Cultural Dissonance Between Neururasthenia And Psychiatric Di

Cultural Dissonance Between Neururasthenia And Psychiatric Di
Within this case study, there is a clear dissonance between a culturally–competent, anthropologically–accurate diagnosis and a psychiatric diagnosis.
While the patient is clearly suffering from a form of Depression (most specifically, Major Depressive Disorder), her original diagnosis of neurasthenia
speaks to the influence of culture on the presentation and understanding of one's illness. The patient hails from south–central China, in the Hunan
Province, and this background ultimately informs her disorder.
The patient presents with neurasthenia according to both her psychiatric diagnosis as informed by her cultural context as a woman in contemporary
China. Considering that the patient presents with symptoms that fall within the criteria for
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Major Depressive Disorder: Felicia Case Study
Felicia, a 41–year–old wife and mother, shows signs of Major Depressive Disorder with severe anxious distress, mood–congruent, and catatonia
features. Most of the time, Felicia is overpowered by emptiness, sadness and despair. These feelings caused a change in her previous functioning
resulting in emotional, physical and social complications. As depression progresses, the individual becomes more socially withdrawn. She reveals
that she spends countless hours alone, avoids her children and occasionally sees her friend. The guilt of not saving her mother, troubles Felicia,
causing her to battle with insomnia. Not only does she struggles with falling asleep, Felicia has a difficult time staying asleep. She reports that
dealing with the guilt of her mother's death has her on the bathroom floor, shivering to avoid disturbing her husband. Felicia is observed picking at
sores on her arms, which is another symptom of MDD. This motion is known as psychomotor agitation and is also a sign of anxiety. Felicia's thoughts
and actions are slow, a result of psychomotor retardation. She struggles handling certain responsibilities. Her husband hired a housekeeper because
Felicia can no longer take care of her family on a regular basis. She states that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This uncertainty shows that Felicia worries and feels something awful is going to happen to her children if she loses control of herself. These
features are also all signs of MDD but with anxious distress. Because she worries, Felicia is unable to concentrate on the emotional connection she
has with her children. Felicia is diagnosed with severe anxious distress because she shows four of the signs of MDD with anxious distress. Felicia
lacks energy, has a difficult time concentrating on her kids because she worries, feels something bad is going to happen to them and she s, the feeling
that she would lose control and the picking of the enlarged sores on her

Case Study Of Jamison's Bipolar Disorder
I believe that Jamison has bipolar type 1 disorder based on her symptoms and experiences. In her very first manic episode, Jamison displayed 5 of the
7 possible symptoms, accompanied by an abnormal increase in energy, for a manic episode found in the DSM–5: inflated self–esteem, decreased need
for sleep, extreme talkativeness, racing thoughts with flight of ideas, and excessive involvement in activities. The DSM–5 requires either elevated
mood or increased energy with at least 3 or more symptoms so it is clear that Jamison meets the criteria for mania in this episode. Her other manic
episodes, described above, display all symptoms of bipolar disorder and impair her social, cognitive, and occupational functioning. In her first
depressive episode

The Plague of Major Depression
Major depression The plaque of major depression (MD) is wide spread and an ever increasing one. The age of diagnosis is steadily decreasing. This
raises the question: do psychologists diagnose this disorder too frequently; is it a means to an end when no problem really exists? Or is there a clinical
rise in prevalence as a result of genetic, physiological, social, stress, psychosocial or any other factor that may contribute to the manifestation of MD.
In the following section we define MD, discuss the symptoms of MD, and review the aetiology (cause) of MD. Definition of MD Major depression
falls in a category of psychological disorders that affect mood. Mood disorders can be defined as disorders where: 1) a person feels depressed and/or...
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Emotional symptoms The manifestation of depression in itself is an emotional symptom. Dysphoric mood is evident with excessive feelings of
disappointment and sadness. Dysphoria may appear as extreme negativity or the cessation pleasurable feelings (Halgin and Whitbourne, 2003). Insert
DSM Aetiology of MD The causation of MD covers a broad spectrum, hence it may be classified as a syndrome. In this section we summarize the
predisposing factors of MD and focus on genetic factors. Biological factors Genetics Neurochemicals пѓ Serotonin пѓ Noradrenalin пѓ Dopamine
пѓ GABA (gamma amino butyric acid) Stress Psychological factors Behaviour Cognition Personality and temperament Loss and rejection Social
factors Lack of social support Poor interpersonal skill Poor social skills Socio–economics status The contribution of genetic factor to various
psychological disorders causes much debate between the two fields of study. Psychologist previously often overlooked genetic contributions to the
development of any psychological disorder. In recent time it is cannot be argued that genetics do not play an integral role in psychiatry. Family,
adoptions and twin studies often confirm the genetic bases of psychological disorders. This is not to say that only genetics should be reckoned in
psychiatry, but its contribution cannot be argued any longer. The animosity between these fields

Bipolar Disorder : The Most Serious Mood Disorders
"When you are mad, mad like this, you don 't know it. Reality is what you see. When what you see shifts, departing from anyone else 's reality, it 's
still reality to you" (Hornbacher, 2008). The purpose of this paper is to educate viewers on bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is one of the most serious
mood disorders around because of the severe affects it has on a person's mind, behavior, family and basic daily functioning. "Approximately 5.7
million" Americans have bipolar disorder ("Bipolar Disorder Statistics – Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance," 2013). Bipolar disorder is a
manic–depressive illness that causes shifts in behaviors, mood, and energy which in turn then affect one's social functioning. The term "ups and
downs" is just a glimpse of what someone with bipolar disorder experiences. Basically, people with bipolar disorder experience tsunamis of emotions
that bring them down so low they can become suicidal or bring them so high, they can act like the Tasmanian devil from looney tunes (to an extent).
Bipolar disorder is divided into two categories – bipolar I and bipolar II. Bipolar I is a more severe than bipolar II. People with bipolar I experience
mania accompanied with irritable mood. This type of mania or manic episode involves delusional thinking. The manic episode can only be diagnosed
if it is accompanied with three or more symptoms on a daily basis for a minimum of one week. Usually, hospitalization is a necessary if the individual
isn't taking

Major Depression Disorder (F32): A Case Study
Thank you for your input. The answer to your question is below. Primary Diagnosis: Major Depression (F32) Major depression disorder (MDD), is
known worldwide as one of the most predominant psychiatric disordered, which is characterized by the patient losing pleasure and interest in daily
activities (ye, Qing, Zhang, & Liu, 2016). The patient also displays the following signs and symptoms of psychomotor retardation, insomnia, and
exacerbating the experience of negative effects (Ye, Qing, Zhang, & Liu, 2016). Patients who are depressed normally have impaired role functioning,
which reduces their quality of life (Gautam et al., 2017). It is currently considered to be the fourth leading cause of disability worldwide (Gautam et
al., 2017). This

