics:
Does it exist in more
than one field?
Exercise and sport biomechanics
Orthopedic biomechanics
Occupational biomechanics
Biomechanics of other biological systems
7. Biomechanics: Does it exist in more
than one field?
Exercise and sport biomechanics
→ improving athletic performance, reduction of athletic injuries
8. Biomechanics: Does it exist in more
than one field?
Orthopedic biomechanics
→ Artificial limbs, joints, and orthoses to improve functional
movement capacity
→ Study of natural and artificial biological tissues
9. Biomechanics: Does it exist in more
than one field?
Occupational Biomechanics
→ Ergonomics and Human Factors
→ reduction of workplace injuries
10. Biomechanics: Does it exist in more
than one field?
Biomechanics of other biological systems
→ Comparative biomechanics (e.g., swimming in fish, locomotion in
apes)
→ Equine (horse) and canine (dog) racing performance
11.
12.
13. ₰ Statics and dynamics are two major sub-branches of mechanics.
☞ Statics is the study of systems that are in a state of constant
motion, that is
either at rest (with no motion)
or moving with a constant velocity.
☞ Dynamics is the study of systems in which acceleration is
present.
Kinematics and kinetics are further subdivisions of
biomechanical study.
14. The kinematics of the movement is
What we are able to observe visually when watching a body in motion
Involves the study of
The size,
Sequencing,
Timing of movement,
Without reference to the forces that cause or result from the motion.
Kinetics is
The study of the forces associated with motion.
15. ₰ Biomechanists may have academic backgrounds in
Zoology;
Orthopedic,
Cardiac, or sports medicine;
Biomedical or biomechanical engineering; physical therapy;
or kinesiology,
₰ Biomechanics is also a scientific branch of sports medicine.
Sports medicine is an umbrella term that encompasses both
clinical and scientific aspects of exercise and sport.
17. ₰ Sport biomechanists have also directed efforts at improving the
biomechanical, or technique, components of athletic performance.
₰ Study of baseball pitchers has determined that high-velocity
pitchers display
• greater external rotation at the shoulder,
• more forward trunk tilt at ball release,
• higher-extension angular velocity at the lead knee,
• and greater angular velocity of the pelvis and upper torso
than lower-velocity pitchers
18. ₰ The case of four-time Olympic discus champion Al Oerter
These factors include the following:
• The speed of the discus when it is released by the thrower
• The projection angle at which the discus is released
• The height above the ground at which the discus is released
• The angle of attack (the orientation of the discus relative to the
prevailing air current).
₰ High-speed cameras
• can record performances in great detail, and when the film or video is
analyzed, the actual projection height, velocity, and angle of attack
can be compared to the computer-generated values required for
optimal performance.
19. ₰ Other concerns of sport biomechanists relate to
☞ minimizing sport injuries
through both identifying dangerous practices
and designing safe equipment and apparel
₰ In recreational runners, for example, research shows that
☞ The most serious risk factors for overuse injuries are
training errors such as
a sudden increase in running distance or intensity,
excess cumulative mileage,
and running on cambered surfaces
20. ₰ An added complication is that equipment designed to protect
one part of the body may actually contribute to the likelihood of
injury in another part of the musculoskeletal system.
Modern ski boots and bindings,
While effective in protecting the ankle and lower leg
against injury,
Unfortunately contribute to severe bending moments at
the knee when the skier loses balance.
₰ An area of biomechanics research with implications for both
Safety
and performance is sport shoe design
21. Quantitative versus Qualitative Problems
໘ Analysis of human movement may be either
Quantitative
or Qualitative
☞ Quantitative implies that numbers are involved,
☞ Qualitative refers to a description of quality without the use
of numbers