Photo Based And Installation Art

Photo Based And Installation Art
– Isabel, tell us about your beginning in photography. I earned a BFA from the Pontificia
Universidad Católica in my hometown of Santiago de Chile; it was quite the comprehensive
program. I went in thinking I would do sculpture and came out working in photo–based and
installation art. Though I was instructed in many disciplines from painting to computer–based and
everything in between, the nature of my practice determined that photo–based was the most
appropriate medium to develop the concepts and ideas I was interested in exploring back then. A
year later, I attended grad school in Canada and obtained an MFA from the University of Guelph.
Currently, my practice encompasses the creation of photo–based images, video works, and three–
dimensional objects–concepts manifests simultaneously through a variety of mediums. – How were
The Weekend and Quantum Blink created? The method employed in the creation of Quantum Blink
is a variation from that of The Weekend. The slicing is analog and is the result of direct in–camera
interversions. There was a lot of experimentation with countless materials, and plenty of trial an
error before I could successfully achieve the results I was after. The negative itself has the stripes,
hence the irregularity on the edges and slight overlap which becomes more apparent once the image
is printed larger. While the temporal distance between exposures in The Weekend reached up to
seven months, in Quantum Blink the lapse ranged from a few minutes to an
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Research Paper On Postmodernism
This Essay will describe multiple movements that influenced and lead to the creation of postmodern
art and design including Pop Art, Conceptual, Neo–Expressionism and the Memphis group. In terms
of where these movements influenced and reaction towards other movements creating a true
postmodern period. It will discuss the reasoning behind each movement after the events of World
War II across Europe and the United States. How each movement or group lead to changes in the art
and design world. Also, who would lead these movements and their roll involved with each
movement throughout the last 65 years. Leading up to current and present day postmodern art and
design.
The above information will be illustrated in the following work.
Post–Modernism
Postmodernism is bold colourful and pushes the boundaries of the definition of art that emerged
from Modernism shortly after ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At a time where some artists were moving away from traditional painting and artistic technique they
felt revived with the neo–expressionism which gained popularity amongst artists in the early 1980s
in New York City, including Eric Fischl whose paintings shocked the viewer on a human
psychological level and with Neo–Expressionism entering New York in the 80s at a time when street
graffiti was on the rise, a few of these artists broke into the art scene in New York. A young Artist
named Jean–Michel Basquiat a self–taught artist who grew up on the streets of Brooklyn,New York.
He became hugely famous in a few short years for his art work in the late 1970s street art scene and
gained media attention for his anti–politics anti–religious message even befriending Andy Worhol
and the two collaborated together. The drastic change from poverty stricken to quite wealthy in such
a short time brought about his own personal downfall and basquiat passed away in

Yoko Ono Research Paper
Yoko Ono is a conceptual artist, performer, singer, film–maker and peace activist, and Japanese
multimedia artist. She is known for avant–garde and expressive pieces. Her work spans countless
mediums. The following are works that highlight Ono's array of mediums both independently and
collaborative.
Ono's groundbreaking contributions to the art scene of the 1960s has led her to be described as the
most famous unknown artist by John Lennon. Recently, she has gained admiration for her
retrospective exhibitions of love, peace, and protest.
Bed–In (Performance)
Ono married Lennon in 1969 during the Vietnam war. They invited press to their hotel room in
Amsterdam during their honeymoon. It was a form of non–violent protest war. The couple took the

Difference Between Conceptualism And Conceptual Art
Materiality and conceptualism whether contemporary or traditional, are two major groundings
within the world of African art. Henceforth within this essay one will be contrasting and comparing
one traditional African artwork; The Ngwana ' a ditlhaka (figure 1) by the Northern Sotho people
and one contemporary African artwork; Bleeding tokarai (figure 2) by El Anutsui; in order to
establish the works conceptual grounding in terms of materiality. At first this essay will be
highlighting the historical and contextual aspects of each artwork along with in depth explanations
and explorations of the concepts of materiality and conceptualism along with their sub concepts of
material accumulation and concept vs. idea respectively, after which connections ... Show more
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Firstly one will look at the concept of materiality , within which material is seen as aesthetical ,
functional and conceptual simultaneously .In terms of the works by El anusiui , the viewer must
look at the work through a conceptual lens , allowing for thought to be generated . The artists
achieves this through the flexibility of his titles as previously explained. As it is said that
explanations stand in the way of the viewer accessing the full conceptual meaning of the work ,
preventing the viewer going beyond what has been provided . Hence by abolishing this, the artist
points out the notion of the non

The Fault in Conceptual Artists Essay
This essay will focus on why and how conceptual artists sets out to destroy or undermine the value
of physical pleasure in art's making and reception. In order to discuss this issue, first we need to
look back on history to examine the historical context of Conceptual Art. During 1960s, the world is
in a turbulent state experiencing all sorts of crises . After the World War One and the World War
Two, the traditional value and institutional system had been overthrown. The collapse of old world
politics, social order and authority, moreover, rise of Feminism, racial conflict between white and
black, intervention of Vietnam War forced artists to challenge the conventional system and authority.
In terms of technology, after the invention of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1967, 'Paragraphs on Conceptual Art' by Sol LeWittSol LeWitt was published, he declares, "In
conceptual art the idea of concept is the most important aspect of the work. When an artist uses a
conceptual form of art, it means that all of the planning and decisions are made beforehand and
execution is a perfunctory affair." LeWitt further explains, this "mental process" free the artists from
the dependence on the skill. In the 'Sentences on Conceptual Art' by LeWitt published two year later,
he clearly stated that idea itself is art, "10. Ideas alone can be works of art; they are in a chain of
development that may eventually find some form,. All ideas need not be made physical." In 1996,
Joseph Kosuth gave another definition of Conceptual Art in narrow sense, "Conceptual Art, simply
put, had as its basic tenet an understanding that artists work with meaning, not with shapes, colours
or materials."
Conceptual Art is formed within complex historical context, but the critique of "What makes a
particular object or practice into art", stress ideas and concept rather than modernist art form, is
clearly influenced by Marcel Duchamp. Although he doesn't see himself as a conceptual artist. His
famous conceptual artwork Fountain stormed the art world in 1917. Some meanings of this work
demonstrate that Duchamp brought influence on many conceptual artists and their works. First
Duchamp negates the originality of artwork, artwork is not necessary