The Effects Of Music Therapy On The Rate Of Depression Essay
Objective:
In patients with recurrent episodes of depression, does music therapy reduce the recurrence rate?
P = patients with recurrent episodes of depression
I = music therapy
C = no music therapy
O = decrease in recurrence rate of depression
Search Strategy:
In order to answer this question, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, MedLine, PsycInfo, PubMed, and ACU library databases were searched. In
addition, past reviews, articles and studies from government agencies in United States, United Kingdom and Australia were checked. At first, the search
was conducted using music therapy with minimal relevant results. Because this issue relates to mental health nursing in particular, the mental health
database was used instead. The main key words searched included music therapy, mental health, depression, intervention, which linked to clinical trials
and systematic reviews. In order to ensure the articles were relevant to the medical field, nursing and Psychological was included as a keyword.
Selection Criteria:
Controlled studies that evaluated the effect of music therapy in a population who have experienced episodes of depression. I required that studies have
complete outcome available, accurate conclusion measurement, appropriate selection of the comparison group and elimination or control of factors
such as bias.
Data Collection:
Five published studies met the selection criteria. Two authors using a standard concept to form independent data. Odds ratios with 4

What Bipolar I Disorder ( Bd )
Introduction When people are asked what bipolar I disorder (BD) is, responses often include, "Sometimes they're really normal and then they get
super mad," "drastic mood swings," "they're psychotic," "one can be very happy and excited but can also experience depression," and the list is
endless. Often, individuals who suffer with BD are stigmatized and discriminated. The following piece is part of a poem called "You and Me"
written by Debbie Sesula, "...If you get angry /You're considered upset/ If I get angry/ I'm considered dangerous. /If you over–react to something
/ You're sensitive/ If I over–react to something/ I'm out of control..." BD is not well understood by society and it is unfortunate that individuals who
have this disorder often isolate themselves and feel ashamed. Definition and Characteristics "The essential feature of a manic episode is a distinct
period during which there is an abnormally, persistently elevated, expansive irritable mood and persistently increased activity or energy that is
present for most of the day, nearly every day, for a period of at least one week (or any duration if hospitalization is necessary), accompanied by at least
three additional symptoms from Criterion B. If the mood is irritable rather than elevated or expansive, at least four criterion B symptoms must be
present," states the American Psychiatric Association's (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM–V) when
classifying BD. There are

An Experimental Research Design With Pre And Post Test Essay
Methods
This is a quasi–experimental research design with pre and post–test, introducing an educational intervention to train clinicians in the use of HFOV in
adult patients. The study's population included critical care respiratory therapists, residents, fellows and attending physicians at Rush University
Medical Center. Convenience sampling was used to get as many participants as possible to obtain a sample that represents the target population after
study approval from IRB. The sample size was # critical care respiratory therapists, # residents, # fellows and # attending physicians. Relevant and clear
learning objectives was identified and specified at the beginning of the study. The objectives were match participants ' level of knowledge and needs.
The intended population was recruited by an invitation email and at the same time they received information regarding the nature and the purpose of
the study. The participation was voluntary. Our local experts faculty created a web–based teaching module of HFOV application, which was posted in
the blackboard learn wed–side. The content of the web–based education module included; an audio Microsoft power point presentation, a video
demonstrate HFOV application, RUMC's HFOV protocol, and selected reading evidence–based article. The web–based teaching module presented
three main aspects of HFOV; theory of application, troubleshooting and equipment. Within the invitation email, there was an access to the education
module. The

Essay about Preventing and Assessing Intensive Care Unit...
Abstract
Delirium in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) has become a genuine phenomenon and can be problematic for the patient and the staff caring for them.
Delirium occurs when a patient is placed in an unfamiliar environment and has to endure the stress of not just the hospitalization but the stimuli of the
environment, which can cause disturbances in consciousness. Patients can become confused, anxious, and agitated; making this difficult for the staff to
correctly diagnosis and care for them. Sleep deprivation and environmental factors along with neurotransmitters are strongly related to the occurrence
of ICU delirium. ICU staff needs to become more educated on prevention, detection, and proper treatment for the patient experiencing this ... Show
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This may lead to illusions or hallucinations (Figueroa–Ramos, Arroyo–Novoa, Lee, Padilla, & Puntillo, 2009). Some signs of delirium are restlessness,
anxiety, hallucinations, agitation, disorientation, and any abnormal behavior. Some causes of ICU delirium are due to drugs, stress, environmental
factors, and sleep deprivation. Studies show a strong connection between sleep deprivation and delirium. Alterations in specific neurotransmitters are
the basis of current research (Figueroa–Ramos, Arroyo–Novoa, Lee, Padilla, & Puntillo, 2009). Enhanced assessment and nursing implementations to
better prevent and detect ICU delirium will bring improved outcomes for this particular patient population. There are many ways to assess for ICU
delirium. Two of the most reliable and easiest methods are basic observations from the bedside nurse and The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM).
The CAM includes nine different criteria for delirium (1) acute onset and fluctuation, (2) inattention, (3) disorganized thinking, (4) altered level of
consciousness, (5) disorientation, (6) memory impairment, (7) perceptual disturbances, (8) psychomotor agitation or retardation, and (9) altered
sleep–wake cycle. A delirium diagnosis is given when criteria one and two and either three or four are present. The second assessment tool for delirium
detection is made from nursing observations. The nurse observes the patient throughout their

Bipolar Disorder Essay
Twin studies provide evidence that bipolar disorder is linked to genetic component. A research study published in the Epidemiology for Behavioral
Neurosciences asserts that "twin studies demonstrated that there are strong genetic factors involved in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder, which also
influence white matter, which in turn is involved in brain connectivity" (Squarcina, Fagnani, Bellani, Altamura, & Brambilla, 2016). From the above
research, it is obvious that there is correlation between bipolar disorders and genetic factors. TREATMENT/ PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGICAL
INTERVENTIONS Lithium carbonate Class: mood stabilizer. Mode of Action: Not fully understood. Alters cation transport in nerve and muscle. May
also influence reuptake of neurotransmitters. Dosage: Precise dosing is based on serum lithium level. For Adults 12 years and > tablets/capsules is
300–600mg 3 times initially. The extended release is 450–900mg twice daily or 300–600mg daily initially. Usually maintenance dose is 450mg daily or
300mg 3 times daily. Possible side effects/adverse effects for lithium include the following: Ataxia, fatigue, sedation, psychomotor retardation,
restlessness, stupor, tinnitus, polyuria, tremors, muscles weakness, leukocytosis, dry mouth, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, renal toxicity, polyuria,
nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, diarrhea, aphasia, dehydration, and hyperglycemia. Targeted symptoms: Lithium is effective in reducing elation, flight
of ideas, anxiety,

