Antiepileptic Activity And Pharmacognostical Study Of...

Antiepileptic Activity And Pharmacognostical Study Of...
Antiepileptic activity and Pharmacognostical study of leaves of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn.
Introduction
Epilepsy is one of the most common and well known serious neurological condition. The current
treatment of epilepsy is done with modern AEDs which is associated with side effects , dose related
and chronic toxicity, and even, approximately 30% of the patients continue to have seizures with
these current therapies and medicines. Because of this , natural products obtained from traditional
remedies can be considered as an alternative source for the AEDs with novel structures and shows
better safety and efficacy parameters. It is assumed that more than half of the medicinally active
pharmaceutical drugs are from natural products or either derivatives of natural products. The
presently available AEDs (Antiepileptic drugs )i.e., phenobarbitone, benzodiazepine, sodium
valproate and ethosuximide are associated with a number of short comings, dose related
neurotoxicity and other side effects. Though AED therapy is meant for a long duration usage ,
because of this , there is a risk of drug interactions and this problem is further compounded by the
high protein bindings for some drugs and potential for inducing hepatic enzymes. These limitations
with the conventional AEDs highlighted the need for developing newer agents for epilepsies.
Spaheranthus indicus Linn. is commonly known as "Mundi" and "East Indian globe–thistle ,
belongs to the family Asteraceae (Compositae). It
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome Case Study
3. If the NP suspects the patient is abusing opiates and sedatives, which class of medication poses
the greatest medical threat to the patient and why?
Include two main symptoms related to the medical threat. (15pts)
Answer:
Mr. HR's current medications include, Lisinorpil 5 mg PO BID for hypertension and Klonopin 1mg,
TID for anxiety. And he is requesting a refill of Oxycodone 15mg TID, prn for pain. Indeed, more
information, such as, the reason why he is taking antianxiety agent, the duration of Benzodiazepine
he has been taken and any drug to drug reaction he has been experiencing is needed in order to
evaluate the possibility of substance abuse disorder and withdrawal syndrome.
However, for the purpose of answering this question, if I ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Discuss one treatment concern that the NP will have relative to the potential for dependence and/or
withdrawal in the patient and why?(20pts)
Answer:
The physiologic effects of the opioids withdrawal syndrome include, arthralgias, diarrhea, myalgias,
abdominal cramping, rhinorrhea, piloerection, lacrimation, insomnia, and yawning as well as
temperature dysregulation. It is greatly suspected that Mr. HR was experiencing an opioid
withdrawal syndrome due to his medical presentations, such as, rhinorrhea, muscle aches, mild
sweating and increased lacrimation.
There are two medication management when a provider suspects the patient is abusing opiates.
First, methadone is one of the acute medication managements for the opioid withdrawal syndrome.
It can be used in outpatient and inpatient setting. The initiate dose is 20 to 30 mg, then increased to
40 to 60 mg if the patient still shows signs of withdrawal. Besides methadone, clonidine is another
regimen and can be used in an outpatient basis. The initial dose is 0.1mg PO TID, and the maximum
dose is 0.4 mg, PO, TID. If the patient's systolic blood pressure below 90 mmHg, then clonidine is
held. Both medications should slowly tapered, if the patient's withdrawal symptoms are suppressed.
(McCarron, M., Xiong, L., & Bourgeois, A.,

Symptoms And Treatment Of Hypochondriasis Disorder
Hypochondriasis Disorder
Hunter Boumans
Central Louisiana Technical Community College
DEFINITION–
Also referred to as "Illness anxiety disorder (IAD)", these patients are convinced they have a certain
disorder or disease despite not having any symptoms or possibly having mild symptoms. They may
worsen their symptoms on purpose or fabricate symptoms to exaggerate to the physician that they
have the diseases (different from malingering because with this, they believe they have the disease).
These patients are genuinely worried for their health and when medical exams reveal that there is
nothing wrong with them, severe anxiety may consume them to the point that they develop an actual
illness.
POSSIBLE CAUSE–
The exact causes remains unknown, but is believed to be psychological impairment owning to
environmental factors.
RISK FACTORS–
According to Cleveland Clinic: o HX of childhood illness o HX of childhood neglect or abuse o
Possible symptoms such as severe headaches o Severe life stress o Having another mental disorder
(Major depression, phobia, anxiety, schizophrenia)
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS–
According to Psych Central:
1. The time the disturbance has affected the person must be longer than 6 months
2. The disturbance is not better accounted for by another underlying psych disorder
3. The disorder causes distress in their work life, social life, and other areas of daily functioning.
4. Misinterpreting minor symptoms often
5. Visiting the doctor

Diazepam Research Paper
Diazepam (Valium) was developed by Leo Sternbach in early 1960s and approved for use in 1963.
Since 1969 Valium was the most sold pharmasutical drug in the United States . In therapeutic doses
diazepam has a much stronger sedative effect compared to barbiturates.
Death rarely results from diazepam overdose. Diazepam pharmacologic classificaition is
benzodiazepine and therapeutic classification is as an anti–anxiety agent, anticonvulsant, sedative/
hypnotic and skeletal muscle relaxant. You can use Diazepam for Anxiety Disorders and other
issues. It can be used in the treatment of status epilepticus and for uncontrolled seizures as well as a
skeletal muscle relaxant. It can also be used to treat acute myocardial infarction with associated
anxiety and insomnia. Diazepam suppresses the central nervous system by binding to the GABA
receptor–chloride channels in the CNS. It inhibits spinal polysynaptic afferent pathways which
causes relaxation in skeletal muscles. Due to enhanced presynaptic inhibition it has anticonvulsant
properties. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First you could start with non–pharmacological like listening to music, having a stress ball and
squeezing it when overwhelmed with anxiety, sitting and initiating deep breathing exercises and
relaxation therapy. A person can participate in psychotherapy, which is a one on one counseling
where the emotional response to mental illness is addressed, this treatment is a process in which a
mental health professional helps people by talking through strategies for understanding and dealing
with their anxiety. Anxiety disorders cannot be prevented but it can be controlled by limiting or
stopping the use of caffeinated product, such as coffee, tea, soda, and energy drinks. Athetosis is a
neuro impairment in which there is a slow, writhing, repetitive involuntary movement of flexion,
extension, pronation, and supination of the toes and feet but mostly of the

Why Dog Sedative Is Useful?
How dog sedative is useful?
Description: dog sedative is needed for making the dogs more lively and energetic. The dogs will be
kept away from varied nerve–related troubles that are very much dangerous for physical and
psychological health.
Dog stress, anxiety, phobia and fear can be well–treated by means of using dog sedative. If your dog
is not free from all these mental troubles, then it will not be able to enjoy the social life well.
Sometimes, treating these troubles can be considered as one of the most important parts of dog
grooming. If you want to make your dog more interactive and lively, then you have t use these
sedatives but only the prescribed ones will cater necessary benefits.
There are many dog psychologists who often recommend these sedatives to pet dogs suffering from
any of these psychological disorders. First, the dogs are thoroughly accessed and then only these
sedatives are being prescribed. Some of these sedatives are quite powerful as a result of which your
dogs might feel a bit dizzy all the time. Though dg sedatives can be collected as OTC but you
should not do the same in case your dog has got any physical allergies.
Why sedatives are prescribed to pet dogs?
Dog sedative is often prescribed to pet dogs so that they can be calmed by means of reducing acute
nervousness.
These sedatives can help the dogs to get complete freedom from all kinds of psychological disorders
that are coming in the way of their interaction with humans.
There are