Consumerism Is All Around Us
Regardless of where our travels may take us, where our minds may wander, and how we choose to
carry out the day–to–day happenings of our lives, the people of the 21st century cannot seem to
escape the ever–powerful grasp of corporate consumerism. While many are aware that consumerism
is all around us, few understand the true extent to which it impacts our lives. With constant exposure
to advertising it's hard not to get sucked into consumerism. The advertisements we see influence our
spending habits by convincing us that certain material possessions will improve our lives. This is
problematic because we are controlled by our wants rather than our needs – establishing an attitude
of "more," in which we always want the faster car, better technology, fancier clothes, and bigger
houses. All of these material goods promise happiness, but never deliver – creating a vicious cycle
of excessive consumption to keep up with others and take part in the latest trends. Thus, one stands
to question how fare we are willing to go to obtain material possessions. Moreover, we are asked to
reevaluate if money truly can buy happiness. The exhibition I $hop Therefore I Am uses
contemporary art from a wide range of artists to explore the theme of consumerism in modern
society. This exhibition adopts a conceptual and narrative curatorial strategy to convey this all–
encompassing theme. The groundbreaking nature of the exhibition is reflected in its title, I $hop
Therefore I Am. The title itself

Art Vs Art
From the first society that we have been able to penetrate, no society has lived without some form of
art. Art can be thought of as a symbol of what it means to be human, displayed in physical form for
others to see and interpret. "There are as many ways to define art as there are people in the universe,
and each definition is influenced by the unique perspective of that person, as well as by their own
personality and character" (Marder). Art has many functions and roles in both past and present
civilizations. Around 36,000 years ago, someone living in a time incomprehensibly different from
ours, began to draw on the bare walls of caves. Without these engravings and drawings on the cave
wall, humans today wouldn't know the history of these past civilizations. Their artwork and
drawings that we keep discovering allow us to gain more knowledge of these civilizations that lived
centuries ago. An example of a piece of more recent art that records and commemorates is the
Vietnam Veterans Memorial. This wall honors the human sacrifice during the Vietnam War and it
allows us to always remember the Americans who lost their fight during this war. The Vietnam
Veterans Memorial permits us to look back on one of our most painful national memories. Artists
create artwork that helps us remember the present after it slips into the past, that keeps us in mind of
our history and that will speak of our times to the future. The artwork's meaning isn't the most
important thing when looking

Advice For Young Artists By Patti Smith
Journal #1 – Advice for Young Artists
Patti Smith was born in Chicago, Illinois, but was raised in New Jersey. She currently resides in
New York City, which is also where she made her name working as a musician and artist. In the
video titled "8 Artists Advice to the Young" she articulates that young artists should not concern
themselves with money. She, instead, believes that they should focus on their work and their name,
which will then translate into success. This advice appeals to me in all facets of life. If I focus on
working hard, success will just be a by–product of that hard work. Patti Smith has seemingly taken
her own advice as she has been working on her craft, whether music, poetry, or visual arts, for
nearly 45 years ("Patti Smith"). Anyone who devotes nearly half a decade into their artwork
embodies focus. Furthermore, as Patti Smith expressed, this focus on one's work will translate into
success, and for Patti Smith it has. The evaluation of success is subjective; however, it appears that
Patti Smith has achieved success in all forms. Financially, her net worth is currently valued at $15
million ("Patti Smith Net Worth"). While critically, she was named one of Rolling Stone magazine's
100 greatest artists (100 Greatest Artists). Moreover, if success is measured with the legacy one
leaves, it is important to note that Patti Smith serves as an inspiration to numerous musicians.
Seeing Patti Smith achieve this level of success while following her own advice,

The Three Managerial Skills
7. Question 3: 3 Managerial Skills According to John et al. (2010), a skill is an ability to transfer
knowledge into action to achieve expected performance. Manager requires managerial skills to carry
out specific managerial tasks in the organizations. Robert L.Katz (1974) has classified essential
managerial skills into three categories: technical, human and conceptual. 7a. Identification Three
managerial skills that are being performed evidently by Wong–Gillmore as a bank manager are
Technical, Human and Conceptual skills. 7b. Definition By definition, the ability to perform specific
managerial activities by using special proficiency or expertise is defined as technical skill (John et
al. 2010). Technical skill not only includes ability to control machines and production tools, but also
related to skills of designing and marketing the products or services (Entrepreneurship in a Box
2014). Human skill is the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For internal environment, as mentioned in (paragraph 12), she enjoys working with her staff; she
feels satisfied when her staff has promoted while she feels upset when she has to fire two
subordinates who is actually clever but careless in their work. Furthermore, she often holds meeting
to communicate with her subordinates (paragraph 8). In this situation, human skills help Wong–
Gillmore in managing, directing and instructing her staffs so that a smooth cooperation between
bank manager and staff members are assured to achieve bank's objectives. For external
environment, she keeps in touch with existing and potential customers by following–up phone calls
and visiting them. Her communication with CPA via letter mail also shows that she uses human
skills to establish her bank's business (paragraph 2 and 3). In this case, human skills are important as
they are needed in building, maintaining and enhancing customer relationships with Wong–Gillmore
as a bank

Jenny Holzer: American Conceptual Artist
According to Wikipedia and other sources, Jenny Holzer was born on July 29, 1950 in Gallipolis,
Ohio, she is well renown artist and is categorized as an "American conceptual artist ". Described as
a very private person but a very public artist. She uses multiple medias and the list of mediums she
uses seem to be growing endlessly. Her work is exhibited globally and was even featured on display
in Time Square. She even has a movie that was made about her and her lifetime of body of artwork.
The Telegram described her as " one of the most respected, sought–after artists of her generation."
From what I have seen, read, and learned about Jenny Holzer, she is all about making a statement to
society. She seems to be conscious and aware of her audience. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Craze has been looking at Jenny Holzer work for over a decade. Mostly looking at her more recent
exhibitions about U.S government declassified documents on the war on terror. Craze writes,
"Holzer's painting are not a total history, and the documents she paints are fragments of an already
redacted record. Rather, what one encounter, when staring at the paintings, is the form of the
documents." Craze talks about how at first he would read the documents, some of which so
censored to the point where the original concept and meaning of the document has been lost. After a
while over time he began seeing the censorship as blocks of information. As Craze wrote, " For as
long as I have been writing about these documents, Jenny Holzer has been painting them. Her work
doesn't look at the words – it focuses on the redactions, and transforms them." Craze even compares
her Redaction Painting to Andy Warhol's Death and Disaster series. Which I think is very interesting
considering how critics mention how her earlier works have a pop art feel to it. Craze writes a lot
about Holzer's newer exhibits and her changes from texts and signs of warning of social corruption
to painting of U.S. war documents. Even though they are different kind of style, they still radiate the
same type of aura. They are both more about the content and the message. As Craze stated, "It isn't
information that Holzer wants to