Conventional Medical Model
The popularity of complementary and alternative medicine, CAM continues to grow as more people embrace alternatives to conventional medicine to
improve their lives and cure various diseases and conditions. In the United States, the CAM practice is more common in people with anxiety, severe
depression, and insomnia. In the midst of the acceptance of CAM, other people still rely on conventional medicine and integrative care models to treat
severe depression.
Healthcare professionals in CAM and integrative care working with depressed patients actively use multidimensional approaches not only geared
towards symptom relief but also the perceived causative factors of the condition to deliver a complete therapy with lasting clinical outcomes. This
paper seeks to identify the best ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The disease presents symptoms that impact the coding and interpretation of unexpected events, such as death of a relative.
Diagnosis of Depression
To effectively diagnose depression, the physician talks with the patient to identify the specific symptoms of the condition. However, aphysical
examination may provide the overall state of health of the patient, asking a series of standard questions gives the doctor information that is relevant to
making a depression diagnosis. Clinical depression may be difficult to diagnose since it can manifest itself in different ways, for instance, some people
may withdraw into an apathy state, or become agitated, or irritable.
Through physical examination, lab tests, and personal interviews, the physician will rule out other depression–causing conditions. A complete
diagnostic evaluation then follows to ascertain any family history of depression. The physician then evaluates the symptoms regarding when they
started and the length the patient has had

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
TERMINOLOGY
CLINICAL CLARIFICATION
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a DSM–V anxiety disorder characterized by excessive worry and apprehensiveness about a variety of present
and future activities and events. 48 o Six–month duration of anxiety and worry about a number of activities and events o Difficult for the patient to
control the worry o Three or more of the following associated symptoms
NOTE: only one item is required for children
Restlessness, feeling on edge
Easily fatigued
Trouble concentrating, or mind goes blank
Irritability
Muscle tension
Disturbed sleep o Symptoms cause signAcant distress as well as impairment in important domains of functioning {e.g., occupational, social, familial) o
Anxiety and worry out of proportion to the impact or severity of the anticipated event, activity, or outcome o Chronic symptomatology, waxing and
waning, alternating between threshold and subthreshold Forms
CLASSIFICATION 41
?Threshold generalized anxiety disorder– meets all diagnostic criteria 6 10
?Subthreshold generalized anxiety disorder– the same risk factors, disability, comorbidities treatments, and presentation, except that the criterion for six
months duration is not met 10 6
?Early onset (before age 26, in one study); increased comorbidity; relapse is more common 43 31
Adult onset (after age 26, in the cited study) 31
DIAGNOSIS
'CLINICAL PRESENTATION 47 4

History
o Excessive worry, anxiety, or apprehension about a variety of events and activities; of at

Schizophrenia Case Study Essay
Case #4
Differential Diagnosis The client is diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder F33.2 severe, with anxious distress moderate level (American
Psychiatric Association[APA], 2013). This diagnosis is evidenced by meeting the criteria in the DSM–5 of depressed mood, diminished interest in most
activities, psychomotor agitation which is observable by others, loss of energy, and indecisiveness (APA, 2013). These symptoms cause impairment in
daily areas of function and are not attributed to a medical condition. The history does not represent manic–like or hypomanic episodes.
Long Term Objective
1. Develop healthy thinking patterns and beliefs about self, others, and the world that lead to the alleviation and help prevent the relapse of depression.
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Encourage the client in "behavioral activation," increasing her activity level and contact with sources of reward, while identifying processes that inhibit
activation. Use behavioral techniques such as instruction, rehearsal, role–playing, role reversal, as needed, to facilitate activity in the client's daily life
and reinforce success.
2. Assist the client in developing skills that increase the likelihood of deriving pleasure from behavioral activation (e.g., assertiveness skills, developing
an exercise plan, less internal/more external focus, increased social involvement); reinforce success.
Community Linkage Florida Therapy Services, Inc., is a resource that offers several areas in which this client may utilize. They individual therapy,
group therapy, psychiatric services, case management, and family therapy and are actively involved in community outreach. Florida Therapy Services,
Inc., offers services to children, adolescents and adults in several locations throughout north west Florida. The Panama City office is located at 2711
West 15th Street, 32401. Their phone number is (850) 769–6001 and their hours are Monday – Thursday, 7:00 am – 6:00 pm. Friday hours are 8:00 am
– 12:00 pm. Additionally, they can be contacted via their website, https://flatherapy.com/contact–us/, for additional information or to leave a message.
They do not list names of their contact

Analogue Studies Do Not Aid Depression Knowledge
The use of distressed college students as analogues for depression research, however, is not sufficient in meaningfully advancing our current
knowledge of depression and its treatment. Due to ease of access and convenience, the excessive reliance on this sample has made some researchers
neglect crucial and noteworthy differences. This paper will address these critical differences including severity and symptomatology, issues of
generalizability and problems with the psychometrics. Lastly, this paper will illustrate how research of college students as analogue samples does not
need to be discontinued; rather, several suggestions to improve this research will be explored. Currently, there are two views in the literature regarding
depression:... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This difference, however, is not found in the Beck Depression Inventory scores with students (Coyne, 1994). Goodman and Koenig (1992) attribute
this finding to female college students having greater social support, less negative life events, and being exposed to a more egalitarian environment.
Also, it has been established that minorities are underrepresented in college populations, and the minority students that are included in the samples do
not accurately reflect the minority groups in the general population (Coyne, 1994). These significant differences in demographic factors indicate
problems with generalizability. In addition to demographic factors, differences in symptomatology between distress and depression create problems
when using college students as an analogue sample. A primary symptom of depression is anhedonia or marked loss of interest or pleasure in almost
all activities (Coyne, 1994). However, when symptoms between college students and clinically depressed individuals were examined, it was found
that the most significant difference in symptomatology between the two groups was for anhedonia, in which the college sample reported significantly
lower levels (Cox, Enns, Borger, & Parker, 1999). This is a cause for concern, especially in regards to treatment development. Researchers could
expend great resources developing a treatment based on an analogue sample such as college students, only to discover it is

The Diagnostic Criteria For The Depression Essay
Depression The diagnostic criteria for the depression: A. Five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2–week period
and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. 1.
Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either subjective report (e.g., feels sad, empty, and hopeless) or observation
made by others (e.g., appears tearful). (In children and adolescents, can be irritable mood.) 2. Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or
almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every day (as indicated by either subjective account or observation.) 3. Significant weight loss when
not dieting or weight gain (e.g., a change of more than 5% of body weight in a month), or decrease or increase in appetite nearly every day. (In
children, consider failure to make expected weight gain.) 4. Insomnia nearly every day. 5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day
(observable by others, not merely subjective feelings of restlessness or being slowed down). 6. Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day. 7. Feelings
of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt (which may be delusional) nearly every day (not merely self–reproach or guilt about being sick). 8.
Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day (either by subjective account or as observed by others). 9. Recurrent
thoughts of