Movie Sex And The City
The romantic comedy movie Sex and the City was centered on four main characters. The story was
told in the point of view of the main character, Carrie Bradshaw. For the purpose of the concept
analysis paper, we were told to evaluate possible characters who may exhibit possible mental
disorders. According to MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary (2015), a mental disorder is define as the
disorganization of emotions, personality, and mind that have a serious impact on the normal
psychological functioning of a person. There were several examples presented in the movie,
however three characters revealed the most examples of a mental disorder. Movie Plot The movie
Sex and the City was based off the series Sex and the City, in the movie began 4 years after the
series ended in New York City. Carrie Bradshaw is the main character and the narrator for the movie
and the storyline is based on her and her three best friends, Miranda Hobbes, Charlotte York, and
Samantha Jones. Carrie Bradshaw has been in a long term relationship with Mr. Big and they have
decided to live together which turns into getting married. Carrie begins to plans her wedding
accompanied by the help of her four best friends. Along with helping Carrie plan her wedding her
best friends have lives and problems of their own. Charlotte York and her husband have recently
adopted a child after realizing Charlotte was unable to conceive. Later in the movie Charlotte
actually becomes pregnant and is able to birth her own child.

Ativan Research Paper
Are You Educated on Ativan?
To those who are about to take Ativan for the first time or the hundredth time: do you want to learn
every little detail about the medication you are about to swallow? In order to learn as much as
possible about your medication, read the Ativan product description in detail.
General Description
Ativan is a medication used for treating anxiety, insomnia, nervousness and other problems. It is
also used to reduce the discomfort of alcohol withdrawal and chemotherapy. Basically, the
medication contains lorazepam, which calms the brain and the nerves. The medication is a white
powder that is insoluble in water. Ativan also comes in the form of tablets or injections. The drug
most commonly comes in the form of tablets. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The intensity of sedation depends on the dosage and several other factors.
How do I use the medication?
The medication can be taken with or without food, as per your doctor's order. The Ativan product
description might help you to learn a lot about how to take the medication, but will not help you
determine your dosage level. Your dosage level depends on a lot of factors such as your age, the
type of medical condition Ativan is meant to be treating for you, your medical history, and other
factors.
If the doctor has advised you to use the medication regularly, remember to take the medication at the
same time every day. If you happen to miss a dose, take the dose immediately. Do not compensate
for the missed dose by taking twice the amount of your assigned dosage the next day.
Side effects of using the medication
The main reason why patients should read the Ativan product description is to know the list of
possible side effects from taking the medication. The most common side effects are drowsiness,
headaches, and constipation, lack or increasement of appetite, change in sex drive, nausea and
blurred vision. If these symptoms get worse over time and begin to disrupt your normal life, check
with your

Diazepam
Potential interactions and factors that affect the use of Diazepam:
The major dynamic interactions of Diazepam occur with other CNS depressant drugs including
ethanol, non–benzodiazepine sedative hypnotics, barbiturates and drugs with CNS anticholinergic
effects such as antihistamines, tricyclic antidepressants and opioids, which cause synergetic increase
in CNS depression (INCHEM: Diazepam monograph, 1990). In relation to the potential drug
interactions specific to Mrs G, concurrent administration of hepatic enzyme inhibitor such as
omeprazole can reduce the clearance of Diazepam and enhance the action of Diazepam (Medsafe:
Arrow– Diazepam monograph, 2013). Moreover, the concomitant administration of anti–anxiety
agents such as Nozinan ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gershkovich et al. (2015) highlight that Diazepam is not the drug of choice for treating AWS in
cirrhosis patients as Diazepam undergoes oxidative metabolism in liver by CYP 2 C19 and CYP
3A4 and shows impaired metabolic rate in cirrhosis patients like Mrs G leading to increased plasma
concentration of Diazepam and its accumulation causing worsening of symptoms. Evidence
suggests that Lorazepam could be used for Mrs G, instead of Diazepam, as Lorazepam undergoes
glucorinidation rather than oxidative metabolism and glucorinidation is not or minimally affected by
liver cirrhosis (Peppers, 1996; Gershkovich et al., 2015). It must be noted that IV Lorazepam is not
licensed to use in New Zealand and therefore needs patient consent (CCDHB,

Fluoxetine Research Paper
Fluoxetine is also known as Prozac, common antidepressant drug (1). It works as selective,
competitive reversible antagonist of serotonin receptor that prevent reuptake of serotonin from
synapse (2). Due to selectivity, little effect on other neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and
noradrenaline. It increase the concentration of serotonin at the synapse and serotonergic neuronal
transmission strength, and it triggers negative feedback loop of serotonin, which reduce the
conversion of tryptophan to serotonin (3). Fluoxetine does not display species difference, but effect
as antidepressant is depend on the dose thought out number of studies. Fluoxetine is administrated
as tablets with usual starting dose of fluoxetine is 20mg per day, and it ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is also known to cause drug interaction in dose dependence manner, single and multiple dose of
30mg did not affect the elimination or area under the curve (AUC) of diazepam 10mg, tolbutamide
1000mg or chlorothiazide 500mg, or of secobarbitone (secobarbital) 150mg, but 60mg prolonged
the elimination of diazepam, but physiological responses to diazepam were unaffected (3). Also,
fluoxetine might have enhanced the toxic effects of other drugs, such as, cocaine because of its
weak pro–arrhythmogenic properties (10). Therefore, the concentration of fluoxetine and
norfluoxetine is important.
The concentration could be altered due to level and activation of CYP450. Fluoxetine is substrate of
CYP2D6 and CYP2C9, and potent inhibitor of CYP2D6, and moderate inhibitor of CYP2C9, 2C19,
and 3A4 (11). One study shows genetic predisposition is mostly due to CYP2C9 (12). Another case
report shows fluoxetine related death of a child with defect at CYP2D6 gene locus on chromosome
22 (poor metaboliser), due to high level of fluoxetine along with other drugs (methylphenidate,
promethazine, and clonidine)

A. Root Cause Analysis. Healthcare Facilities Accredited
A. Root Cause Analysis
Healthcare facilities accredited by Joint Commission have an obligation to conduct a root cause
analysis (RCA) after a sentinel event Root cause analysis (RCA) is a process that is used to identify
origin of a problem in a system in order to develop corrective action plan. In healthcare sector, root
cause analysis, therefore, is conducted to determine the factors that contributed to a sentinel event.
Root Cause Analysis of the scenario
The subject patient: Mr. B
Age: 67–year
Day: Thursday
Timeline of events
3:30 p.m.: Mr. B. arrives at triage accompanied by his son. Assessment results – B/P 120/80, HR–88
(regular), T–98.6, R–32, weight 175 pounds, pain 10/10, Left leg appears shortened with edema in
the calf, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nurse J places an automatic blood pressure machine on the patient. Nurse J leaves his room and the
patient's son to remain in the room
4:35 p.m.: B/P 110/62, Oxygen saturation is 92%. Nurse J and the LPN on duty receives the
emergency transport patient, and they are also discharging two other patients. ED lobby is congested
with new patients.
4:40 p.m.: Oxygen saturation alarm goes off. Oxygen saturation is 85%. LPN enters patient's room
and resets the alarm and repeats the B/P reading. Nurse J is assessing the respiratory distress patient
and ordering respiratory treatments, Chest X–ray, and labs.
4:43 p.m.: Mr. B's son informs the nurse that the "monitor is alarming." Nurse J enters the room. B/P
is 58/30 and Oxygen saturation is 79%, respiration is 0, no palpable pulse.
A STAT CODE is called. Patient is connected to the cardiac monitor. Heart rhythm is ventricular
fibrillation. CPR is initiated by the RN. Patient is intubated and defibrillated. Reversal agents, IV
fluids, and vasopressors are administered.
5:13 p.m.: heart rhythm is normal sinus, B/P is 110/70, and pulse is palpable. Patient not breathing
on his own and is fully dependent on the ventilator. Pupils are fixed and dilated. No spontaneous
movements and not responding to noxious stimuli. Air transport is called. Patient is transferred to a

tertiary facility for advanced care.
Patient outcome
Day 7: Brain death is confirmed by EEG data. Patient dies after life–support is