Wk6assgnjlaym Servant Leadership: Theory And Practice
Wk6AssgnJLayman: Servant Leadership
Walden University
Ph.D. Public Policy and Administration
Introduction
This is an introduction to the Servant Leadership Questionnnaire or SLQ, introduced in Chapter 10
of the textbook "Leadership: Theory and Practice" by Peter Northouse (Northouse, 2016). The
questionnaires were designed, to evaluate leadership styles (Northouse, 2016). The following is a
brief summary of the resulting scores of the questionnaire which are tallied in categories
representing emotional healing, creating value for the community, conceptual skills, empowering,
helping followers succeed, putting followers first, and behaving ethically. Next, a paragraph with a
short assessment of the results. Finally, a brief analysis of the impact the ten characteristics of the
Servant Leadership style might have on one's personal leadership style.
Servant Leadership Questionnaire The SLQ, an adaptation of the "Servant Leadership: Development
of a
Multidimensional Measure and Multi–Level Assessment" by Linden, Wayne, Zhao and Henderson
(2008), consists of 28 questions, using a 7 point graded scale for each question, ranging from a score
of one representative of none at all to seven, representing very high. Scores are then tallied, and the
results then classified by total, with a very low score falling in the range of 0–7 points, and a very
high score falling between 23–28 points (Northouse, 2016).
Personal Results Per assignment instructions, this

Conceptual Art: In The Hood By David Hammons
(1) What do you see? – The artwork called In the Hood by David Hammons is brilliant conceptual
art about racism, class and identity in America. His work contains a wearing dim hood, placed on
the world. The hood seems to be worn by a person, however, there is no sign of human head in his
art work. Or perhaps there is a person's head inside the hood, but the person in this art is somewhat
invisible, faceless, and hidden under the black color.
(2) What does the image make you think about? – As an aficionado of abstract form, I is under the
impression that In the Hood is about a racial subject, the African Americans. The image of a black
man wearing a black hoodie on the street, who is symbolic for menace, danger, and devil,
immediately comes

Postmodernism And Language
Postmodernism started in the 20th century and it involved art, architecture, and literature.
Postmodern philosophers believe that the world cannot be understood objectively nor there is an
absolute truth. Moreover, they think that everyone perceives the world in his own way, there is no
common grand between people in understanding the world or perceiving it. While Modern
philosophers think the opposite: "We are able to comprehend reality because categories exist within
our minds that actively generate perception. These categories, Kant assumed, are universally the
same in all people." (postmodernpreaching.net).
Postmodern philosophers encourage questioning, what seems to be obvious. This is the right thing
to do. It is wrong to immediately ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Can language objectively describe truth? Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951) believes that language
cannot objectively describe truth because each language will add different meanings to the same
text. "All language is socially conditioned. We understand the world solely in terms of our language
games – that is, our linguistic, social constructs." (postmodernpreaching.net).
According to science, things have changed since newton time. Back then people believed in
rationality and absolutes. But now in the 20th century with the development of science, came to
light the relativity theory. The relativity theory threw away the absolutes. "Russell expressed the
view that once people became used to the idea of relativity, it would forever change their way of
thinking. They would abandon a belief in absolutes and begin to regard all concepts as relative"
(postmodernpreaching.net).
"The correspondence theory of truth caused people to believe that scientific truth equals absolute
truth. Postmodernism corrects this by denying the equivalency between scientific truth and absolute
truth. All scientific conclusions are now understood to be tentative simply because no one has ever
made the infinite number of observations required to learn if there are any exceptions."
(postmodernpreaching.net). A class full with postmodernists may not have a curriculum, each one of
the students may be left to discover his own

The Importance Of Art
Art has many functions, it can illustrate real life events and people, it can be created for aesthetic
purposes, and it can be expressive. Artists have often broken away from the traditional approach to
art making, where they laboured over art commissioned by the wealthy, and although artist still may
work under commission, they also create art for their own exploration with their own intentions and
purpose. According to Jacques Rancière, artists play a larger role in the community, or at least they
ought to. He believes artists should use their media as a platform to take charge. Jacques Rancière
argues that "artistic practices are ways of doing and making that intervene in the general distribution
of these ways of doing and making as well as in the relationships they maintain to models of being
and forms of visibility" (p. 403). All art has the capability to be political, and Rancière argues artists
ought to disrupt the distribution of the sensible, and they can do so through visual activism. An
example of an artist who engages in such practices is Adrian Piper, with her recent artwork Imagine
(Trayvon Martin) in 2013 (see fig. 1). Figure 1. Digital image, Adrian Piper, Imagine (Trayvon
Martin), Adrian Piper Research Archive Foundation, 2013; Web.
Rancière argues artists ought to rupture the distribution of the sensible. The distribution of the
sensible is a concept explaining how power relations are enacted through sensation and perception
determining what will be

Steven Hirst Research Paper
Damien Steven Hirst is an English conceptual and installation artist. One of the richest artist in the
United Kingdom, an estimated £215 million. Born on June 7, 1965, Bristol, England, a member of
and most prominent of a group named Young British Artists. A group of visual artists that began to
exhibit together in London. They dominated the art scene in the United Kingdom during the 1990s.
He studied at Goldsmiths, University in London from '86 to '89. During Hirst's second year
Goldsmiths College, he organized an independent student exhibition called Freeze. The lines
between life and death were often the main theme in most Hirst's work. Infamous for having
artworks that include dead animals, cows, sheeps, and a shark. For this reason, Hirst ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The artwork is currently sitting at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. The tiger
shark was caught at Hervey Bay in Queensland, Australia, which costed Hirst £6,000. The entire
artwork ended up with a total of £50,000. The shark quickly embedded itself in the national psyche
as an icon of everything that was good – or bad – about contemporary art, depending on your
viewpoint (Sarah Kent). For most people, this shark was the icon of everything that is bad about
contemporary art, if you can call it that. Does this man go out of his way to hunt a wonderful
creature as the tiger shark? Slaughtering animals for no other reason, but so use them in art is
despicable. Strong emotions are going through many individual's minds on Hirst's work, either good
or bad. For this reason, Hirst was dubbed the "bad boy" of British art and scarcely a week went by
without an article appearing in the press outlining his outrageous behavior (Kent). This exhibition is
touching on the subject matter of death, with death itself in the "art". An individual who might
admire the work would look that this and say that having a creature that can possibly end your life
within seconds, just frozen in time is something to reflect on. Which can be a valid argument, but
numerous of individuals wouldn't come to an agreement with the need of the slaughtering of a
wonderful being, such as the tiger