The Hopelessness Theory of Depression
The hopelessness theory of depression is a reformulated theory of helplessness and depression. Hopelessness depression is a proposed subset of
depression with strong implications about the power of perception. There are many negative symptoms, which accompany hopelessness depression.
Hopelessness is the sufficient cause of hopelessness depression and is a phenomenon, which deserves a lot of attention. This paper reviews the various
elements of hopelessness depression, reviews its causes and consequences, explores treatment courses and takes at the implications of hopelessness.
CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES
Hopelessness depression is characterized by the feelings of hopelessness. The feeling of hopelessness can be arrived to through many ... Show more
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Proximate causes are closer to the onset of the symptoms than distal causes. In addition to the time gap between the cause and the manifested
symptoms another factor to consider is to what extent do the events contribute to the onset of the depressive symptoms. It is important to remember
that the impact of hopelessness depression symptoms on an individual is a direct product his/her perception of the impact of the life event.
SYMPTOMS
Hopelessness depression is characterized by two distinguished symptoms: a) retarded motivation and b) sad affect. These two symptoms come from
the belief that motivation to try will be worthless and sadness is derived from this sense of a bleak future. Such a hopeless attitude can also result in
lowered self–esteem especially if they feel as though they will not succeed in various activities in relation to their peers. The length of the disorder
ranges depending on how lasting the event is perceived to be and the lack of social support
TREATMENT
Since negative life events are theorized to bring the feeling of hopelessness, positive life events are thus presumed to bring on the feelings of
hopefulness. Essentially, to prevent the manifestation of depressive symptomatology, the hopeless individual must perceive the life event as an
occurrence that is finite in nature and can be controlled with sensible amount of motivation. An extension of this method would involve addressing the
behavior of

Different ipolar Disorders
BIPOLAR DISORDERS Introduction: Bipolar disorder is a subtype of the mood disorder. The patient presents with mood swing fluctuating
between mania and depression. It constitutes a broad spectrum of mood disorders that includes bipolar I disorder,bipolar II disorder, cyclothymia
(oscillating high and low moods), and major depression. Sex/Age Ratio The average age at onset is 25 years old . Rates are similar in men and
women . Late adolescence and early adulthood are peak years of onset. Epidemiology Bipolar disorder is the sixth leading cause of disability
worldwide and has a lifetime prevalence of about 3% in the general population. Within the United States, African and European Americans have
similar rates of bipolar disorder, while Asian Americans have lower rates Causes The causes of bipolar disorder vary from individual to individual.
Following are thought to be some of the important causes of this disorder. Genetic o The risk of bipolar disorder is nearly ten times higher among first
degree–relatives Neurological It is thought to be influenced by o stroke o HIV infection o traumatic brain injury o multiple sclerosis o porphyria o
seizure disorder o temporal lobe epilepsy Hormonal Evidence suggest that there is increased transmission of Dopamine during Manic phase. The role of
other neuro transmitters such as Gamma aminobutyric acid and glutamate have been implicated. Physiological п‚§Hypothesis suggests that
Hypothalamic–pituitary

Ann And Martha Case Study
Ann and Martha In the video vignettes of Ann and Martha both present with different symptoms. Ann describes racing energy, sleeplessness, and how
many things she accomplished during a manic phase. She stated she was always more high than low regarding her moods. Ann described a depressed
mood as lack of interest, difficulty concentrating, and agitation. In her hyper–manic state, she felt as though she was racing through her projects and
ideas to the point of alienating others. She referenced a summer where she began and completed numerous projects in different countries and had
achieved so much. Martha presented oppositely of Ann and experienced low/depressed moods. She felt as if she was out of her mind, her world was
black, and being unable to sleep. She also stated that food had no taste, she felt weak, lost, and cried a great deal. She also reported screaming into her
pillow, so that others could not hear her. Due to her ethnicity (Oriental), she felt more comfortable going her family doctor, rather than someone in the
mental health community. They prescribed her anti–depressants and after a few months, she felt like she had now had goals and less ashamed.... Show
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According to the DSM–5 for a diagnosis, both require a client to have the following criteria: Depressed mood most of the day, every day. This
includes feelings of sadness, hopelessness, even tearful. Diminished interest in activities that were once pleasurable, could be at home, work, and
observable by others. Weight loss or weight gain. Inability to sleep or sleeping too

Kay Jamison's An Unquiet Mind
In Kay Jamison's memoir, "An Unquiet Mind", published in 1996, Jamison courageously relays her detailed perspective and personal accounts of
bipolar disorder. With her first manic episode occurring when she was a senior in high school, Jamison struggled on the roller coaster that is
bipolar disorder and with great strength was able to admit she had a problem, and thus was able to treat it. Defined by having cycles between manic
and depressive episodes, bipolar disorder comes in two forms, due to different criteria being met. In the first type of bipolar disorder, bipolar I disorder,
an individual will experience the full symptoms of mania, with fewer and tamer depressive aspects. Bipolar II disorder differs slightly in that only
hypomanic episodes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Medication is considered the first treatment option, helping with the symptoms, although only one–third of patients remain symptom free due to
common recurrences. The mood stabilizer, Lithium, comes with bad side effects, but is ultimately effective at reducing manic and depressive
episodes, as well as decreasing one's risk for suicide. Psychological treatments include interpersonal and social rhythm therapy, family–focused therapy,
and dark therapy using amber lenses. When one is participating in interpersonal and social rhythm therapy, they self–monitor their patterns of triggers
and symptoms, develop coping strategies, and focus on maintaining regular routines. In family–focused therapy, the family of the patient is included to
help them understand the disorder better and how to deal with it (Reuman, 2016). In Jamison's case, Lithium medication is the best treatment option,
due to the severity of her disorder and the effectiveness of the medication to reduce episodes. She stated that Lithium had troublesome side effects but
was eventually a medication that helped her repress her symptoms (Jamison, 1996). In order to maintain the treatment, the patient must continue taking
their medication, even when there are no symptoms present (Reuman, 2016). With that said, the combination of medication and therapy would be the
best treatment option for Jamison, helping her to

Autumn Suicide Case
Sarah was a complete wreck when she found out Autumn died. She was sitting on a bench in the lobby of a hotel in a fetal position, wailing.
Emotionally, Sarah was in hysterics. DeSpelder and Strickland (2015) say that some children experience intense grief when a family pet dies (pp.
69). The grief was so intense for Sarah, her emotions were overwhelming her to the point she was fighting away everyone who was trying to comfort
her. She felt like her heart was being ripped in two and then pulled from her chest. Everything had happened so quickly, Sarah didn't have a chance to
say goodbye or tell Autumn she loved her one last time. There was an aspect of unfinished business in the sense that Sarah didn't get to do these things
before Autumn died... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mental responses for grief can come in several forms, including depression and anxiety (DeSpelder & Strickland, 2015, pp. 343). Autumn's death
caused Sarah to feel out of place in every aspect of her life. Her friends didn't seem to understand the pain she was going through, which made her feel
isolated. Soon after Autumn's death, her family seemed to return to their usual dispositions. Her family would only tiptoe around her, because they
were afraid Sarah would break down at any moment. They weren't wrong, but tiptoeing around her didn't help the situation. To make it worse, Sarah
no longer had Autumn to cheer her up. This depression and anxiety continued for an excessive amount of time and Sarah was diagnosed, officially,
with depression and anxiety. Interestingly enough, DeSpelder and Strickland (2015) say there is a greater chance of an individual being prescribed
antidepressants while experiencing grief that is considered to be "normal" (pp. 362). To this day, Sarah does not remember how soon after Autumn's
death she was prescribed the antidepressants. However, she fully believes that the grief she experienced from Autumn's death, led to her depressive
state and is the reason she is still working through depression,