Oxazepam Research Paper
Oxazepam
It is the prototype of (3–OH) of 1, 4 benzodiazepine–2–one
Chemical structure :
IUPAC Name :
7–Chloro– 3–hydroxy– 5–phenyl– 1,3–dihydro–1,4– benzodiazepine –2–one.
Uses:
Oxazepam is used
1–for reducing the nervous tension
2– for treating anxiety
3– for treating alcohol withdrawal
4– For treating anxiety associated with depression
5–for treating social phobia
6–for treating post traumatic disorder
7– for treating insomnia
Side effects:
Less serious side effect including headache, drowsiness, vomiting, nausea, dizziness and
constipation.
Serious side effect including confusion, hallucination, decreased inhibitions and no fear of danger.
Mechanism of action:
Oxazepam has an anxiolytic effect as it potentiates the effect of GABA by acting on GABA
receptors. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Metabolism:
Oxazepam has short duration and rapid conjugation with glucouronic acid than diazepam or
nordazepam.
3–OH make it more polar so it has rapid conjugation and less accumulation in the body
** oxazepam can be used for patients with liver dysfunction as it has low accumulation level in the
body so will cause less adverse reaction.
** In neonates, oxazepam storage occurs in some organs like heart so they will have high risk of
accumulation.
**During pregnancy and breast feeding, the oxazepam is exerted in breast milk.

Dosage form:
Oxazepam presents in the market as form of tablets or capsule in concentration ranging from 10 to
15 to 30 mg.
*Conclusion part
Oxazepam is safer than other benzodiazepine.
Oxazepam has short duration and rapid conjugation with glucouronic acid than diazepam or
nordazepam.
3–OH make it more polar so it has rapid conjugation and less accumulation in the

Recreational Xanax Use Is Bad
Recreational Xanax Use is bad
"Xanax more addictive than Heroin", "Klonopin killed my parents" said Dr. Thorax and "Daniel
Rogers" (Youtube: Dr. TanVi Amid) (Active addict) Xanax is a drug that has helped anxiety in
people's lives for many years. However; Xanax has also lead to thousands of deaths. Xanax is a
member of the Benzodiazepine family. Xanax (Alprazolam) is a drug that is prescribed for anxiety
to 48 million people every year. That is billions of pills going out every day to reduce anxiety.
Addiction to this drug can have tremendous effects on one 's body and mind. If someone's bottle is
refilled late and they don't have access to their prescription, then they can suffer life threatening
withdrawal, especially on high doses. 48 million people are prescribed this drug. The chances are
high that one may know someone who is willing to give or sell their prescription to them. Xanax
and others can be obtained through doctors and even more commonly, presses. Alprazolam and
Klonopins can be crushed up with other drugs for the average street user. These "presses" cannot be
prescribed from a doctor. Normally dosed at higher levels, they can be very dangerous – sometimes
lethal, drugs. [Does not agree that it should be used in a medical field]
Doctor shopping is a huge part of "benzodiazepine trade." Florida has no regulations on
prescriptions, and this means that one can go to pain clinics and use one 's MRI results and get up to
"thousands of pills a day." Says

Components in the Formation of Different Medicines Essay...
Chemistry has affected people for years. It will always be a major component in how life
progresses. We use chemistry every day when we cook. We use it every day when simply brushing
our teeth. Toothpaste contains Fluorine. It is a very intense aggressive and reactive element. It is the
substance in toothpaste that whitens our teeth. As you can see there are many things that chemistry
contributes to. Chemistry is a big component of the formation of different medicines. Without
chemistry medicines I have had to take would not even exist. I recently had to take medicine called
Ativan or also known as Lorazepam. Lorazepam is a medicine that comes from a group called
benzodiazepines. It is a medicine for anxiety. It was made from Wyeth ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I just wanted to stop and relax but I felt like I could not. Anxiety is a strong emotion that takes over
many people when they become overwhelmed with tasks or issues in their lives. Without chemistry
I would have not been able to have the medicine that I needed.
There are many other ways to cope with anxiety than medicine. However some people don't have
the time so medicine can be a really amazing thing. Some people including my brothers went to
therapists. Some do yoga, breathing methods, and just talking to people. Anxiety can get out of hand
quickly. When It gets out of hand it can become a very dangerous cycle. Although Lorazepam can
be very helpful, it can also harm people. Just like every other medicine it has many possible side
effects. It can cause depression, hypotension, shortness in breath, dizziness, and weakness. It can
also cause severe respiratory failure. If you take it when you are pregnant it can kill the baby and
cause issues when it comes to breast feeding. It has many issues however it is usually not fatal when
people overdose. Ativan can be a highly aggressive and addictive drug. It is recommended to only
take only for two to four weeks. The medicine stays in your system for eighteen to thirty six hours.
Withdrawals from the medicine can cause seizures, insomnia and more intense anxiety. It can be
injected, ingested in pill form, or worn in form of skin patches. The majority of people that get

Atrazine Research Paper
Atrazine is a herbicide of the triazene class. It is used to prevent pre and postemergence broadleaf
weeds in crops such as maize and sugarcane and on turf, such as golf courses and residential lawns.
Also, made in a lab and not naturally. How is Atrazine used? It is sprayed on plants, grass, and
weeds. Why is it used? It is used to kill weeds and unwanted plants that are in places people don't
want them to be. Also, used heavily by farmers on crops. What happens when it enters the
environment? Atrazine is known to be slow to break down. It is found in streams, rivers, lakes, and
drinking water. It mainly spreads from runoff because of rain, but can also be absorbed into the air.
How can humans be exposed to the chemical, how can it be

Family History Of Personality Disorders
DEFINITION–
Condition where the client disregards others feelings and behaves upon impulse to benefit
themselves, without remorse for emotion/physical damages down to others.
POSSIBLE CAUSE–
According to Mayo Clinic:
Cause is not yet identified. It is believed:
Brain damage may induce this disorder
Genetics may influence susceptibility
RISK FACTORS–
Childhood abuse or neglect
Family history of personality disorders
Diagnosis of other personality disorders
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS–
According to Mayo Clinic:
Blatant neglect of rules & authority
Habitually lying and deceiving others
Similar symptoms to narcissistic personality disorder
Arrogance
Criminal behavior
Impulsive behavior
Hostility when confronted about behavior
Abusive relationships
Financially irresponsible substance abuse
Manipulating others for self–benefit
TREATMENT–
Most people with this disorder do not seek medical attention, but are confronted with intervention
therapy when it becomes dangerous.
 Therapy–
Talk therapy– to manage anger and violence , treatment for substance abuse, and treatment for other
mental health conditions.
 Medication–
There has not been any approved medications for this disorder, the patient may be prescribed
medication to treat stemming disorders like ADHD, or anxiety.
Classification Name
SSRI Sertraline, Escitalopram, Citalopram, Fluvoxamine, Fluoxetine, Paroxetine Benzodiazepines