Hans Use Of Political And Social Themes
Hans Haacke has been characterized as among some of the most revolutionary and controversial
contemporary and conceptual artists of all time. Haacke's works are generally simply constructed
yet exquisitely permeated with depth and importance through his integration of social, political, and
environmental issues in his pieces that give them a voice they would otherwise lack. In the
following essay, we will seek to understand just how Hans Haacke's use of political and social
themes causes his work to resonate with audiences on the scale it has done. When gazing upon the
vast expanse of art history, it becomes evident that the greatest and most influentially revolutionary
individuals are not those that dabble in the popular and well studied styles of old. Those who are
great flee from average and explore uncharted new territories. The individuals that choose to really
set themselves apart from the rest of art culture are those who branch out in totally new directions.
Those who delve into new ideas and new ways of expressing themselves through mediums and
styles few have trodden upon. Hans Haacke has cemented himself in history as one of these
influential and revolutionary individuals. His pioneering work of a conceptual nature was
unparalleled and unmatched by his competitors at its conception. Hans Haacke was born August 12,
1936 in the little town of Cologne, Germany. Before he started formal education, he was part of an
global organization known as Zero. Zero was a

Essay on The British Avant-Garde: A Philosophical Analysis
The British Avant–Garde: A Philosophical Analysis
ABSTRACT: British Avant–Garde art, poses a challenge to traditional aesthetic analysis. This paper
will argue that such art is best understood in terms of Wittgenstein¡¦s concept of "seeing–as," and
will point out that the artists often use this concept in describing their work. This is significant in
that if we are to understand art in terms of cultural practice, then we must actually look at the
practice. We will discuss initiatives such as the work of Damien Hirst, most famous for his animals
in formaldehyde series, and that of Simon Patterson, who warps diagrams, e.g., replacing the names
of stops on London Underground maps with those of philosophers. Cornelia Parker¡¦s idea that ...
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. . in art, of deep pluralism and total tolerance. Nothing is ruled out."(4), then it is indeed fruitful to
understand art in terms of seeing–as. For application of the concept of seeing–as to art explains what
actually occurs conceptually and perceptually when the viewer or viewers shifts from identifying
the same work at one time, as an art object, and at another time as not an art object, and explains
why nothing is ruled out.(5)
A recent article in Art News discusses the British Avant–Garde artists in terms of their "ruling out
nothing."(6) It discusses grass roots initiatives such as the 1988 "Freeze" show organized by
Damien Hirst, and that of Simon Patterson, who warps diagrams, e.g., replacing the names of train
stops on London Underground maps with those of philosophers, and others. Cornelia Parker¡¦s idea
that visual appeal is not the most

High Degree Education Of Ceramic Art
River flows from the side of the hill named Xiangshan; Students work in the quiet garden view
campus, which the buildings there are decorated with historical ceramic tiles.
For students and teachers, having a chance to be in this cultural environment is a life's fortune.
Although today's social life is so different than the past, people are getting harder to focus on pure
academic research because of the distractions from daily affairs. Especially for higher degree
students that rely on independent research, which provides freedom, but also brings the problems of
shallow researches. Currently, the higher degree education in contemporary ceramic art of Asian
should construct its own value system that suits Eastern culture and aesthetic. The views of above
aspects had formed the exhibition's main concept.
The Asian art academies are facing the same situation in the higher degree education of ceramic art.
The day–to–day teaching needs new energy and clear direction; the homogeneity in teaching should
be avoided, and the lack of uniqueness should be made up. So, we need to focus on the root of
problem and plan ahead. The scholar Zhu Xi has asked in his book The Feeling Arisen By Reading:
Asking why the river is so clean; it is because the fresh water always comes from the fountainhead.
It is talking about the happening of developments need fresh ideas. The higher degree education of
ceramic art in Asian academies is like the river, and its developments need newer and update

Abstract Art : Art And Conceptual Art
The second chapter aims to examine more closely the understanding of readymade forms in the art
world. Particularly, it focuses on two art movements that come to challenge the notion of art: found
art and conceptual art. Both conceptual art and found art challenge the unity between form and
content in art. Both seek the superiority of the one in opposition to the other, that is, form in found
art and content in conceptual art. But could art survive merely as form or concept? According to
Danto, the meaning of these works and their art identity does not depend on their formal properties
but comes through an interpretation or theory. The problem with Danto's approach is that it
marginalises the role of the perceptual and of the experience of art. The chapter considers Seamon's
thesis on the modern theory of artistic value and Fowkes's discussion of found art and conceptual
art. Both suggest an understanding of these movements in terms of the internal or conceptual
dimension of art, that is, the metaphorical function of art. This study aims to examine the notion of
the conceptual in found art and conceptual art and the art identity of these works. Duchamp's
polished urinal calls the viewer not to see it as an image of something else, but rather to gaze it as an
interesting construction. His Fountain (fig. 7) provokes the viewer to think the image of the urinal as
a readymade object in the art world. It was this 'objectiveness', Bolge remarks, that pushed artists to
abandon the

Who Is Rimbaud?
When I became "serious" about writing poetry around the age of fifteen, I thought it was only a
matter of time before I was discovered for the genius I was. My example was Rimbaud, the
visionary French poet, discovered in his teens, celebrated by the literati of his time, some of whom
–– literally –– fell in love with him; one of them even shot him in a pique of passion. Rimbaud's
light burned bright, he took Paris by storm, seized his world and made it his oyster, set it on fire, and
painted it red.
Almost as quickly as he ascended, Rimbaud burned out. Fame and adulation wasn't worth the price
of his vision. He gave up poetry, left Paris, ran guns in Ethiopia, imported coffee, and became a
legend. His works are still read today. Works of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I even had a "one–man show" in Lakewood, Ohio, in 1986 – albeit, in a booth I purchased at an art
street fair. Preparing for that show killed my interest in painting, although I still have a handful of
them. (Three of my paintings hang in our Brooklyn house because my wife and kids and an art
framer friend thought them worthy.)
There was an earth sculpture wherein I moved a pile of dirt from one location to another, an
installation in a field behind a friends farmhouse made from discarded plumbing fixtures and farm
machinery, and a performance art piece in a gallery in Cooperstown, NY, that featured a mime,
Jacques Cousteau, and Harry Belafonte in a surrealistic dream–of–consciousness dialogue poem. If I
wasn't a genius, who was?
By the end of the decade, I had a few poems in magazines, was part of the Hoboken poetry scene at
Maxwell's and Café Elysian, and self–published several chapbooks of my poems under the l'etoiluna
press. With a few friends, I started a writing group called the Decompositionalists – our work was
decomposing rather than composing, like the society around us. (Deep, man.)
The common denominator of the work I produced back then? It sucked. I was neither a genius nor a
savant about to be discovered by a patron and rocketed to fame and fortune. I'd fooled myself into
thinking I was what David Galenson calls a "conceptual innovator."
Would that I'd