Major Depressive Disorder ( Unipolar Depression ) And...
The purpose of this essay is to discuss the clinical differences in the diagnosis of both Major Depressive Disorder (Unipolar depression) and
Bipolar Depression can be made on the basis of characteristics of a Major Depressive Episode (MDE). That is, can an MDE in patients with Major
Depressive Disorder be differentiated from a MDE in patients with Bipolar Disorder? Firstly, the extremes in mood, Major Depressive Episode and
mania/hypomania will be defined and it will be explained how they contribute to a diagnosis of MDD or Bipolar Disorder based on the diagnostic
criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Secondly, the importance of differentiating the two disorders based on MDE
characteristics will be explained. Thirdly, the literature on the clinical characteristics of MDE in Bipolar and Unipolar Depression will be reviewed.
Lastly, this essay will touch on what this means for clinicians in their decisions in diagnosing patients with Major Depressive Disorder or Bipolar
disorder. The main features of Major Depressive Episodes (MDE) include a depressed mood for most days and loss of interest and pleasure in
enjoyable activities (also known as ahedonia). For the diagnoses of a MDE to be made, these symptoms must be experienced for at least two weeks
and symptoms must cause significant impact on day to day functioning (APA, 2013). Additional symptoms include lack of concentration (e.g unable to
focus on everyday tasks, work), lack of

Bipolar Disorder Essay
Bipolar Disorder and the Creative Genius
Bipolar disorder, also known as manic depression, is a psychopathology that affects approximately 1% of the population. (1) Unlike unipolar
disorder, also known as major affective disorder or depression, bipolar disorder is characterized by vacillating between periods of elation (either mania
or hypomania) and depression. (1, 2) Bipolar disorder is also not an illness that remedies itself over time; people affected with manic depression are
manic–depressives for their entire lives. (2, 3) For this reason, researchers have been struggling to, first, more quickly diagnose the onset of bipolar
disorder in a patient and, second, to more effectively treat it. (4) As more and more studies have been ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A hypomanic episode must be a period of at least four days, during which the affected person feels elevated or irritated––a marked difference from the
depressed period. (2, 7) The symptoms are: inflated self–esteem or grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, more talkative than usual, flight of ideas or
racing thoughts, distractibility, psychomotor agitation or an increase in goal–directed activity, excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that may
have negative consequences. (2, 7) This change in mood is observable by others and medications, substance abuse, or another medical condition does
not cause the symptoms. (7)
In contrast to hypomania is mania, which is a more extreme case of hypomania. A manic episode is a period of an elevated or irritable mood for at
least one week. (2, 7) The symptoms must cause problems in daily functioning and cannot be caused by a medical condition or drugs. (7) Manic
symptoms are: inflated self–esteem or grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, more talkative than usual, flight of ideas or racing thoughts, attention
easily drawn to unimportant or irrelevant items, increase in goal–directed activity or psychomotor agitation, and excessive involvement in pleasurable
activities which may have negative consequences. (2, 7) Lastly, bipolar disorder patients may also go through mixed episodes, which are periods when
the patient meets the criteria for both a manic episode and a major depressive episode

Psychotic Features Of Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar I disorder with psychotic features is a mood disorder often described as excessively cheerful or disturbed moods, along with depression or
a mix of high and low moods. For individuals with bipolar I disorder with psychotic features, they must have experienced at least one or more manic
or mixed episodes during the course of their illness. A manic episode is a period of abnormally and persistently elevated, excitable or irritable mood
lasting for at least one week and present most of the day. Other symptoms include inflated self–esteem or grandiosity, more talkative than usual or
pressured speech, racing thoughts, decreased need for sleep, distractibility, increased in goal–directed activity and excessive involvement in activities
that could have a high potential for painful consequences. A person with mixed episode can be diagnosed when a person experiences both a manic
episode and a major depressive episode, promptly alternating with each other. A major depressive episode includes symptoms such as depressed mood,
increased restless or decreased physical activity and feelings of worthlessness, among others. The presence of psychotic symptoms in bipolar disorder
places an individual at the severe end of the diagnostic spectrum, meaning that the individual exhibits more than the number of symptoms required to
make the diagnosis. Also, these symptoms significantly interfere with his ability to function in his job, socially or within his relationships. Psychotic

Toward an Understanding of Major Depressive Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder is a chronic, persistent mental illness. EPIDEMIOLOGY Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) or unipolar depression is
one of the most common psychiatric disorders seen in primary care but only half of all MDD sufferers seek medical help (Johnson Vanderhoef 109;
Myers DeWall 520). NEED A TIE IN SENTENCE Incidence Prevalence. It is estimated that 5% of the United States (US) population (or
approximately 10,000,000 Americans) are impacted by MDD making it the leading cause of disability in the US (Johnson and Vanderhoef 109).
Unfortunately, 15% of MDD sufferers will commit suicide (Johnson and Vanderhoef 109). Thus, the importance of understanding MDD its role in
mental health is crucial. Sex. Women are more likely to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Biological Theories. The monoamine neurotransmitters–norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, histamine–are the main focus of theories regarding the
cause of depression. However, the focus is not on a single neurotransmitter but on the "studying neurobehavioral systems, neural circuits, more intricate
neuroregulatory mechanisms" (Kaplan Sadock 531). Other hormonal imbalances contribute to depression: (a) low thyroid levels, (b) low human
growth hormone, (c) low prolactin levels (Kaplan and Sadock 532). Additionally, structural changes in the brain and brain functioning are linked to
MDD. According to Kaplan Sadock, the greatest "consistent abnormality observed in the depressive disorders is increased frequency of abnormal
hyperintensities in subcortical regions, such as periventricular regions, the basal ganglia, the thalamus... Some depressed patients also may have
reduced hippocampal or caudate nucleus volumes, or both, suggesting more focal defects in relevant neurobehavioral systems. Diffuse focal areas of
atrophy

