indistrialisation

1. Definitions of Concepts
 Industrialisation is the process of setting
up companies which process raw materials into
manufactured goods and also provide different
services to the people.
 Industry It refers to the branch of production of
goods and services (trade).
 Industrial production It means a particular way
of producing things en mass using modern
machinery and mechanical energy.

2. An Example of an Industry
https://www.republic-mfg.com/Industries/chemical-industry.asp

3. Types of Industries in
Botswana

4. Primary industries
 Primary industries deal with the production of
primary products, that is extraction of raw
materials and the production of agricultural
products.
 In short, we can say primary products are
things produced from the land before they are
turned into usable goods, e.g. mining of
diamonds in Botswana.

6. Secondary industries
 These are industries where manufacturing of
products takes place or where raw materials
are turned or changed into consumer goods,
e.g. Kgalagadi Breweries Limited
manufactures drinks such as beer and soft
drinks.
 Consumer goods arc products made to be
used by people such as food, furniture,
clothes and others.

8. Tertiary industries
 These industries include the Jobs where
people provide services such as teaching,
nursing and others.
 They are above the primary and the
secondary industries.
 The tertiary sector covers service-producing
industries.

10. Quaternary industries
 These are relatively new industries to
Botswana and were not recognised. until the
1980's. They are lobs where people provide
information and expertise, e.g. libraries
consultancy services, and computer expertise
(Information and Communication Technology).

12. Inputs Used in The Industrial
Process
 Inputs are ideas, advice, money, labour, and
raw materials needed by an enterprise to
make a product.

13. Raw materials
 These have to be brought to factories easily and cheaply. In the
past, transport costs were very high and many industries were
located near or close to their raw materials.
 Some industries are still located close to their law materials
especially it these raw materials are heavy or bulky.
 Examples of such industries are cement factories. Brick works.
marble factories, timber works and others.
 Other industries were located next to railways which transported
the raw materials to them.
 Nowadays, however, modern industries are served by trucks and
need to be by a good road system.
 Many modern industries require a number of different raw
materials which do not usually come from the same place.
 As such the transport system is vital.

14. Capital goods
 Capital goods These are the factory
buildings, machinery and equipment needed
to facilitate the production process and keep it
running.
 Finance, money or capital This refers to the
money needed to start the business and to
keep it running successfully.

15. Labour
 Labour refers to the people employed in the
factory, offices and transport sections of the
business.
 Labour is very important to ensure that production
of goods is carried out.
 It is also very important to note that all the factors
mentioned above are equally crucial for
production to occur in an industry and the
absence of one can easily cripple the whole
system.

16. Manufacturing Process
 The manufacturing process involves a series
of activities that are worth mentioning and
discussing in this lesson.
 Below are some of the factors considered
crucial or very important in the manufacturing
process.

17. Large scale production
 Industrial production is usually large scale and
capital intensive.
 That is, production is in large quantities and a
lot of modern machinery is used. As such, a
lot of money is used

18. Technology
 Industrial production requires complex
technology.
 The machinery is very complicated and
expensive and it requires special tools and
skilled people to produce and repair it.
 Technology used should be appropriate and
relevant for the industrial production in
question.

19. Power
 Most industrial productions use electrical power. In
addition to electrical power, some industries may use
gas or coal, especially industries which involve heating
processes.
 In order for industries to run efficiently, they need to
have a plentiful supply of power which is regular and
does not break down.
 This is why such industries are often sited near power
stations.
 In developing countries, this means that most of the
large industries are located in the largest cities because
this is where the power stations are mostly found.

20. Division of labour
 Factory production is more efficient if there is division of
labour as we have already learnt under production.
 In other words, each worker specialises in a particular
part or task of the work.
 In some modern industries, each worker completes
only a small part of the entire task, and the whole
production process is done by a number of workers in
this way.
 Each of the workers becomes a specialist in his or her
Job because he or she does it over and over again
each day.

21. Division of labour cont.
 In a television making factory, for example, one worker
might put the screen in place and another might only put
on the control knobs.
 By the time the television is complete, 20 or 30 workers
may have had a role in putting it together.
 In most car factories too, workers perform specific tasks to
put cars together on an assembly line.
 Because each of the workers does only one small task,
he/she can work on many products in a day and the
factory can produce many finished products.
 This is known as mass production which simply means
producing a large number or quantity of a product.

22. Division of labour cont.
 The workers become experts at their one job yet they
do not require a high level of education to do it.
 They are called unskilled or semi-skilled workers.
 Someone also needs to co-ordinate these specialised
tasks so that the product is of a high quality at the end
of the day.
 Therefore, a few highly skilled workers are needed to
see that the machinery on the assembly line is working
properly and that the whole process is efficient.

23. Outputs Obtained From the
Industrial Process
 Output are things that we get after the manufacturing process . Think
about what we get after processing sorghum.
 The product will always be the same whether we use the modern milling
machines or the traditional way of using pestle and mortar.
 We start off with sorghum grains out of which we get chuff or "moroko".
After removing chuff, we get a product that can further be processed.
 These are processed grains or "mase". Upon further processing, one will
get fine sorghum meal.
 This is a very simple manufacturing process that must be familiar to
many of you.
 To get a product you have to go through a manufacturing process like the
one I have just explained of producing a sorghum meal.

24. Finished goods
 Generally, outputs include the following;
 These are the final goods which are ready to
go to the customers such as clothing, cars or
furniture.
 They go directly to be sold to the public and
are called consumer goods.

25. Products for further
processing
 These are goods that need to go to another
factory or industry to be made into finished goods
or products.
 An example is material or fabric which is made in
one factory but has to go to another industry to be
made into clothes.
 Other examples are plastics which are made in
chemical works.
 These need to go to another industry to be
shaped and made into useful plastic goods. Such
goods are called producer goods.

26. By-products
 By-products are additional things that come out of the
manufacturing process but which are of limited use to
the manufacturer.
 For example, in a factory that makes clothes there will
be many little bits of cloth left over.
 These are of no use to the clothing manufacturer but
they can be sold to the carpet or paper manufacturers
who would then utilise them to do something useful.
 Another example is the sourghum used in traditional
brewing beer. These are left over from the process but
can be used to make animal feed.

27. Waste products
 These are things that result from the manufacturing process
which are of no use at all for further processing.
 The most common waste products are smoke, fumes and
chemicals which can pollute the air and water supplies and
therefore need to be controlled.
 An example is the dye used to colour cloths which has to be
disposed of safely as it can otherwise harm both human beings
and wildlife.
 Other waste products such as pieces of materials left over when
a garment is made, which are too small to he used, are less
harmful.
 Nevertheless, they have to be disposed of so as not to cause
ugly dumps of rubbish.