Buspirone alprazolam (Xanax, Xanax XR) clobazam (Onfi)
clonazepam

Unusual Circumstances
Management in Unusual Circumstances:
Consider options in difficult to control patients
Discuss with the medical team.
Only give >120mg of Diazepam per day after medical review.
Switching to IV diazepam
Administer IV diazepam emulsion as a bolus by peripheral or central route. Administer the
undiluted emulsion at a rate of 1ml per minute (5mg per minute). Give a dose of 10mg every 30–60
minutes until symptoms are subside or the patient markedly sedated.
Usual maximum dose is 30mg in 24 hours.
Monitor for symptoms of withdrawal and sedation.
For patients with liver failure, use IV Lorazepam 1mg to 2mg every 5 minutes until the patient is
awake but calm.
In elderly patients, consider using half the recommended adult dose.
Monitor ECG, blood ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It may be more appropriate to assess physical symptoms objectively and use a FIXED reduction
regime immediately.
Start at Day 2 of the 5–day withdrawal scale
If using a FIXED reducing regime, it may be necessary to use "prn" Chlordiazepoxide on top of the
fixed regime I the first 24 hours to prevent "breakthrough" withdrawal symptoms. If the "prn" doses
are utilised a review of the fixed regimen doses are needed after 24 hours. The doses will need to
increase to take into account the "prn" utilisation.
Elderly patients
To minimize adverse effects associated with benzodiazepines (e.g. over sedation, confusion, and
ataxia) in the elderly it is important to bear in mind the start low and go–slow rule. In general,
recommended to use half the dose of the benzodiazepine.
Patients with liver failure
The metabolism of Diazepam is impaired in liver disease, but it may be used cautiously in mild to
moderate impairment (reduce the dose by 50%).
For patients with severe or acute liver impairment, use lorazepam as an alternative as its metabolism
is not impaired in liver disease.
Pregnant

What Is Schizoid Personality Disorder?
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Hunter Boumans
Central Louisiana Technical Community College
DEFINITION–
Aka SPD, is a "Cluster A" disorder characterized by a lack of interest in relationships, a tendency
towards a solitary or sheltered lifestyle, emotional coldness, and apathy. These people may seem
distant, detached, and indifferent in their interactions. Schizoid personality disorder is NOT the
same as schizophrenia despite their names being similar, however some of the behavioral symptoms
may be alike.
POSSIBLE CAUSE/RISK FACTORS–
The specific cause of SPD is unknown, however genetic and environmental factors during
childhood may cause a development of this disorder.
Risk Factors– Blood relative who has schizoid personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder
or schizophrenia. Growing up in a non–nurturing household or in a situation without parents (such
as orphanage).
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS–
Prefer to be alone majority of the time.
Take pleasure in only a few activities
No social relationships
Indifferent to praise or criticism
Express little to no emotion
They do not care about appearance
Prefer to work alone
They do not enjoy social activities
TREATMENT–
 Therapy– people with this SPD don't usually seek medical attention because they don't feel they
need relief, and they don't like interacting with doctors in a social setting. When medical attention is
sought, group or individual talk therapy is used to increase coping skills,

The Percentage Of Each Dental Treatment Essay
the percentage of each dental treatment include: 8% puplectomy, 32% pulpotomy,
44% permanent filling and 16% were extraction.
For group III, the percentage of each dental treatment include: 0% puplectomy,
12% pulpotomy, 32% permanent filling and only 56% were extraction. Dentist 's assessments of
children acceptance demonstrated that the treatments without difficulty were performed in 68% of
children in group I and 44% of group II, meanwhile could not find in group III. The treatments with
some difficulty with the help of parents holding were performed in
32% of children in group I, 56% in group
II and 20% in group III.
The treatments were performed with extreme difficulty only in 80% of children in group III who did
not agree to any treatment whatsoever (Figure 5).
Percentage (%)
Al – Rafidain Dent J
Vol. 12, No2, 2012
Rectal and oral sedation with diazepam in children needed dental treatment
326
without difficulty with some difficulty with extreme difficulty 68
32
0
44
56
0 0
20
80
Rectal
Oral
Placebo
Figure (5): comparison in treatment acceptance between rectally, orally and placebo groups
assessment by the dentist 's.
Table (3) demonstrated the groups – treatments acceptance Crosstabulation that showed that the
major number of children
(17) of group I treated without difficulty, the major number of children (14) of group II treated with
some difficulty with the help of parents holding, meanwhile the major number of children (20) of
group III treated with extreme

A simple and rapid reversed phase-high performance liquid...
A simple and rapid reversed phase–high performance liquid chromatographic (RP–HPLC) method
was proposed for simultaneous determination of imipramine hydrochloride and diazepam in
pharmaceutical formulations. Elution was done utilizing methanol: water: 0.1%m sodium acetate
(30:50:20 v/v/v) mobile phase with Chromosil C18 column in isocratic mode, at a flow rate of 1.0
ml/minute and detection wavelength of 243 nm. The measured retention times for imipramine
hydrochloride and diazepam were 3.33±0.02 and 4.64±0.02 minutes, respectively. Validation of the
method was established from linearity, robustness and recovery studies. Linearity was measured in
the range 5–50 µg/ml for imipramine hydrochloride (r2=0.999) and in the range 2–20 µg/ml for ...
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It was also determined in human serum [4, 9] and urine [4, 9].
Diazepam has been studied separately, in combination with other benzodiazepines and with other
drugs [12–16]. It was studied in pharmaceutical form, blood and plasma [12–16]. These studies
were carried out using analytical methods such as chromatography [13], HPLC [14,15], second–
derivative spectrophotometry [5,16], fluorimetry [17], differential pulse polarographic determination
[18] and capillary electrophoresis [19].
In this paper, we present the development of a method for quantitative and simultaneous estimation
of imipramine hydrochloride and diazepam. The developed method was validated by measuring
linearity range, limit of detection, precision, accuracy, robustness, recovery, ruggedness and
specificity based on ICH guidelines [20]. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first work
reporting simultaneous determination of IPM and DZM drug combination by RP–HPLC method
using ultraviolet (UV) detection.
The chemicals methanol and water (pH between 5 and 8) were HPLC grade and were purchased
from Merck chemicals private limited, Mumbai. Sodium acetate and acetic acid used in this work
were analytical grade purchased from Merck chemicals,

Benefits And Treatment Of Dissociative Identity Disorder
Diazepam Paired With Psychotherapy Dissociative Identity Disorder is a disorder that is hardly
talked about, however has extreme effects on patients that suffer with it. However, this topic is
important because it can lead to finding treatments that may be more effective for patients with DID.
Past studies have shown that the main treatment for Dissociative Identity Disorder usually involves
therapy. The most popular types of therapy are psychotherapy, hypnotherapy, and family therapy.
Treatment for DID has a specific purpose which is to unite an individual with their personalities,
and form a functional identity (Pais, 2009). Additionally, a strength of past studies is that they
usually do a follow up on patients. Another strength is that the participants are usually all of
different ages. One limitation is that there is never enough participants for research, another
limitation is that there aren't many treatment options to try on patients. Furthermore, is diazepam
useful when paired with psychotherapy? Moreover, my study will be unique because there has only
been one case that tried lorazepam, which is a similar drug to diazepam, and it proved to be
successful (Mushtaq, Shoib, Arif, Shah, Mushtaq, 2014). Also, my study will have more than one
patient, to have more accurate results. Finally, diazepam and psychotherapy could be a good
treatment for DID. Method
Participants/Subjects
It