Substance Abused Disorder
04Townsend(F)–04 8/23/07 6:27 PM Page 65 CHAPTER 4 Substance–Related Disorders в—Џ BACKGROUND ASSESSMENT DATA The
substance–related disorders are composed of two groups: the substance–use disorders (dependence and abuse) and the substanceinduced disorders
(intoxication and withdrawal). Other substanceinduced disorders (delirium, dementia, amnesia, psychosis, mood disorder, anxiety disorder, sexual
dysfunction, and sleep disorders) are included in the chapters with which they share symptomatology (e.g., substance–induced mood disorders are
included in Chapter 6; substance–induced sexual dysfunction is included in Chapter 10, etc.). в—Џ SUBSTANCE–USE DISORDERS Substance
Abuse Defined The DSM–IV–TR (APA, 2000) defines... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hallucinogens Hallucinogens act as sympathomimetic agents, producing effects resembling those resulting from stimulation of the sympathetic
nervous system (e.g., excitation, increased energy, distortion of the senses). Therapeutic medical uses for lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) have been
proposed in the treatment of chronic alcoholism and in the reduction of intractable pain, such as terminal malignant disease and phantom limb
sensations. At this time there is no real evidence of the safety and efficacy of the drug in humans. Examples: LSD, mescaline, phencyclidine (PCP).
04Townsend(F)–04 8/23/07 6:27 PM Page 68 68 в—Џ ALTERATIONS IN PSYCHOSOCIAL ADAPTATION Common Street Names: Acid, cube, big
D, California sunshine (LSD); angel dust, hog, peace pill, crystal (PCP); cactus, mescal, mesc (mescaline). Cannabinols Cannabinols depress higher
centers in the brain and consequently release lower centers from inhibitory influence. They produce an anxiety–free state of relaxation characterized by
a feeling of extreme well–being. Large doses of the drug can produce hallucinations. Marijuana has been used therapeutically in the relief of nausea and
vomiting associated with antineoplastic chemotherapy. Examples: Marijuana, hashish. Common Street Names: Joints, reefers, pot, grass, Mary Jane
(marijuana); hash (hashish). Inhalants Inhalant disorders are induced by inhaling the aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons found in substances such

Psychological And Emotional Hazards Of Nurses
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND EMOTIONAL HAZARDS Like the general population, pilots are susceptible to the same psychological problems other
people may encounter. Historically, pilots have had a deep distrust of psychologists and psychiatrists and are dismissive of psychological theories.
This deeply rooted negative disposition most likely has been formed from bad experiences during training, licensing, selection, or during the routine
tasks of managing daily personal problems. Pilots typically have a lower chance of experiencing psychological disorders; however, they are
biologically human and prone to the vast spectrum of mental defects. Health care providers need to recognize that pilots are human and at risk of
mental instability. Pilots are at risk of psychological disorders and triggers such as adjustment disorder, anxiety disorder, attention deficit disorder
/attention deficit hyperactive disorder, mood disorder, organic mental disorders, personality disorder, psychotic disorder, and substance abuse. If a pilot
is suspected of having any of these conditions, more than likely, then they should be grounded and referred for treatment. All of these conditions will
not be discussed below. Adjustment disorders are maladaptive reactions to a known psychosocial stressor that occur within three months after the onset
of the stressor. Adjustment disorders are one of the most common mental disorders in pilots. Symptoms include anxiety, fatigue, and depression; lack of
focus,

Major Depressive Disorders: A Case Study
Introduction
According to Whitbourne (2014), Major Depressive Disorder involves acute, but time–limited, periods of depressive symptoms that are called major
depressive episodes (p. 164) . For major depressive diagnosis, as with any other disorder, clinicians must rule out other disorders whose symptoms
are similar in order to effectively and properly diagnosis a client. There are several disorders that are often found to exist at the same time and yet
independently from major depressive, which is why it is essential to understand the criteria for a major depressive disorder. It is also essential to know
the history of major depressive disorder as a disorder at large and as it related to the client being diagnosed so that proper and effective treatment is
offered. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A full understanding of this disorder will allow one to distinguish this disorder from other depressive disorders as well as understand possible factors
affect its onset and other factors that lead to a diagnosis.
Symptoms
To understand major depressive disorder one must first explore the symptoms. The DSM–5 has a clear and defined criterion to assist in the diagnosing
of major depressive disorder (MDD). Depression is a widespread and common place as evidenced by the estimate that 32 to 35 million US residents
will develop MDD in their lifetime (DeRubeis et al., 2008). This alarming number means that millions of US residents have met at least five of the
stated symptoms with in the DSM–5 for much of a two week time period. The 11 different criterion outlined in the DSM–5 are as follows; 1.depressed
mood most of the day. 2) Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all or most daily activities. 3) Significant unintended weight loss or unusual
increase in appetite. 4) Insomnia or hypersomnia. 5) Psychomotor agitation or retardation observable by others. 6) Fatigue or loss of energy. 7) Feeling
of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt. 8) Difficulty maintaining

Postpartum Depression : Symptoms And Treatments Essay
Depression Postpartum in United States
According to Merriam Webster Dictionary, depression is "a psychoneurotic or psychotic disorder marked especially by sadness, inactivity, difficulty in
thinking and concentration, a significant increase or decrease in appetite and time spent sleeping, feelings of dejection and hopelessness, and
sometimes suicidal tendencies." According to the definition of the fourth version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM–IV), postpartum depression "may include any nonpsychotic depressive disorder during the first four weeks of postpartum, according to research
criteria during the first year after birth. The exact cause of postpartum depression is not yet known, and most researchers believe that postpartum
depression is a bio–psycho–social problem. So far, the biological aspect of the disease is explained by changing the levels of estrogen and
progesterone during pregnancy, and by decrease of hormone levels after birth. Psychological correlates are often associated with low self–esteem,
pessimism as a personality trait, bad strategies of coping with stress, mood swings and emotional reactions. The social aspect of the disease is
associated with the existential conditions of pregnant woman, support of partners and education level. Actually, "it is estimated that on average 15% of
women, regardless of the pregnancy outcome, are suffering from postpartum depression."(FazlagiД‡. 2011,) In United States, postpartum

Major Depressive Disorder: A Case Study
"I'm so depressed!" What are some of the more significant criteria for receiving a diagnosis of major depressive disorder? According to the
textbook, major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent disorder and occurs as a single episode or a recurrent condition. It lasts for a minimum of
two weeks and displays a minimum of five symptoms, listed below, that significantly impair one's functioning. Depressed mood most of the day,
nearly everyday Diminished interest or pleasure in most or all activities, nearly every day Significant unintentional increase or decrease in weight or
appetite Lack of sleep or sleeping excessively, nearly everyday Psychomotor changes noticed by others (agitation or sluggishness), nearly everyday
Fatigue and/or loss... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2015). Recreational Therapy for Specific Diagnosis and Conditions. Enumclaw, WA: Idyll Arbor, Inc. Have you ever used the word depression to
describe something that is actually more temporary and much less acute? I don't believe I used the word 'depression' to describe something that is
more temporary and less acute. However, I have used the word 'depressed' to describe someone's personality trait. For instance, think of the
English language. I used the word depression as a noun for describing a condition and I used depressed as a descriptive adjective to highlight the
way someone's feeling at that time. Working in the healthcare profession, makes me use my words carefully. A "mild sadness or a brief response to
external stressors." (Belmaker & Agam, 2008) What are the ramifications of misusing a term such as depression? I believe there are ramifications of
misusing a term such as depression. As noted in some posts, which I agree with, misusing depression is inconsiderate and can be hurtful to people
dealing with a stigmatized and debilitating condition. I also believe that by misusing the word 'depression', we continue to minimalize the term and
condition. People begin to think depression is something a person can just snap out off anytime they want. For an example, John says he has
depression because he failed a test. Two weeks later, John has forgotten about the test results and return to his normal self. John did not have depression
and this is not the

