2. ➢ Crude oil is a naturally occurring liquid phase of petroleum,
composed principally of hydrocarbons, extracted from the earth in
liquid state, or is capable of being so removed. It is mostly found in
association with natural gases. Other associated materials include
solid hydrocarbon substances such as waxes and asphalt, and salt
water.
3. Properties Of Crude Oil And Natural Gas
Physical Properties
Of Crude Oil
Eg: Color, Refractive
Index ,Odor ,Density
NATURAL
GAS Physical Properties
Of Natural Gas
Eg: color, odor, density…
Chemical Properties
Of
Crude Oil
Eg: Sulphur Content, Salt
Content ,Carbon
Residue..
Chemical Properties
Of
Natural Gas
Eg: ethane conc.,
methane conc.,..
CRUDE
OIL
4. ➢ A physical property is an aspect of matter that can be observed or measured
without changing it. Examples of physical properties include colour,
molecular weight and volume.
➢ A chemical property may only be observed by changing the chemical
identity of a substance.
7. 01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
Colour, Odour
Specific (Or A.P.I)
Gravity
Viscosity
Refractive
Index
Fluorescence
Cloud and Pour
points
Flash Point
Volume
Physical
Properties
➢ Paraffinic oils are light color: Yellow to
Brown when transmitted through light.
➢ Asphalt-base oils are commonly brown to
black; many of them are known as “Black
oils”.
➢ Colour is commonly determined with the
Saybolt Colorimeter.
• Due to the light hydrocarbons some oils is
agreeable like gasoline odor.
• Aromatics impart pleasant odors.
• Oils containing sulphur and certain
nitrogen compounds usually a disagreeable odor.
8. 01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
Colour, Odour
Specific (Or A.P.I)
Gravity
Viscosity
Refractive
Index
Fluorescence
Cloud and Pour
points
Flash Point
Volume
Physical
Properties
➢ The specific gravity of a substance is a
comparison of its density to that of water.
(sp.gr of crude oil ranges from 0.6690 to 0.9900)
➢ Light crudes are generally those with an API
gravity over 40. Gasoline ~ 60.
➢ Those with an API gravity below 40 are
regarded as heavy
➢ There is an inverse relationship between API
gravity and density; the higher the density
the lower the API gravity.
API value=(141.5/ Sp.gr. of oil)-131.5
9. 01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
Colour, Odour
Specific (Or A.P.I)
Gravity
Viscosity
Refractive
Index
Fluorescence
Cloud and Pour
points
Flash Point
Volume
Physical
Properties
➢ The viscosity of oil is a measure of its resistance
to internal flow and an indication of its oiliness
in the lubrication of surfaces. There are two
types of viscosity: dynamic and kinematics
viscosity.
➢ The viscosity of crude oil lies between 1cp to
about 4cp.
10. 01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
Colour, Odour
Specific (Or A.P.I)
Gravity
Viscosity
Refractive
Index
Fluorescence
Cloud and Pour
points
Flash Point
Volume
Physical
Properties
➢ One more significant property of oil is its
refractive index (R.I) ability to deflect a ray of
light passing through it
➢ The refractive index of oil varies from 1.39 to
1.49
➢ Heavier the oil or lower the A.P.I gravity the
higher is the refractive index
11. 01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
Colour, Odour
Specific (Or A.P.I)
Gravity
Viscosity
Refractive
Index
Fluorescence
Cloud and Pour
points
Flash Point
Volume
Physical
Properties
➢ If oil is exposed to Ultra violet light (UV), it
exhibits various colors such as yellow, blue or
green
➢ This fluorescence permits the detection or
identification of even minute quantities of oil
during exploration
➢ Samples of drilling mud and cuttings emerging
at the surface are subjected to this test and the
presence of oil detected
12. 01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
Colour, Odour
Specific (Or A.P.I)
Gravity
Viscosity
Refractive
Index
Fluorescence
Cloud and Pour
points
Flash Point
Volume
Physical
Properties
➢ The volume of a crude oil in its reservoir rock
differs from the volume it occupies in the
surface (due to formation gas oil ratio).
➢ Under high reservoir pressure, the volume of
oil in the reservoir increases because of the
influence of dissolved gases.
➢ But on release of reservoir pressures, the
dissolved gases escape, leading to the
shrinkage of the volume of crude oil at the
surface
13. 01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
Colour, Odour
Specific (Or A.P.I)
Gravity
Viscosity
Refractive
Index
Fluorescence
Cloud and Pour
points
Flash Point
Volume
Physical
Properties
➢ The pour point is the temperature at which a
crude oil will no longer flow.
➢ The temperature at which the appearance of
waxy substances in the crude is cloud point.
➢ This property determines the influence of
low temperatures on crude oils.
Simultaneously, it provides information
about the amount of solid paraffin waxes
contained in the oil.
➢ The range of pour points of crude oil varies
greatly from -70℉ to +90℉ or higher.
14. 01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
Colour, Odour
Specific (Or A.P.I)
Gravity
Viscosity
Refractive
Index
Fluorescence
Cloud and Pour
points
Flash Point
Volume
Physical
Properties
➢ This is the temperature at which the volatiles
rising off the surface of heated oil will ignite
with a flash, on passing a flame over the
surface. This provides some clue about the
gaseous content of the crude oil.
15. Physical Properties Of Natural Gas
➢ Natural gas is a combustible gas that is a mixture of simple hydrocarbon compounds.
It is a fossil fuel that contains primarily methane, along with small amounts of
ethane, butane, pentane, and propane. Natural gas does not contain carbon
monoxide. The by-products of burning natural gas are primarily carbon dioxide and
water vapor.
16. ➢ Natural gas is a colorless, tasteless, odorless, and non-toxic gas. Because it is odorless, a
powerful chemical called mercaptan is added to the gas, in very small amounts, to give
the gas a distinctive smell of rotten eggs. This strong smell can be helpful in detecting
the source of any gas leak.