Dadaism and Conceptual Art: Marcel Duchamp
In this essay I will analyze and evaluate how Duchamp's exhibition of readymade objects changed
the status and value of artistic authorship. Readymade is a term devised by Marcel Duchamp in
1915 to label manufactured objects remote from their practical setting and raised to the prestige of
art by the action of an artist's choice and label. Marcel Duchamp was a French–American painter
and sculptor. His work is linked with Dadaism and conceptual art, a movement that examined
suppositions of what art must be, and in what way it should be arranged. Duchamp has had an
enormous influence on twentieth–century and twenty first–century art, impelling the development of
post–World War I Western art. Alongside Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Authenticity in art has a range of implications associated to the diverse ways in which a work of art
may be termed as authentic. Appropriation denotes to the action of borrowing or reusing obtainable
components in a novel work. Post–modern appropriation artists, including Barbara Kruger, are
ardent to reject the concept of 'originality'. They consider that in borrowing current imaginings or
features of imagery, they are re–contextualizing or appropriating the original imagery, extracting
text, signs or meaning from its original context in order to introduce it into another context. This
permits the spectator to revise the denotation of the original in an altered, new pertinent or more
contemporary perspective. The ideas of authorship and innovation are significant to the examination
of appropriation in modern–day art. To accurately study the notion it is essential to reflect on the
work of the artists linked with appropriation with regards to their incentives, thinking, and the
influence of their work. The word 'author' signifies the individual which gives actuality to or makes
a piece of work. For that reason authorship delineates the responsibility for everything created by
that author. With appropriated works such as Readymades, the observer is less likely to contemplate
the part of the author or artist in raising understandings and thoughts of the work if they are
cognizant of the work from which it was appropriated.

Marcel Duchamp And Marcel Hirst's Conceptual Art
Non–conformist to traditional art forms, Conceptualism challenges the viewer to delve into the
mindset of the artist. It is often seen as multidimensional as it forces the audience to decipher the
artists intentions. This art movement has been completely rejecting the standard ideas of art since
the mid–1960's. Since then, many artists have made a name for themselves by self–consciously
expanding the boundaries of art. Many of these artists have said they've linked their work to artist
Marcel Duchamp.
Damien Hirst for example has pushed boundaries with his unconventional use of materials, using
objects such as whole dead sharks, a cows head and human teeth. Unlike other pieces of Conceptual
art which at time can seem difficult to understand except to the mind of the artist who created it,
Hirst's are fairly simple to understand seeing as when he exhibits some of his pieces with dead
objects he's trying to describe death. We especially see this in "The Physical Impossibility of Death
in the Mind of Someone Living" where Hirst has encased a 13 foot tiger shark in formaldehyde
preserving it. The shark is concealed within a steel and glass display case three times longer than
high and divided into three separate cubes. This piece is a part of the 'Natural History' collection of
his work. Hirst "Didn't just want a light box or a painting of a shark" (Damien Hirst) he wanted it to
be real enough to frighten you, a painting has much less impact than an actual shark by isolating

The Great Artists Of The Conceptual Art Movement
When one thinks of Art the most popular image is of great works, famous for their visually pleasing
and intellectually rousing qualities. These works, aside from being visually and intellectually
stimulating, have been used to challenge and encourage an audience to think about what it's
representing in flexible and open–minded ways, this is usually done by shocking the audience out of
their "complacency" when viewing artworks. The great artists of the Conceptual Art movement
especially emphasised this by focusing more on the concept behind a piece than the art itself. Three
particular artists that are famous for challenging audiences with their work include Marcel Duchamp
(1887–1968), Jenny Holzer (1950–present) and Ai WeiWei (1957–present). Even though these three
artists are part of different times, countries, political and cultural movements, they all use their
works to confront and challenge every part of their audience including critics, the media and the
general public.
Marcel Duchamp is widely considered as one of the most influential artists of the 20th century, his
early works saw him in the Post–Impressionist movement however his want for art to be in the
service of the mind saw his move away from that style of art. He was a French, sculptor, painter and
writer whose work is associated Dada and with being the precursor to conceptual art. Duchamp
spent nearly his whole art career challenging his audiences to think about what art really is. "His
critical examination

Dynamic Globalized Business Has Changed Managers ' Job
Dynamic globalized business has changed managers' job. In past managers' job is more easily and
simple, compared to contemporary managers. Before business globalized, managers may just need
to command and control workers to do their job. However, due to the changes of business world,
supervisors may need to deal with complicated international management issues, such as managing
change, managing multi–cultural workers and managing subsidiary. Managers' job can be described
into three categories, which are function, roles and skills. The changes of managers' jobs have
changed the functions, roles, and skills of managers become more complicated and hard.
This essay will first define the term of globalization. Then it will focus on three dimensions, which
are dynamic change, managing cross–cultural workforce and supervising subsidiary to describe
managers' function roles, and skill.
It is crucial to comprehend the concept of globalization. According to Marquardt and Berger (2003),
globalization is defined as "the increasing flow and sharing information, connections, or links of
people around the world."(p. 281) or it can define as "the increasing interaction of national
economic system." (Walle & Asgary, 2002, p. 60). In order words, different countries companies can
trade with each other and people can work with others' countries' companies without barriers.
First of all, dynamic change is one of the globalized business factors that show the important of
managers' roles,

Supervision In The Workplace
Supervision is the activity carried out by supervisors to oversee the productivity and progress of
employees who report directly to the supervisors. Supervision is a management activity and
supervisors typically are considered to have a management role in the organization. The act of
planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling resources to include personnel, equipment,
communications, and facilities to accomplish a mission goal applies to many domains such as first
response systems, law enforcement, space missions.
As a manager or supervisor, you must aware to need a knowledgeable, professional manager
yourself and employee. A common problem between men and women are facing hospitality
supervision role is people.
This research paper ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Management principles are guidelines for the decisions and actions of managers.
Authority
Authority is the power an organization gives to a supervisor to do something or to get something
done. There are two types of authority: formal and informal. Formal authority comes with the
position a person holds in the organization. Informal authority, also referred to as personal authority,
is the power you have because of your abilities and personal traits. In my opinion, authority is
means want to control something in your hand. Formal authority means use law or rules to control
the store or public place. Informal authority means you want to control something by yourself,
nobody help you.
"Questioned Euclid 's "geometric principles" of a theorem: angles of a triangle is equal to 180 °.
Two thousand years, people always thought it was only right and proper, a universal theorem,
scientist's truth of this theorem is convinced. German mathematician Riemann inspired by the idea
of the Carthusian to be outside, so that the non–European collections emerged. Riemann noted that
Euclidean geometry is not applicable in all spaces, such as the surface of the earth, and the angles of
a triangle is greater than 180 °." (From website)
Example: In 2003, the SARS was virus in China, many professional doctor thought is not really bad
at that time. There was one doctor who named Zhong Nanshan didn't give up. After 1 month, the
fastest speed virus SARS. So many people dead for