Symptoms And Limitations Of Depression
Whilst symptoms of depression are present in many mental health conditions, major depressive episodes (MDE) feature more highly in both bipolar
disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Some experts argue it is diagnostically challenging to make a differential diagnosis due to the
clinical presentation of a MDE in a bipolar patient often having little to distinguish it from that of a patient with MDD (Almeida & Phillips, 2013;
Hirschfeld, 2014). This diagnostic challenge has contributed to BD being both under–recognised and often misdiagnosed as MDD (Hirschfeld, 2014;
Leonpacher, et al., 2015). Additionally, there are everyday barriers practitioners face such as limited time for diagnostic evaluation, directing patients to
critical therapies, including the variety of potential symptoms and limitations in DSM–5 (Culpepper, 2014). The results of inaccurate diagnosis and
inappropriate treatments can lead to seriously harmful outcomes for patients, including suicide (Almeida & Phillips, 2013; Hirschfeld, 2014). The
DSM–5 protocol is designed to improve a clinician 's accuracy through the broadening of its categorisation compared to that of DSM–IV. Some experts
have suggested that the accuracy of diagnosis could be greatly increased by the use of both a dimensional and categorical classification approach and
more probabilistic models, as well as using neuroimaging to identify biomarkers of bipolar disorder. This would ultimately optimise clinical and
functional

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): A Case Study
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is referred as clinical depression it is a medical condition that can affect many aspects of your life. For example,
it can impact mood, behavior, physical functions such as appetite and sleep. People can feel sadness throughout life because that is what human have
to experience in order to grow as someone stronger. However, this is just for short period of time and when someone has persistent and intense feeling
of sadness for a long time then they may have MDD. This disorder emerges at an early age and usually in the late twenties. Nevertheless, other chronic
diseases can be tied up to MDD such as anxiety, diabetes and insomnia. Therefore, using preventive measures to alter peoples condition can influence
their... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Woodend, SchГ¶lmerich, Denktas (2015) stated that numerous clinical trials that looked at preventive interventions, such as cognitive behavioral
therapy and interpersonal therapy, have shown that prevention groups show up to 21% lower levels of incidence than do control groups. Woodend,
SchГ¶lmerich, Denktas (2015) indicated "nudges are cheap interventions used to alter people's behavior risk factors of depression such as low levels of
physical activity, inappropriate coping mechanisms, and inadequate maintenance of social ties". Physical activity is a really good preventive measure
as it increases dopamine which gives people motivation, concentration and pleasure. Being active makes people be confident and have higher levels of
self–esteem which is good for people's wellbeing as it would make them happier and less likely to be depressed. Therefore, using nudges to alter
peoples condition can influence their behavior and can be useful in preventing MDD. Tallon et al. Trials (2016) specified that "people with depression
are usually managed in primary care and antidepressants are often the first–line treatment, but only one third of patients respond fully to a single
antidepressant". Therefore, Tallon et al. Trials (2016) indicated "MIR is a two–parallel group, multi–centre, pragmatic, placebo controlled randomized
trial with allocation at the level of the individual". It is a treatment they

Effectiveness Of A Combined Therapeutic Approach On...
According to the Alzheimer's Association (2014) website, someone in this country is diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease every 67 seconds.
Projection figures of the year 2050 state 16 million people in the United States will have Alzheimer's disease; triple the present rate (Alzheimer's
Association, "Latest Facts & Figures Report", para. 1). Alzheimer's research has expanded slowly over the past decade. However, with prevalence
rates increasing rapidly, high quality of care will be imperative. Observations, questionnaires and other diagnostic tests will be implemented to evaluate
the effectiveness of a combined therapeutic approach on negative disease symptoms. The aim of the study is to reduce negative symptoms of mild and
moderate... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Multi–therapeutic approach towards the reduction of negative symptomatology and diminished brain atrophy in mild and moderate Alzheimer's
disease: An observational, unobtrusive research design conducted in nursing home facilities.
Alzheimer's disease is an insidious illness which leads to cognitive and functional impairment, and is becoming more commonplace than ever before.
There is no known cure, treatment, or prevention for this disease; in case of point, researchers have yet to discover a way to slow the progression of
the illness. As the treatment of the physical manifestation of this disease is difficult to pinpoint, many researchers have dedicated their resources to
finding ways to improve the quality of life of those who are diagnosed. Many patients with Alzheimer's experience depression, anxiety, aggression, and
social isolation as a result of their disease; these emotional responses can be treated. Social, music, and exposure therapy in a combined approach will
significantly decrease depression scores on the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and reduce agitation scores on the Cohen–Mansfield Agitation
Inventory (CMAI). Participants exposed to our therapy program will show less physical and verbal aggression, demonstrate positive body language as
observed by a third rater, increased brain stimulation reflected in fMRI scans and decelerated brain atrophy from the

Catatonic Disorders: A Case Study
Description and Diagnosis
Catatonic disorders are classified under the DSM–5 Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders section. These disorders are defined by
abnormalities in one or more of the following five domains. They include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, grossly disorganized or
abnormal motor behavior (including catatonia), and negative symptoms. Catatonia is a condition that can occur in the situation of several disorders,
including neurodevelopmental, psychotic, bipolar, depressive disorders, and other medical conditions (e.g. rare autoimmune disorders). The DSM–5
does not treat catatonia as an independent class, but recognizes catatonia as being associated with other mental disorders (e.g., psychotic ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Catatonia associated with another mental disorder (catatonia specifier) may be applied when criteria are met for catatonia during the course of a
psychotic, neurological, depressive, bipolar, or other mental health disorders. The catatonia specifier is appropriate to use when the individual has
characteristics of psychomotor disturbance and involves at least 3 of the 12 diagnostic features indicated in the DSM–5. Some of the diagnostic
features include not actively relating to the environment, motionlessness maintained over a long period of time, resistance to positioning by the
examiner, opposition to instructions, and inappropriate posture maintained over a long period of time. Individuals with this disorder may alos exhibit a
detailed caricature of normal actions, repetitive movements, agitation, disapproving facial expressions, and mimicking another individual's speech and
movements. The majority of catatonia cases involve individuals with bipolar and depressive disorders. However, up to 35% of individuals with
catatonia have schizophrenia and are usually diagnosed in inpatient settings. Catatonia can occur as a side effect of medications. Before any of the
disorders related to the catatonia specifier can be diagnosed, a variety of other medical conditions need to be ruled out. More information on this
condition is found in the Medication–Induced Medical Disorders and Other Adverse Effects