Essay The Chemistry and Effects of Benzodiazepines (BZD)
Benzodiazepines (BZD) represents an important class of compounds of a wide range of
pharmacological effects and therapeutic uses. This project discusses the classification, mechanism
of action, major pharmacological effects and adverse reactions of BZD. It also reports on the
chemical synthesis and important physicochemical properties of BZD. The influence of the
chemical structure's modification of BZD upon drug's potency, physicochemical characteristics,
pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism were elucidated. A problem of drug abuse of BZD either
alone or in combination with other central nervous system (CNS) depressants was reviewed.
Forensic analysis of BZD in biological samples for screening and confirmation of BZD abusers in
forensic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
flunitrazepam and oxazepam are used as hypnotics and sedatives, however, triazolam and diazepam
are used as anxiolytics and muscle relaxants. Alprazolam, however, known be used as an
antidepressant, whereas BZD including diazepam and clonazepam are clinically prescribed as
antiepileptics. This research assay will include an overview of representative examples of BZD (fig.
2), important physical and chemical characteristics, pharmacology, disposition, abuse and
toxicological parameters, and important principles of analysis. Figure 1: The general chemical
structure of benzodiazepines, Adapted from (19) Table 1: Chemical functional groups of selected
BZD, Adapted from (19) Compounds R1 R2 R3 R4 Diazepam Cl CH3 H – Temazepam Cl CH3 H
3:OH Fludiazepam Cl CH3 F – Diapotassium Clorazepate Cl H H 3:CHOOK Medazepam Cl CH3
H 2:CH2 Clordiazepoxide Cl – H 2:CNHCH3;4:NO Nitrazepam NO2 H H – Clonazepam NO2 H
Cl – Bromazepam Br H – 5:C–pyridine Triazolam Cl – Cl 1,2: 1–methyltriazolo Midazolam Cl – F
1,2: 1–methyltriazolo Clonazepam Clobazam Diazepam

Dissociative Disorder Case Studies
DEFINITION–
(DPD) Also called depersonalization–derealization syndrome is a dissociative disorder in which the
client has feelings of depersonalization or derealization this alteration of reality can be either in self
or in their surroundings. It can be constant or intermittent. Some people with DPD have described it
as feeling "detached from their body", or "senseless, emotionless", "preforming life on autopilot".
POSSIBLE CAUSE–
According to Cleveland Clinic– o Biological and environmental factors o People with less show of
emotions o PTSD, from trauma such as natural disaster, abuse, etc.
RISK FACTORS–
According to Mayo Clinic– o Personality traits that cause pt. to avoid difficult emotions o Victim of
or observed trauma, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Observe patients behaviors. Rational– they may not seem disoriented in behavior but may
internalize and project it when no one is watching because they are confused about what is
happening to their body.
5. Practice grounding techniques with the patient. Rational– to reorient them and so they can
reorient themselves when they need it and no one is there to assist. Grab a chair, cold water,
undressing and redressing, brushing their hair, looking in the mirror, etc.
6. Provide hands–on distractions for the patient. Rational– DPD is less likely to occur when the
patient is interacting with real objects and can feel them.
7. Encourage the patient to participate in group talk therapy. Rational– other people may have
similar disorders and may be able to share techniques they use to reorient themselves.
8. Encourage family to visit as much as possible and bring personal items from home for the patient
to have. Rational– change of environment may precipitate DPD, by having familiar company and
items they can ground themselves to treatment reality.
PROGNOSIS–
Symptoms usually subside after treatment for underlying stressor such as abuse or accident; these
people usually make 100% recovery. If the underlying cause is not addressed, there is high chance
of reoccurring or worsening

Benzodiazepines Research Paper
The benzodiazepines, with their anxiolytic, sedative, anticonvulsant and myorelaxant properties are
commonly used in the fields of psychiatry and neurology. They were originally introduced as an
alternative to meprobamate and the barbiturates, as their lethal dosage was only slightly higher than
their therapeutic dose. With the rise in the prescription of benzodiazepines for short–term insomnia
and anxiety relief, and the subsequent rise of cases featuring benzodiazepine abuse, it seems ever
more important that an alternative devoid of abuse and dependence potential is found, without
compromising effectiveness. Dependence is much more likely when used long–term, as tolerance is
built up and the dosage escalates. Several alternatives exist for ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The majority of GABAA receptors contain an alpha–1, 2, 3 or 5 subunits. The receptor allows for
the transmission of Cl– anions when its ligand, GABA, docks to it between the alpha and beta
subunits. The binding of GABA to its receptor enlarges the chloride channels, and so allowing more
chloride ions to move into the neuron, hyperpolarising it. The effect of this is to slow down the rate
of neuronal firing. It also contains other allosteric binding sites, allowing for benzodiazepines,
barbiturates, alcohol, meprobamate and other drugs to affect it. The subunit to which a
benzodiazepine binds is shown to contribute to its effects: binding at the alpha–1 or 5 subunits leads
to sedation, while binding to the alpha–2 or 3 subunits is associated with

Diazepam In Regards To Chronic Use: A Case Study
Cultural and Physiology Implications of Diazepam in Regards to Chronic Use
Across the Asian Community Every person metabolizes medications at different rates due to a
variety of factors and only some factors can the exact explanation for observed differences between
racial groups. When looking at psychoactive drugs, such as Diazepam, ethnical differences in
consumption can be seen by observations of how the dug is metabolized. The genetic difference of
rate of metabolism helps explain why consumption of a psychoactive drug affects individuals with
different ethnic backgrounds differently. As more interest in the area of Ethnic Psychopharmacology
in research suggests, individuals have been found based upon their ethnic background to respond
differently to psychotropic medication. For an example: "groups of Asian patients have been shown
to be "poor metabolizers" of certain drugs and often require lower dosages to achieve desired
therapeutic effects" (Pharmacology and the Nursing Process, 2016). When pointing out ethnical
differences it is important to remain aware of cultural bias and racism. Finding the truth can ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This medication is no longer considered the most common prescribed drug. Diazepam can be used
"for the relief of anxiety, management of alcohol, reversal of status epileptics, preoperative sedation,
and as an adjunct for the relief of skeletal muscle spasms" (Pharmacology and the Nursing Process,
2016). Diazepam is rapidly absorbed and this medications' half–life can be anywhere from 10 on up
to 100 hrs. Depending on several factors such as metabolic changes, kidney/liver problems, dosage
of the medication, frequencies with which it is taken can in turn cause slower rates to eliminate from
the body. Some side effects of Diazepam include dizziness, drowsiness, irritability, and nausea and
muscle