Essay on Yoko Ono: Alternative and Conceptual Art Genius
Yoko Ono is known for being the famous John Lennon's wife and the scapegoat that is blamed for
breaking up the pop/rock sensation group, The Beatles. Unfortunately, She is lesser known and
given less media credit for being a fantastic alternative artist.
Ono focuses on installation, performance, and conceptual art. Installation art is defined by the artist
taking a whole space, room, or building like a museum and transforming it into their art exhibit. The
patrons walk in to see an exhibit and are encompassed not only by the art, but the emotions that fill
the room that is being portrayed by the artwork (DeWitte 240). Conceptual art is made when an
artist comes up with an idea but the making and follow through is done secondary, and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another conceptual piece was "Ceiling Painting" or "Yes Painting." The idea came from when John
Lennon was still alive. It consisted of a ladder that you had to climb with a magnifying glass waiting
for you when you reached the top. She wanted you to use the magnifying glass to look at the tiny
word written on the wall at the top reading "yes". (Jones 1). It was supposed to symbolize reaching
the top "and being rewarded with hope" (Jones 2) . She expected the audience to climb the same
ladder and find the same message of hope and determination to get there. Yoko Ono took this
process of making artwork and made a whole exhibition at the Museum of Contemporary Art in
Sydney, Australia. She named this exhibition "War Is Over (If you want it)". Almost all of the
exhibits were intended for people to participate in. The whole exhibition was filled with installation
pieces and conceptual art. The first piece was called "Play It By Trust" that consisted of brightly lit
tables, surrounded by two minimalist chairs, and ontop of the tables sat chess games to play with.
All of the chess pieces were white. The instructions were to play a game with a friend or stranger
while remembering which pieces belonged to whom (Allen). Another piece was called "My
Mommy is Beautiful." Yoko Ono wanted the audience to write a note directed towards or about their
mother onto a piece of paper and plaster them all over a designated

Art Reflection
Throughout my entire high school career, leading up to the first trimester of this year, I dreaded the
fact that I would eventually have to take an art class. For years I had lived with the impression that I
was not good at art and this was because I had never really tried or attempted anything very artistic.
So, once this year started and I saw 2 dimensional art was on my schedule for first trimester, I was a
bit annoyed. Before taking this class I had never had any desire to ever take an art class and
assumed I would not enjoy it. However, after having taken 2 dimensional art, I can confidently say
my perspective and opinion towards art has completely changed for the better. When we first started
this course at the beginning of the year, we began by making simple sketches of objects. Looking
back on some of my old sketches now, I can see the improvements I made throughout the year and
can feel proud of myself for exceeding my own expectations, however low they may have been. I
see two of my favorite sketches I did and am thoroughly shocked that I am the person who created
them. The two aforementioned sketches include a drawing of a round pot with horizontal lines
running across it and a sketch of a small toy robot standing up against a popcorn container. These
drawings would be nothing special to anyone else, but to me they signify the growth I went through
during 2D art this trimester and also show me that I am not as horrible at art as I had previously
believed.

Why I Chose Vanessa Place Is Not A Performance Poet
Biography
Born on May 10th, 1968, Vanessa Place is a novelist, poet and lawyer. She is has multiple
occupations. These occupations include, CEO of Vanessa Place Inc, co–director of Les Figues Press,
contributor to Xtra Art Quarterly and The Iowa Review, as well as an occasional screenwriter. Place
is also a pioneer of sorts. She was one of the first poets into conceptualism. Place wrote Notes on
Conceptualisms, a book of notes that define and are examples of what conceptualism consists of.
Appeals of Vanessa Place
I chose Vanessa Place because I have hopes of going to law school and am struck with awe to see
how structural yet creative Place can be. Place is not a performance poet. This conceptual poet is not
what we would call a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She did not remember telling the detective appellant said never take less than$50 for "head,"
explained "head" meant oral sex, or that a customer should touch her breasts or she should fondle
the customer's penis to make sure the person was not a police officer. Or that if she was going to a
hotel with a customer, she should first call appellant, or bring the money to appellant right after sex,
or that if she did all this she would be rewarded with pretty clothes and appellant would take care of
her. (RT 4:692– 695) (academia.edu)
Place's argument that her files are poetry is that the poem meets what she believes to be the criteria
of poetry. She says the poem has repetition or refrain, rhyme or assonance, and "there is a primacy
of language as language" (academia.edu).
Vanessa Place and Feminism
Vanessa Place is also a feminist of sorts. As a fellow feminist myself, I felt a connection with the
poet. Place wrote a paper titled Conceptualism is feminism. Within this paper, Place defines
conceptualism, poetry, and feminism. Place states in the paper, "woman only exists contextually–
one can only be woman relative to man. As everyone knows by now, the woman is what the man is
not, as such, she is defined–and must be defined–by man... (academia.edu)." Place's book, Boycott,
is a book of poetry filled with iconic female texts which Place

Advantages And Disadvantages Of LED
Domestic demand conditions are important for gaining a competitive advantage under pressure of
sophisticated or early buyer needs from local consumers. High domestic demand keeps companies
innovating and improving, encouraging competitive advantage over foreign rivals.
Related and supporting industries create a multiplier effect alongside strong domestic industries and
create clusters that encourage specialization in specific regions and sectors. Advantage is gained
through both cost and time effective local supply chains, social capital, flexibility in joint research
and development (R&D) and a web of local networks and business collaborations.
Last diamond of competitiveness according to Porter is: firm strategy, structure and rivalry. National
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As well as challenging the idea of prioritizing international integration in developing countries.
Thus, in this paper I will try to balance the ideas of the research without leading to one–sided
presentation of benefits that developing countries can access.
Review of literature and conceptual framework
LED has been practiced in industrialized countries for many decades. Since 1990 many developing
countries, especially in Latin America and South Africa, have passed legislation to encourage LED
activity. Despite this no single academic discipline has developed that conceptualizes the framework
of LED. Elements of LED encompass several disciplines such as the economics of geography,
sociology and regions as well as urban planning (Meyer–Stamer, 2005b).
In both academic and practical terms, LED has plenty of scope for growth. There remains a
misunderstanding of the concept of LED, as seen in the view that LED should be organized and
conducted under the auspices of central or regional government authority. LED, in actuality, should
be understood as a process and set of activities by local stakeholders that aims to generate income
and growth for local

