The Theory Of Planned Behavior (TPB)

The Theory Of Planned Behavior (TPB)
1.9.1 Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)
The TPB (Ajzen, 1985; 1991) was developed following an extension of the socio psychological
Theory of Reasoned Action or TRA (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980; Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975) as a
result of the original model's limitations in dealing with behaviours over which people have
incomplete volitional control. According to the theory, both attitude toward behaviour (Act) and
subjective norms (SN) are immediate determinants of intention to perform behaviour. The TPB
further proposes that intention to perform behaviour is the immediate cause of such behaviour. It
represents motivational components, that is, the extent to which a person will exercise conscious
effort in carrying out any intended behavioural actions. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fisbein & Ajzen, 1975). Specifically, it proposes that perceived behavioural control (PBC), in
conjunction with attitude and subjective norms, is a direct predictor of behavioural intention.
According to Ajzen (1985, 1991), behavioural intention is the cognitive representation of a person's
readiness to perform a given behaviour, and it is considered to be an immediate antecedent of actual
behaviour. In the current context, intention is broadly described as the consumers' propensity to
adopt Internet technology in relation to online travel transactions within a B2C e–commerce
consumer oriented market. It is focusing on one dimensional behavioural intention, that is,
propensity towards online purchase transactions of travel services
The following sub–section highlights relevant literatures pertaining to the identified constructs
within
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Theory Of Planned Behavior Paper
The key predisposing factor that influences homeless veteran's poor choice of diet is their perceived
lack of control. For this reason, the constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) can be used
to help understand and determine the beliefs that stimulate this behavior. Previous studies have
shown that homeless veterans' exhibit constant worry over perceived lack of control in regards to
diet choice (Rojas–Guyler et al., 2014), and perceived control is a major construct of the TPB. The
TPB asserts that intention and perceptions of capability will govern the likelihood that individuals
will execute a particular behavior (McDermott et al., 2015). Consequently, homeless veterans will
display a strong intention to eat the recommended daily ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hence, an effective intervention targeting the identified constructs (perceived control, self–efficacy,
and social support) should be created to change homeless veterans eating behaviors. One possible
intervention would be ten–week educational workshops that include diabetes screening protocols,
job opportunities, cooking sessions, and resume and a cover letter session. At the end of the
intervention, environmental changes such as temporary homes for homeless veterans would be
provided. Before the intervention can be carried out, the intervention program would be promoted
using various forms of advertisements. For instance, the program would be advertised through
flyers, brochures, bridge signs, and posters throughout the community (e.g., grocery stores, bars, VA
facilities, homeless shelters, and clinics). In terms of where the program would take place, a large
workshop space such as the YMCA or VA facilities would be rented. Space would include offices,
cooking areas (include cooking materials), and classrooms equipped with computers, paper, writing
utensils, printers, fax machine, telephone, etc. Members of the community, as well as veterans,
would be employed as staff. The staff would also include a nutritionist/dietitian, a nurse practitioner,
a yoga instructor, and a motivational speaker who would end each workshop session. Also,

The Theory Of Planned Behaviour
Executive Summary
This report will endeavour to explain the theory of planned behaviour. The report will outline a
detailed explanation of the theory highlighting all aspects of the theory in some detail with
examples. The report will delve into the applications of the theory of planned behaviour. The report
will highlight the necessary steps in obtaining information needed for the application of the theory.
The theory will then be used to provide an explanation of the behaviour. Strengths and weakness
will be covered throughout the report, via the use of academic journals to assist with the
explanations. Limitations and advantages of the theory of planned behaviour will be covered as well
as recommendations of how the theory can be improved.
What is the theory of planned behaviour?
'Attitudes, intentions and behavior have been combined in a comprehensive model of consumer
choice called the theory of planned behavior.' (East, Wright & Vanhuele 2013, p. 139)
The theory of planned behaviour has been used across many diverse fields; it has assisted
researchers in explaining and predicting health behaviours and intentions which include smoking
and drinking and has been used in conjunction with internet use and buying environmentally
friendly products. The vital factor to this theory is behavioural intent; behavioural intentions are
influenced by the attitude of the individual. The attitude is directed towards the likelihood that the
behaviour will have an