Alprazolam
One example of a type of benzodiazepine is alprazolam. Alprazolam is a scientifically proven
effective benzodiazepine for generalized anxiety disorders and panic disorders (Griffin, Kaye, &
Kaye, 2013). It is short acting and highly potent, with an elimination half–life of 6.3 to 26.9 hours
(Griffin, Kaye, & Kaye, 2013). Due to its short elimination half–life, a prevalent issue found with
alprazolam is that high levels of anxiety occur abruptly after discontinuing the drug (Griffin, Kaye,
& Kaye, 2013). It belongs in the triazolo subgroup of benzodiazepines, as it has a triazolo ring at the
1,2 position, and a carbon chain attached to it (Maddison, Page, & Church , 2008). The triazolo ring
is a five–membered ring made up of three nitrogen and two carbon atoms. There are also two double
bonds present. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the expression of inhibitory activity, the presence of an electronegative group is present at this
position (Hruby & Vardanyan, 2006). This type of benzodiazepine is readily absorbed in the body,
with peak concentrations times in the plasma of around one to two hours after administration
(Xanax, 2014). The presence of an –OH group make compounds less lipophilic and thus are
absorbed slower (Griffin, Kaye, & Kaye, 2013). Since there isn't any –OH group attached to
alprazolam, it is a high protein bound agent (80%), and has a fast absorption rate and onset of action
(Griffin, Kaye, & Kaye, 2013). With faster absorption rates, means a faster distribution rate to the
brain and the GABA–A receptors (Griffin, Kaye, & Kaye, 2013)Alprazolam is metabolized by the
cytochrome P450 enzymes into two major metabolites called 4–hydroxyalprazolam and α–
hydroxyalprazolam (Alprazolam Intensol, n.d.). The drug and its metabolites are then excreted in
the urine (Alprazolam Intensol, n.d.). The synthesis of alprazolam is from 2–chloroquinoline
(Crasto, n.d.) (Refer to Appendix

Status Epilepticus
Evaluating a drug study (Valproate versus diazepam for generalized convulsive status epilepticus).
Ethical:
This study was ethical approved by the Ethics Committee of Xuanwu Hospital at the Capital
Medical University in Beijing, China. The authors disclosed no conflict of interest. The funding
source was funded by Capital Medical University's foundation.
Inform consent was obtained from the legal representatives of the patients that were admitted to the
intensive care unit. The only patients that were allowed to enroll were individuals who failed first–
line (intravenous injection of diazepam) anticonvulsants. In the United States, lorazepam is
considered the first–line drug for status epilepticus, but in China lorazepam is not available. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Efficacy is based on the drug being equally effective as other medications in treating SE. Keeping
the patient safe and monitoring adverse side effects are essential when administering anticonvulsant
drug therapy.
Experimental methods:
This study design was an open–label randomized controlled trial. A total of 66 patients enrolled in
this study with a mean age of 41 years old that were admitted in the intensive care unit from 2007 to
2010. The mean age was between 40.8 to 41.4 between both groups. Of the 66 participants there
were 36 men and 30 women that participated in this study. The seizure etiology included epilepsy
related, virus encephalitis, cerebrovascular disease, and other. The duration of seizures varied from
under four hours to over 24 hours.
The inclusion criteria included patients (15 years of age or older) with SE lasting five minutes of
continuous seizures or two or more discrete seizures with incomplete recovery of consciousness.
The participants that were allowed to enroll were individuals that failed first–line therapy of
intravenous injection of diazepam (0.2 mg/kg) that was given twice with ten minute

Valium Abuse Prescription Drug
Valium is a medicine commonly used for treatment of various degrees of anxiety, but it is also one
of the most commonly abused prescription drugs. Valium has an interesting history, and is an easily
accessible drug, which makes it a commonly abused drug. People prescribed Valium, those who use
it for medicinal purposes only, will remain harmfree from the effects of drug abuse. Once a person
becomes addicted it is very hard for them to stop. There are multiple negative effects on those who
disuse and abuse Valium.
Valium, also known as diazepam, was created in 1960, by a scientist named Dr. Leo Sternbach, and
a type of benzodiazepine. The term benzodiazepine refers to a type of psychoactive drug that
crosses the blood–brain barrier and has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For those addicted or going withdrawal, contacting Valium support groups, help hotlines, or better
yet, rehab, are the best ways for them to safely wean off of the depressant. An addict must slowly
take less and less Valium per hit in order to safely stop the drug. While an addict is going through
rehabilitation, he or she experience a variety of withdrawal symptoms, but it is lesser than effects of
ending the drug without being weaned. If the prescribed Valium was used safely or a long period of
time, patients weaned off of the drug experience a metallic taste in their mouths, an increased heart
rate, occasional vision blurs or momentary dizziness. These symptoms are both for those addicts
who abused the drug, and for patients prescribed the drug for prolonged time

Drugs And The Treatment Of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome Essay
Has anyone ever known an alcoholic? Perhaps someone you love such as a spouse, a family
member, or a friend? Have you ever wished there was a magic pill that could cure Alcohol Use
Disorder (AUD) and Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome (AWS)? Researchers have discovered
medications that could cure this disorder. In the article "Baclofen in the Treatment of Alcohol
Withdrawal Syndrome: A Comparative Study vs Diazepam", authors Giovanni Addolorato, MD,
Lorenzo Leggio, MD, Ludovico Abenavoli, MD, Roberta Agabio, MD, Fabio Caputo, MD,
Esmeralda Capristo, MD, Giancarlo Colombo, PhD, Gian Luigi Gessa, MD, and Giovanni
Gasbarrini, MD discuss the benefits of using medication to aide in the side effects of AWS. Alcohol
Use Disorder (AUD) is a debilitating disease that should be treated using the medications Baclofen
or Diazepam because research has shown that both medications significantly reduce anxiety,
tremors, shakes, and agitation which are symptoms of alcohol withdrawal symptoms (AWS)
(baclofen.org, 2006). AUD is a pattern of uncontrollable alcohol consumption. It causes a person's
life to be preoccupied with alcohol, and if not consumed, it causes AWS. It can range from mild to
severe, but a mild case can escalate and lead to serious problems. It is important to treat even a mild
case as early as possible (mayoclinic.org, 2015).
Alcoholism affects vital organs in the human body such as the liver, the heart and the brain. The
liver is affected by alcohol after years of

Medicare Part D: A Case Study
Some may ask what Medicare Part D is, it is a fully optional coverage offered by most private
insurance companies, and its main priority is to cover the prescription drug cost for Medicare
Recipients. For Virginia Medicare Recipients you have many options to choose from when it comes
to looking for Medicare Part D plans and it could be very stressful for most people to choose a plan
especially when there is so much information about each plan. Cost for prescription drug plans may
vary depending on your location most of these plans also require you to pay a monthly premium,
annual deductible, and copay. I went to Medicare.gov and clicked on find health and drug plans,
then typed in 24091 which happens to be my zip code we only have one pharmacy ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The five drugs I used are listed here: Diazepam TAB 5MG, Fenofibrate TAB 145MG, Metformin
Hcl TAB 500MG, Montelukast Sodium TAB 10MG, and Tramadol Hcl TAB 500MG. The drugs I
choose where formulary and did have restrictions, the drugs that I found out had restrictions were
Diazepam TAB 50MG with a restriction of 120 TABS every 30 days, Metformin Hcl TAB 500MG
with a restriction of 150 TABS every 30 Days, and Tramadol Hcl TAB 500MG with a restriction of
240 TABS every 30 days. One of the main reasons I choose Silver Scripst Choice was because the
annual drug deductibles cost was $0 even though the copay is anywhere from $3–$46 or 33%–46%
the monthly premium is extremely cheap coming in at only $23.40 which is one of the lowest
monthly premiums I saw with no annual drug deductibles. Now if I have to help a friend family
member, I know which drug plan would be the best with the lowest price, the main reason I choose
this plan was because the other plans were ridiculous and most of the plans annual drug deductibles
were anywhere $250–$360 with monthly premiums being from $18.40–$49.20 with the copay not
even calculated into that it doesn't sound like a lot, but it is a lot for prescriptions to most elderly
recipients of Medicare who only have so much money to live off of each month and for them every
cent