Feminism In Olan's The Kiss Of The Artist
In addition, ORLAN was likely influenced by the existing art world and other contemporary artists.
At the time of this performance in 1977, the conceptual art movement was at its peak and
encouraging artists to stray away from the predisposed materialistic nature of art. Instead art was to
focus around thoughts and beliefs of the artists rather than skill or marketability. ORLAN's work in
"The Kiss of the Artist," is reminiscent of the movement as it deals less with art as an object and
more with a concept visualized as art. Similarly today, art without provoking thought can be
considered decoration, while art created to illustrate a concept has greater value both to people as
individuals and as a part of a greater society; Part of appreciating art is the process of attempting to
understand or assign meaning to it. In fact, the ideas that ORLAN presented in "The Kiss of the
Artist," are still relevant today. Unfortunately, women are still seen and treated as "less than" simply
because of their gender. Feminism has recently experienced an influx of interest and attention as
women's rights are at the forefront of government discussion and policy–making. Moreover, the
judgement of people based solely on their appearance is an issue still dealt with now, and it is an
especially prevalent issue with the recent increase in acceptance of various gender and sexual
identities. As ORLAN was communicating in "The Kiss of the Artist," a person is a person with the
same rights and

The Ethical Issues That Plague The Art World
What is visual art? Visual art refers to the expression of creativity through mixed media, installation
art, paintings, and sculptures. Visual art is an important component of humanity because it evokes
an emotional response from its viewers. An artist may be a child, a street bomber or me. A true artist
has the ability to create and evoke an emotional connection with an individual or a group through a
piece of art.
Visual art involves a range of interpersonal and societal perceptions that broadens our experience
and understanding of the world in which we live. Art also bridges the gap between cultural beliefs,
practices and religion, and allows us to see ourselves, as well as, our community through a different
lens. It enables us to imagine the unimaginable.
However, the art community and its stakeholders need to consider the ethical issues that plague the
art world. Ethics are the principles that guide an individual's choice, while; ethical practices are
rights and obligations that lead to the best possible outcome. In the art world ethics is based on
accountability and trust. Therefore, I will take a glimpse at three categories, and expose the ethical
issues from each category and describe the stakeholders' dilemma. I will examine the cause and
effects of communal responses toward art museums, public display of art, and art dealers and
buyers.
Ethics, Art, and Museums:
This portion of the paper will reflect the ethical issues of public museums. Public

Jenny Holzer's Truism Summary
The different pieces from the collection are straightforward facts about society and the comments
that have made a bold statement in day–to–day life. Holzer creates her work to be minimal,
conceptual and clear when presenting the statements. "By working in such a familiar medium, she
invites us to question the mass information we encounter daily in contemporary society, particularly
via politics and journalism." Holzer positions the pieces into society, only shocking the viewer when
they happen to notice the work and acknowledging the text. It is something that as a viewer you
would instantly read it as art. This makes the content of the work stand out and allows the
statements to sink in to society instead of it being dismissed as just art. The method of disguising the
art within media and advertising allows the political depth in the work to get noticed before the
work is classed as art. Jenny Holzer's single lined statements were the importance of the series. They
made viewers question the standards of society and the truths that had been set for them by social
acceptance. The series included statements such as: A man can't know what it's like to be a mother
Men are not monogamous by nature Enjoy yourself because you can't change ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
It is a piece that does not need an argument to confirm what the piece means. Truism collections of
text all lead back to society over expecting and wanting more than we have. The statement being
created with the simplest of mediums being text, shows how Holzer wanted to strip back the needs
of society and get to the point of the issues within the audience viewing her work on the streets of
America. Holzer's text–based artwork shows contemporary art is created in many forms, from paint
to performance art but always a visual

Management And Management Of Monitoring Employees
A managers are individuals that disseminate task, information to their employees, and monitors their
work to verify that the job is being done efficiently. Besides monitoring employees, one of their
main goal are to ensure that the company is earning the largest possible revenue in order to pay their
employees, other expenses, and to net a profit so that money can also be saved for a "rainy days".
For example, buying or repairing of equipment or dealing with civil law suits. According to Robbin
Coulter say, "A manage is someone who coordinates and oversees the work of other people so
organization goals can be accomplished (Coulter). In his book, he highlights that there are three
types of manager; top manager, middle manager, and first ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
However, the main skills top managers must have is conceptual skill because their main
responsibilities are dealing with making decisions such as creating innovative way create more
profit, creation of new products and confirming that the middle, and front managers are doing their
job both efficiently, and effectively. In class, we learned about the different types of managers. I
learned that there are basically two types of managers, the first type of manager is the "team leader",
and the other type of manager is the traditional manager. The team leader is the type of managers
that inspire their employees to think; they allow their employees to give feedback about how the
company should be operated. In addition, task are completed as a group with the manager activity
involved, and they allow their employees the freedom perform task in other innovative, modern
ways that may might be taboo for a company that is accustom of doing business just in one way.
Furthermore, this type of manager cares about their employees feel within the company, and tries to
make them feel as comfortable as possible by asking them what can be done to make their job
easier. Also, they acknowledges their employees accomplishments by personally telling them and by
public recognition. While on the other hand, the tradition manager does not

Definition Of Basis Management Principles
Introduction
Supervision is the activity carried out by supervisors to oversee the productivity and progress of
employees who report directly to the supervisors. Supervision is a management activity and
supervisors typically are considered to have a management role in the organization. The act of
planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling resources to include personnel, equipment,
communications, and facilities to accomplish a mission goal applies to many domains such as first
response systems, law enforcement, space missions.
As a manager or supervisor, you must aware to need a knowledgeable, professional manager
yourself and employee. A common problem between men and women are facing hospitality
supervision role is people.
This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Management principles are guidelines for the decisions and actions of managers.
Authority
Authority is the power an organization gives to a supervisor to do something or to get something
done. There are two types of authority: formal and informal. Formal authority comes with the
position a person holds in the organization. Informal authority, also referred to as personal authority,
is the power you have because of your abilities and personal traits. In my opinion, authority is
means want to control something in your hand. Formal authority means use law or rules to control
the store or public place. Informal authority means you want to control something by yourself,
nobody help you.
"Questioned Euclid 's "geometric principles" of a theorem: angles of a triangle is equal to 180 °.
Two thousand years, people always thought it was only right and proper, a universal theorem,
scientist's truth of this theorem is convinced. German mathematician Riemann inspired by the idea
of the Carthusian to be outside, so that the non–European collections emerged. Riemann noted that
Euclidean geometry is not applicable in all spaces, such as the surface of the earth, and the angles of
a triangle is greater than 180 °." (From website)
Example: In 2003, the SARS was virus in China, many professional doctor thought is not really bad
at that time. There was one doctor who named Zhong Nanshan didn't give up. After 1 month, the
fastest speed virus SARS. So many