Planned Behavior Health Theories Analysis
There is a biblical text that states, "when I want to do right I do wrong". Ok, so where am I going
with this discussion? No one perfect..... Yes, surprise not one person falls into the perfect category.
So, now, that the playing field is leveled; let's play, shall we. Butts and Rich (2018) introduced us to
Behavior Health Theories (BHT) and emphasized how advanced practice nurses utilize these
theories to evoke change in their patients (p. 244). There are many BHT but these few are the most
popular: Behavioral Health Model, Social Cognitive Theory and Theory of Reasoned Action and
Theory of Planned Behavior (Butts and Rich, 2018, p. 242). Although, we will not go into depth
discussing the difference in the theories; it's important

Theory Of Planned Behavior Analysis
Behavioral beliefs are beliefs that implementing of a certain behavior will lead to outcomes of a
positive or negative attitude. Normative beliefs refer to perception of individual cognitive behavioral
on normative social pressure that one should or should not do such behavior. Control beliefs are
beliefs of each individual about the presence of factors that may lead to performance of the behavior
favorably or unfavorably (Ajzen & Fishbein , 2010). So, applying The Theory of Planned Behavior
on smoking is also conducted in turn to predict the attitude, social norms of personal and cognitive
control of behavior affecting their intent to performing acts. The 1) attitude of smokers is the
confidence of each individual towards the goal is to give

Gratification Theory Of Planned Behavior
The selected theories and concepts for this research will be used in designing the questions and
setting the measures for the questionnaire and the interviews as well. In addition, the theories and
behavioral models will be used in analyzing and better understand the data obtained and in setting
up the results of the research. The research will include the uses gratification theory as it will
explore a media usage motivation in depth. It states that people are actively seeking for different
media tools that would help them satisfy their needs (Katz, Blumler & Gurevitch, 1974). This theory
will provide insights into the specific motivation of hook up and casual sex found on Tinder. Next to
this, the use of media in general is highly prominent in the lives of emerging adults; they spend
more time on media than on any other activity (Coyne, Padilla–Walker & ... Show more content on
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This concept will be used in attempts to understand how and why people practice a risky sexual
behavior . People might go for casual sex or go for unprotected sex if they think they can control the
outcome of such a behavior by talking medications or following post un–protected sex procedures.
The Theory of Planned Behavior: The basic assumption of TPB is the fact that beliefs are the
fundamental determinants of any behavior and therefore, risk behavior can be changed by modifying
the underlying beliefs. According to the TPB, attitudes, social norms and perceived behavioral
control influence intention that represents the proximal determinant of behavior (AJZEN – ‎
1991).
This theory will serve as a guide to assess the beliefs, attitudes and norms that would encourage
people to practice a risky sexual behavior and accept the motive of casual sex and hook up on

Icek Ajzen Theory Of Planned Behavior
Theory of Planned Behavior – Dana Hall
In today's society, we have a mental health crisis that affects everyone, especially the veteran
population. Mental health crisis range from one extreme to another being death, suicide or homicide.
A goal for health care providers is to prevent these types of those extremes from happening. The
most widely used social cognition model for predicting and explaining health behavior is the Theory
of Planned Behavior (Ogden, 2003).
Icek Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior was used as a framework to explain the relationship
between one's attitude and behavior and whether or not it can be predicted and or prevented. What
the Theory of Planned Behavior focuses on are three kinds of views, behavioral beliefs, normative
beliefs and control beliefs (Ajzens, 1971). Atzens suggests that "behavioral beliefs focus on the
likelihood of the outcome of behavior and the evaluation and whether or not they have a positive or
negative attitude toward the behavior itself. Normative belief focuses on the expectations of others
and the motivation to comply with those said expectations and if it is viewed as a result of social
pressure or subjective norm (Ajzens, 1971). Control beliefs go on to focus on factors that may
positively or negatively influence performance of that behavior and the thought power of those
factors and perceived behavioral control. When you consider all of these three views, you develop
behavioral intention" (1971). It is suggested