Synergistic Effect On Barbiturates
Question 2 The most toxic substance tested was the combination of diazepam and secobarbital
sodium with a 96 hour LD50 value of 6.31mg/kg/d when compared to the least toxic substance
diazepam with its 96 hour LD50 value of 794.32mg/kg/d. This synergistic effect is due to both
barbiturates such as secobarbital sodium and diazepam a benzodiazepine, both are an allosteric
activator of γ–aminobutyric acid (GABA) and specifically the GABAA receptor. For diazepam
binding is localised between the γ– and α– subunits. However, GABAA receptors also contain
alternative allosteric modulatory sites for the binding of secobarbital sodium, however the precise
location is yet to be determined. Although, the α–subunit is believed to play a role (Löscher &
Rogawski, 2012; Makkar, Zhang, & ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These are ligand gated chloride–selective ion channels that become activated by GABA. The
binding of the previously stated substances increases the binding of GABA, this has the effect of
increasing the total transport of chloride ions across the cell membrane of the neuron. The increase
in chloride ions within the neuron, hyperpolarizing the membrane potential. Therefore, the
difference in resting potential and threshold potential is increased, this causes firing to be less likely.
This decreases the chances of firing within the neurons. Causing the desired outcomes, such as
initiate sleep and a calming effect (Tan et al., 2011). Diazepam can cause such outcomes in two
ways, the first by increasing the binding ability of GABA to activate the receptor and the second by
increasing the chance of chloride channel opening as a response to GABA binding. Secobarbital
sodium is similar due to producing the same effects as diazepam at lower concentrations but when
the concentration rises. Secobarbital sodium directly activates the GABA receptor. This suggests
two binding sites which are specific to barbiturates. This explains the higher 96 hour LD50 values
compared to diazepam (Makkar et

Essay on Dealing With Stress
Dealing With Stress Before we look at different methods of dealing with stress we must first define
stress and find out what causes stress. There are 3 definitions of stress: 1. The response definition:
this is Selye's approach; it means that any stimulus that causes a stress response is by definition, a
stressor. 2. The stimulus definition: This definition argues that we can agree that certain events are
stressful, so therefore any reaction they provoke can be called a stress response. Unfortunately there
are individual differences and we cant assume that what one person is stressed by everyone else is
also stressed by. 3. The transactional model: This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They should only be prescribed for short periods only. * All drugs have side effects and BZ's are no
different, they can cause drowsiness and affect the human memory. * The drugs treat the symptoms
of stress and not the causes. Most problems are psychological so drugs may prevent the patient from
discovering the source of the stress and prevent it from continuing. Another method of dealing with
stress and stressors is the idea of 'Hardiness'. Kobassa stated that the concept of 'Hardiness' is central
to understanding why some people are vulnerable to stress and stress related illnesses, and others are
not. Hardiness includes a range of personality factors, which, if present, provide a defence against
the effects of stress. These factors are: * Control: The belief that you have control of what happens
in your life and all your actions decide what happens to you. * Commitment: This is a sense of
involvement in the world around you. * Challenge: This is where people see life changes as
challenges that can be overcome, or as opportunities, rather then as threats and stressors. Kobasa has
presented evidence at people who have high scores on scales that measure Hardiness are
significantly less likely to suffer from stress–related physical and psychological disorders, then
those

How Kava Is An Herb Of The Western Pacific Islands
Kava is an herb found in the western pacific islands. Kava is a sacred plant that had been used in
multiple varieties of ways, particularly ceremonially and medicinally, in the western pacific for
centuries. Kava is used to "relieve anxiety, restlessness, sleeplessness, and stress–related symptoms
such as muscle tension or spasm. Kava may also relieve pain". Kava comes in many forms, the
traditional one being tea, but also "as a dietary supplement in powder and tincture (extract in
alcohol) forms".
Does it work? Well, according to WebMD (not the greatest source, but it is the source for many
Americans on basic health information so I am using it in my paper as a baseline for American
understanding of kava) kava is known to have, "a calming ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In the United States though, kava is fully legal in every capacity.
The most serious concern about kava is the effect kava has on those who take it and then try to
operate a motor vehicle. One study published in the Journal, Public Library of Science investigated
the, "the association between kava use and the risk of four–wheeled motor vehicle crashes in Fiji".
This study was a, "population–based case–control study. Data was collected by structured
interviewer administered questionnaires of self–reported participant data on demographic
characteristics and a range of risk factors including kava use and potential confounders". This study
found that, "overall, 23% and 4% of drivers of case and control vehicles, respectively, reported
consuming kava in the 12 hours prior to the crash or road survey. After controlling for assessed
confounders, driving following kava use was associated with a four–fold increase in the odds of
crash involvement (Odds ratio: 4.70; 95% CI: 1.90–11.63). The related population attributable risk
was 18.37% (95% CI: 13.77–22.72). Acknowledging limited statistical power, we did not find a
significant interaction in this association with concurrent alcohol use". This study concluded that,
"in a setting where recreational kava consumption is common, driving following the use of kava
was associated with a significant excess of serious–injury involved road crashes. The precautionary
principle would suggest road safety strategies should explicitly

Gentle Strength
The show Gentle Strength is an event includes ten dances. These dances were choreographed by the
dance majors in the dance department.. This event took place in Santa Ana College at the Phillips
Hall. All the dances had a different style and also their costumes.. Every dance turned out amazing
and the dancers just danced marvellous. I was really impressed with all the dances, but two really
stood out to me. There was some that I really did not understand or just lacked something. Even
though all the dances were amazing, there was one that inspired me and one really did not inspire
me. The dance that really inspired me was Diazepam, choreographed by Catalina Leon. I really
liked how she did a dance about her anxiety because many people get

The Death Of The World
Ali strolled in on a colleague, likewise a decent companion that has worked with for as far back as
five years his name is Adie, his taking diazepam, a drug used in the treatment of anxiety or muscle
spasms. Adie expressed that he had forgotten to carry his own prescribed ones in a hurry to get to
work that day, and he could not skip his scheduled time to take the drug. Adie is asking Ali not to
say anything to anybody and guarantees it was just a one–time thing, and it could never happen
again. Ali believes him and chooses not to educate anybody concerning what simply happened. At
that point a month later Ali see him taking another dose of diazepam, putting them in his pocket
without checking with anyone and minutes after Ali see him go into the toilet. Recollecting the
occurrence that happened the last month before, Ali went in into the toilet not long after he has gone
in and a wrapping of diazepam was found. Ali chooses not to let him know he had seen all the
happenings.
Resolving the dilemma with NMC code of ethics As an authorized professional medical attendant
would be the main individual included in settling on the choice on regardless of whether to report
your associate's activities, being as you were the only one who saw the occasion (Garwood–Gowers,
Tingle, Wheat, 2010). NMC code of conduct that states 'respect people 's right to privacy and
confidentiality '(NMC, 2015), according to the dilemma Adie is asking Ali not to say anything to
anybody,