Essay On Dextromethorphan
When discussing Dextromethorphan (DXM)there are psychoactive effects similar to that of marijuana, higher doses will produce dissociative effects,
including sensory enhancement and hallucinations. Drivers (male) who have been detained due to driving while under the influence of
Dextromethorphan exhibit poor psychomotor performance on standardized field sobriety tests, horizontal gaze nystagmus, vertical gaze nystagmus,
and overall signs of central nervous system depression," ( Cochems, & Harding, & Liddicoat, 2007). From my research on the effects and mirroring
aspects of DXM, it is noted that young men are more apt to use DXM than females, although not mentioned it would appear that DXM also has an
intoxicating effect similar to alcohol. I was shocked to see that studies were done on drivers, I tend to think how safe are we while on the road?
According to Cochems, et al. (2007):... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each CCC tablet contains 30 mg of dextromethorphan, and 4 mg of chlorpheniramine, Robitussin DM contains 10 mg dextromethorphan per 5– ml
dose and 100 mg of guaifenesin, recreational doses are reported to begin at approximately 1.5 mg/kg (approximately 122 mg of dextromethorphan for
an 180 IB individual and increase to more than 15 mg/kg. Effects such as general euphoria, balance disturbances, moderate stimulation, slight
intoxication, inability to track time, and memory impairment. As the dextromethorphan dose increases, the resulting impairment can mimic that of a
central nervous system (CNS) depressant and phencyclidine (PCP) such that the user experiences dysmetria and the inability to respond to pain and
external stimuli (p

Different Depressive Disorders
DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS
Introduction:
Major depressive disorder is characterized by a myriad of symptoms that interferes with a person's daily activities including ability to work, sleep,
study, eat, and enjoy once–pleasurable activities. Major depression is a debilitating disease and prevents a person from being functional socially and
professionally.
Major depressive disorder is known to have significant potential morbidity and mortality, and contributes to suicide, incidences and adverse outcomes
of medical illness, disruption in interpersonal relationships, substance abuse, and loss of work time. With appropriate treatment, most of the patients
with major depressive disorder can achieve a significant improvement in symptoms.
Epidemiology
30–44 years are mostly likely age for depression. While major depressive disorder can develop at any age, the median age at onset is 32.
Major depressive disorder is more prevalent in women than in men. Women are 70 % more likely to develop MDD than men
Major Depressive Disorder is one of the leading causes of disability in the U.S. for ages 15–44.
According to data provided by National institute of mental health, Major depressive disorder affects approximately 14.8 million American adults, or
about 6.7 percent of the U.S. population age 18 and older in a given year (12–month prevalence) of which 30.4 % (i.e. 2% of Adult population in U.S. )
is classified severe.
The lifetime incidence of major depressive disorder in

Danny 's Diagnosis And Treatment Recommendations
Danny's Diagnosis and Treatment Recommendations Based on the scenario, Danny is a 22–year–old college student, who has been brought into my
office by his parents. His mother reports that Danny can be the real life of the party and that most people find him very charismatic, that he once tried
to harm himself after a girlfriend cheating on him, that lately he has been staying up late playing video games lately and getting an average of a
couple of hours of sleep and that the lack of sleep does not seem to impair his functioning or grades. Danny explained that the whole incident is a big
misunderstanding and that he does not want to come to counseling. When he was asked to explain the incident that brought him into my office, he
explained... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
No charges were pressed, he was placed on probation and has to commit to this evaluation and follow any therapy recommendations. Danny stated
how dumb would he be to take the car back to the scene of the crime if he had intended to steal it when he was asked if he was trying to steal the
car. When he was asked if he ever feels depressed, he said of course the does, but he believes everyone has weeks or months where they just feel
sad. When I tried to get him to engage further, he said that he is not there to be diagnosed with depression. Upon that, the session was ended and I
am now tasked with figuring out his diagnosis and treatment recommendations. Based on the information that was given in the scenario, there is
not enough information to make a diagnosis. Since this was only Danny's first session, further evaluation will need to be done before an accurate
diagnosis can be made. When asked if he ever feels depressed, he stated of course, but he believes that everyone has weeks of months where they
feel sad. Therefore to get a better idea about his depression symptoms, I would ask him, "How long have you been depressed?" and "How often are
you depressed?" Some other questions that I may want to ask Danny may include the following: How many similar incidents have you had? Does
anyone in your family suffer from mental illness? Have you ever had suicidal thoughts?, and "What do you think about when you are up all night?"
(Foreman, 2016). I

Symptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder, or what used to be known as manic–depressive illness is a mental disorder that can be characterised by different
moods that swing back and forth. The two moods are also dependent on how severe someone has this disorder and they swing back from a low
depression state, to a high elevated state, highly manic and irritable. Causes There is no clear reason why people have Bipolar but doctors have found
those with it, have a combination of biochemical, genetic and environmental factors that contribute to them having the illness. Research has been
increasing and they are finding more and more cases of Bipolar are linked genetically and several chromosomes also share genetic links with other
disorders such as... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rapid speech, and excessive talking. Poor judgement, making bad choices and involving themselves in higher risking activities. Common behaviours
have impulsive shopping and promiscuity. Some extreme episodes, they can have high levels of self esteem, which can also be very delusional, such as
feeling immortal or celebrity status. Depressive episode symptoms may include: Sad moods. Loss of energy, fatigue. Sleeping problems, either trouble
sleeping, insomnia or excessive amounts of sleep. Appetite changes. Harder to concentrate on activities, and have difficulty making decisions. Agitated.
Unwillingness to perform activities that require energy. Low self esteem, feelings of guilt, helplessness. Loss of interest in things, and pleasure.
Thoughts of, and attempts of suicide. Comorbidity Co–occurring mental illnesses are very common with Bipolar Disorder, with the most frequent
being anxiety disorders, involving panic attacks, and social anxiety disorder. ADHD or any other disruptive behaviour disorders are quite high in
comorbidity with Bipolar and any substance abuse disorders, alcohol, drugs are prevalent as well. Over half diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder are in
comorbidity with these previous stated illnesses. Some other disorders that aren 't as common as the others but are easily associated with Bipolar are
Obsessive compulsive disorders which is most

Introduction. Major Depressive Disorder (Mdd) Is A Very
Introduction Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a very common diagnosis in the mental health field. It is important that clinicians understand MDD
thoroughly as it is such a common diagnosis. Many clinicians will be faced with working with clients with a diagnosis of MDD at some point in their
careers so it is important to review the criterion and study the diagnosis. Major Depression Disorder requires a distinct change in mood usually a
transition into feelings of sadness and hopelessness. This is usually accompanied by several symptoms such as sleep disturbances, irritability, suicidal
thoughts, physiological changes amongst other symptoms that will be later discussed in this paper. The presenting symptoms must last at least 2 weeks
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thoughts of death or suicidal ideation are common for those with an MDD diagnosis. This is also a very alarming symptom as unfortunately some
people follow through. The thoughts may vary depending on the intensity of the depression the individual may be experiencing. Some people
experience these thoughts severely enough that they get their affairs in order, choose time/location, gather the necessary materials to carry out their
suicide plan such as pills, guns etc. Diminished ability to think or concentrate. Individual with an MDD diagnosis often report an impairment in
concentration and ability to focus. Some appear to be easily distracted and report to have trouble remembering things. The lack of focus may cause
occupational, educational and problems in social relationships. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt. Those experiencing MDD often have
unrealistic and negative perceptions of self worth. They may feel that they are underserving of the good things in their lives. He/she may experience
intense guilt over past or present events. Some the guilt may be as intense as to become a delusion such blaming oneself for global warming. Fatigue
/loss of energy. The smallest task can

Cultural Dissonance Between Neururasthenia And Psychiatric Di

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