New Ideas Of Art : Warhol, Yoko Ono, And Marina Abramovic
During the 1960s, new ideas in art began to emerge. The art world was introducing new various
types of art including, performance art, photography, videography, installation and conceptual ideas.
This era of art also pushed the boundaries between the traditional disciplines of art. Three artist that
have had a huge impact on art in the time period are, Andy Warhol, Yoko Ono, and Marina
Abramovic. Each of these artists embraced the new types of art in several ways. Andy Warhol is an
American artist from Pittsburgh Pennsylvania whose work was essential to this era of art. Warhol
had a career as a magazine ad illustrator which eventually led him to other disciplines of art such as
painting. Warhol is an essential artist in early performance and conceptual art because his artwork
created the concept of Pop Art. His early work focuses around commercialized products such as
soup cans and coke bottles. Warhol's art is different from previous artists because his works have the
ability to be mass produced, which is a new element within art at this time. His most famous piece
is, "Campbell's Soup Cans" which is made from Synthetic Polymer and paint on canvas. This piece
displays numerous, painted Campbell's Soup cans side by side in a repeating pattern. I personally
love the work of Andy Warhol. I particularly like his use of color and unity in each composition. In
addition, I like Warhol because he strays away from tradition art. To this day, Warhol 's approaches
to art making are

I Will Address Why Readymades Are Regarded As A Work Of Art
Throughout history we can find many art movements that caused great controversy but the dada
movement is one that continues to cause great controversy even now with their use of read–made
objects. Ready–made objects are a strong source of controversy because it pushes the borders of
concepts and meaning by using artworks that they didn't create themselves. In this essay I will
address why readymades' are regarded as a work of art despite the controversy behind them and how
they influenced conceptual art.
In Blindman Duchamp wrote an anonymous article about (Fig.1) in which he stated:
Whether Mr. Mutt with his own hands made the fountain or not has no importance. He chose it. He
took an ordinary article of life, placed it so that its useful significance disappeared under the new
title and point of view created a new thought for that object.
Here begins the controversy of taking a random object without any alteration and choosing to call it
art. (Fig. 1) was considered one of the most enigmatic icons in which Duchamp took a urinal and
signed it R.Mutt. The first time he submitted it was to the exhibition of the American Independents
Society exhibition in 1917 and it was rejected for its controversy. Duchamp was able to place this
work of art in a gallery because he believed that as an artist if he decided it was a work of art and
established its legitimacy as a work of art it became a work of art.
Ready–mades, as defined in Readymade and Assemblage in Database Art are:

Conceptual Gardening : An Architectural Style Of Gardening
Gardens play a vital role in defining the identity of a city, for they have the ability to break down
conceptual boundaries and hold significant meaning when used to their fullest potential.1 With
traditional garden design, there is a heavier emphasis on nature and environmental sustainability as
seen through the usage of foliage and stones as primary building materials. Over time however, a
new approach towards gardening has been developed; one that allows for this medium to break free
of its conventional restraints. This is attributed to the birth of the conceptual art movement in the
1960s which has proven to be greatly influential towards the advancement of modern gardening.
Conceptual gardening is an architectural style of gardening ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Artists in this field prioritize ideas over the product itself and focus most of their energy into the
creation of the piece through thought processes and methods of production, both of which are key to
creating intrinsic value. As a result, in many cases, "the actual drawing is considered much more a
piece of art than the finished drawing itself.4 In conclusion, the growth of this movement and what
it represents has had a large role in transforming landscaping into another platform for modern art.
Conceptual gardening restores the connection between art and garden design that was lost during the
19th and 20th centuries when plantsmanship began to rise in popularity.5 For conceptualists, the
traditional ideal garden, one that is created to provide aesthetic pleasure and ooze charm, represents
nothing more than the epitome of artlessness. There is little thought put towards its conception, and
it holds little significance with its mixed assortment of flowers and vegetables.6 A conceptual
garden, on the other hand, is created with the intent to convey a message and to elicit a response
from those who view it. The purpose is not to create a natural refuge. These bold landscapes can act
as a social, cultural, or historical commentaries, or even tell a story depending on what the creator
wishes to construct. Designers often take inspiration from the history behind the location of the site
they are building on

Text: Text And Art
Text has always been an integral part of visual arts and imagery. It has influenced and shaped the art
scene all over the world through the various ways it engages with it. The first way text and art
interplay is the use of text to come up with the subject matter of the artwork like for example the use
of the bible and its stories as the subject of a painting. This somehow seems like a direct connection
between text and art. However, there are many other ways in which art and text relate less directly.
The term "visual text" is a very obvious example of these relations. Visual text is a text that makes
its meaning with images and that can be "read" or decoded like written texts. Visual texts are often
carefully constructed by their composers. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Clarke and D. Clarke, "typography."). Text has also been a key element in the field of sign painting
which is "the art of painting on buildings, billboards or signboards for the purpose of announcing or
advertising products, services and events." (ref) which would evolved to text–based logos as well as
the use of text in advertisements for companies and brands. Moreover, textual art has been a
political tool through graffiti which is "the spray paint designs and words which disfigure so many
contemporary urban environments around the world." (M. Clarke and D. Clarke, "graffito."). Art has
also been integrated in text through concrete poetry which is "a type of poetry in which the physical
appearance of the words embodies or extends their meaning and which is therefore considered a
visual as well as a literary art." (Chilvers and Glaves–Smith, "Concrete poetry."), as well as through
altar poetry which is "a poem in which the verses or stanzas are so arranged that they form a design
on the page and take the shape of the subject of the poem" (Cuddon, "Altar

Joseph Kosuth 's Argument That Conceptual Art
This essay shall explore Joseph Kosuth's argument that Conceptual Art requires art to shift from
morphology to function; and therefore will investigate the meaning of this argument and how it has
affected artistic practice. It will explain the importance of how this argument has changed the way
the audience think about art. Subsequently it will outline several points of his argument and then
expand and explore them in more depth. To define the artistic terminology used above, the term
morphology is used to describe how a piece is constructed along with its overall aesthetics; whereas
function is used to describe what is being said by the piece and the concept behind it. Conceptual
Art emerged from abstraction and minimalism; it marked the end of modernism and questioned
what constitutes art, having its own values separate from the rest of the world. A key source that will
be referred to throughout this essay and which is regularly used for researching Kosuth's argument
is his 1969 text "Art after Philosophy".
Kosuth argues Conceptual Art requires art to shift from Morphology to Function. In other words he
states that the form of the work is secondary in importance to the context and reason for its creation;
therefore promoting a separation between art history and aesthetics. Therefore all elements which
are secondary to function should be removed and that the function of art is solely to address and
question art. He continues on to argue that the artists' idea or

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