Successful Completion Of The Procedure
ISSN: 1812–1217
Al – Rafidain Dent J
Vol. 12, No2, 2012
322
successful completion of the procedure and potentially minimize risk to the patient.
There are a variety of sedatives available. Most of the standard and most popular sedatives have
been in existence for almost 100 years. (4)
The pediatric dental literature contains numerous reports on various medications
(e.g., nitrous oxide, opioids, benzodiazepines, chloral hydrate, barbiturates and antihistamines)
which have been administrated alone or in combination. (5 – 9)
Diazepam has been used to manage an uncooperative child in a dental setting.
It is a water insoluble benzodiazepine and requires the organic solvent propylene glycol to dissolve
it. Propylene glycol is most likely responsible for renoirritation and thrombophebitis that may occur
during injection. Diazepam undergoes metabolism to active desmethyl diazepam and oxazepam that
can produce sedation 6 – 8 hours after its initial administration (10).
Diazepam is sedative – hypnotic agent and act in the brain on specific receptors enhancing
GABAergic transmission. Flumazenil can be used to reverse the sedative action of diazepam but
repeated doses are needed (11). Diazepam is very popular sedating agents due to its wide margin of
safety and it has wide therapeutic index. It has many pharmacological effects which include:
sedation, hypnosis, anesthesia, anticonvulsant effects, muscle relaxation and effects on respiration
and cardiovascular function. It is indicated

Chlorpromache Research Paper
This week I learnt about chlorpromazine, which is an antipsychotic. It is also used in short–term
management of anxiety, agitation or disturbed behaviour in non–psychotic disorders.
Chlorpromazine is an antagonist of many receptors, which include α1 adrenoceptor, M3 muscarinic
receptor, H1 Histamine receptor, 5HT2 receptor, dopamine D2 receptor and angiotensin II AT1
receptor. This illustrates one of the pharmacology principles, which is selectivity of a drug. A highly
selective drug ('clean drug') binds to only one receptor or molecular target whereas a drug having
low selectivity ('dirty drug') will bind to many targets in the body. Binding upon many receptors can
produce many effects but some effects are not desired. For example, chlorpromazine ... Show more
Morphine mimics endogenous opioids and activates opioid receptors in the central and peripheral
nervous systems. Opioid receptors are G protein coupled receptors which are coupled to Gi protein.
Upon binding of morphine to opioid receptors, it triggers the inhibition of adenylate cyclase enzyme
and ultimately stops the firing of impulses for nociceptive information. After repeated activation of
opioid receptors by morphine, some receptors can be desensitised and binding of morphine to these
receptors can no longer stops the neurotransmission. As a consequence, tolerance to morphine
develops. When a drug is used repeatedly over time, tolerance can develop as the body adapts to the
presence of the drug in the body. Therefore, a higher dose is required to achieve the same desired
effect. For example, for morphine, if tolerance develops, a higher dose is needed in order to attain
the same analgesic effect. Moreover, one of the adverse effects of morphine when it is used for long
term to relieve pain is physical dependence. Dependence develops as a result of tolerance, leading to
a resetting of homeostatic mechanisms that require the continued presence of drug for normal
function. Therefore, if chronic treatment is stopped suddenly or an antagonist is given, withdrawal
symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, sweating, anxiety can

Psychotherapeutic Agent Essay
Define psychotherapeutic agents. Briefly describe conditions that psychotherapeutiv agents are used
to treat.
Psychotherapeutic agents are used to treat psychosis by altering mood and behavior. Each type of
psychotherapeutic agent act differently but they can affect the mind through receptor block, by
inhibition of transporters and ect. The significant role of psychotherapeutic agents in the effective
treatment of mental illness is largely dependent on the disorder for that they are largely prescribed.
In some cases where mental illness is biological, such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia,
pharmaceutical therapy with psychotherapeutic drugs is used as a primary form of treatment. In
other cases, like in dissociative disorder or personality ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Using psychotherapeutic agents on older adults put them more at risk because they may have
physical symptoms such as dry mouth, headache, etc. somatic complications which may lead to
conditions that seriously impair the patient's health, such as tardive dyskinesia or choleostatic
jaundice, behavioral toxicity, noxious modifications of the patient's behavior as the serious result of
the drug's action, psycho–motor retardation, drug–dependence, etc. Compliance problems, i.e.
unreliable or irregular adherence to the drug prescribed regime by the patient. Restriction of the
patient's learning capacity, that may represent an obstacle to the application of treatment modalities,
e.g. to the patient's social re–adaptation or behavior modification. With psychotherapy,
Psychodynamic interference, e.g. by diminishing the patient's motivation in order to pursue this kind
of treatment or by disturbing the structure of his defenses. Reducing the physicians' therapeutic
efficacy if he or she relies on psychotropic agents exclusively. The nursing measures to implement
when working with these patients and include the rationale for each measure are to monitor in close
observation and report each and every medical improvement and its related complication with their
concerned doctor immediately. The nurse should provide the medicine and get the lab test and its
results in a timely manner without any delay under any conditions, situations and

An Improved Approach Of Conscious Sedation
An Improved Approach to Conscious Sedation Amy Shapen Western Governors University An
Improved Approach to Conscious Sedation This task will analyze a given patient scenario with a
poor outcome and a root cause analysis will determine the causative factors that led to the event, a
plan for improvement will de proposed, and analysis of the likelihood the improvements will be
successful will be recommended. Patient Summary One afternoon a 67 year–old man presented to
the emergency department of a small, rural hospital complaining of severe left leg and hip pain
following a fall at home. The patient had no past history of falls. He had a history of impaired
glucose intolerance, prostate cancer, hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidemia. The patient's current
medications were atorvastatin and oxycodone for chronic back pain. The patient stated his pain was
ten out of ten on a scale of one to ten with ten being the worst. The left leg appeared shorter than the
right, edema was present in the calf, as was ecchymosis and he had limited range of motion. After
an evaluation in triage by a registered nurse and a subsequent examination by the emergency
department physician, a plan was established to sedate the patient using moderation sedation
protocol and perform a manual reduction of the hip. Root Cause Analysis The patient was sedated
with diazepam and hydromorphone, appeared to be sedated, and a successful reduction took place.
After the procedure, the

Opipramol Research Paper
Chemicals We obtained opipramol and ketamine from Sigma, USA and caffeine powder from
Merck, USA. Diazepam and normal saline were procured from Daru Pakhsh Pharmaceutical Co.,
Iran. We dissolved opipramol, ketamine and caffeine in saline. We used all compounds by
intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection 30 minutes before the administration of caffeine. All compounds were
used in a volume of 0.1 ml per10 g of animal's body weight. Animals and treatments Male albino
Swiss strain of mice were prepared form Razi Institute (Tehran, Iran). We kept animals in the
plexiglass cages (5 animals per each cage) on a regular dark/light cycles (12h/12h), controlled
temperature (22 ±2 °C) and free access to food and water. We randomly allocated a total of 72 mice
into the 9 separate groups (n=8). We used opipramol in 3 different doses (10, 20 and 50 mg/kg),
ketamine (50mg/kg), dantrolene (40mg/kg), opipramole (20mg/kg) plus ketamine (50mg/kg),
opipramole (20mg/kg) plus dantrolene (40mg/kg), diazepam (5 mg/kg as a positive control) and
vehicle 30 minutes before the injection of caffeine. The experiment was approved by the Animal
Ethics Committee of the Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, which is in accordance with the
European Communities Council to minimize the number and suffering of animals. ... Show more
After the injection of caffeine, mice were placed in the separate cages and monitored for the 30
minute. According to the Łukawski et al. experiment (18), we considered 3 seconds clonus of whole
animal body with loss of righting reflex as the clonic seizure. We recorded the onset of caffeine–
induced clonic and generalized tonic–clonic seizures and the time of death of

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