Planned Behavior Theory
The Theory of Planned Behavior (TBP) is a theory proposed by Icek Ajzen in 1975, whereby
evolved from the Theory of Reasoned Action, which was, published jointly with his mentor and
colleague Martin Fishbein. Icek Ajzen is a prominent social psychologist that received his highest
degree, a PhD in Psychology from the University of Illinois Urbana Champaign in 1969. Ajzen
currently holds a position as a Professor of Psychology at the University of Massachusetts Amherst
(Pious, 2012). The Theory of Planned Behavior was designed to analyze the link between attitudes
and behavior and help to predict and explain human behavior. The thought behind the theory is that
it will help to understand how we can change people's behavior. The theory is based on three
defining factors about beliefs. The three types include normative beliefs, behavioral and control
beliefs. Behavioral beliefs are described as the attitude that she hold towards the behavior, while ...
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For the purposes of this paper, the TPB can also be utilized. Research shows that investigators have
begun to rely on the TBP in an attempt to predict and understand people's intentions to initiate
actions or participate in certain behaviors. The theory can be used to predict patient satisfaction and
compliance by guiding you in your focus or observation of behavioral actions to predict the effects
that nursing interventions have on the behaviors that are directed toward health promotion.
Johansson (2002) states that it is a prerequisite for the patient's perception of satisfaction with the
nursing care which often is the determining factor of whether the client will comply or not so
therefore these behaviors can be predicted utilizing the TPB since the actions of others (the nurse)
and your actions fall into the belief categories which ultimately lead to the

Theory Of Planned Behavior (TPB)
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)
The theory of Planned Behavior built further on the theory of Reasoned Action by Martin Fishben
and Icek Ajzen in 1985. The theory of Reasoned Action needed to be developing because it did not
account specific behaviors, which people has little control or no control over it. Thereon, Ajzen
(1998) added the perceived control notion, which is similar to the self–efficacy concept of Social
Cognitive Theory of Bandura (1977). Now, this theory takes to account for factors outside of a
person's full control by perceived behavioral control. Theory of Planned Behavior proves useful for
detailing the psychological processes underlying a wide range of health behavior (Conner and
Sparks, 1996; Godin and Kok, 1996). In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Intention is influenced by attention, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control (Ajzen,
2006). Most of the studies have found attitudes to be more important than subjective norms in
predicting intentions, confirming the weak support for the role of subjective norms as compared to
attitudes in predicting intentions (Ajzen, 1991). Attitude is defined as a cognitive process influenced
by personal experiences and is expressed by either behavioral or emotional responses (Fishbein &
Ajzen, 2010). The stronger the attitude is toward quitting the better the predictor of one's intention to
quit smoking (Fazio, 2001). According to TPB, the attitude relates both positive and negative beliefs
about the behavior. To addressing the importance of attitude, this leaflet aims to developed positive
belief on individuals that they are capable to quit smoking. Researches put evidence that 'quitting to
smoke' improves quality of life in many ways: psychologically and physically. That is why this
leaflet draws attention on beneficial outcomes of quitting to smoke and emphasize positive effects of
it on our life by targeted attitude with messages, such as "Stop smoking! Make a positive difference
to your health", "teeth whiten, breath smells fresher, fertility increase and financial improves" and
some long–term benefits highlighted as well for example: "There lots of benefits of giving up! After
72 hours: Breathing becomes easier. Energy levels increase. After 2–12 weeks: Circulation
improves..." On the other hand, the leaflet targeted negative side of smoking as well. To pointed out
the undesirable effects, messages include how smoking affect on individuals health for example:
"For a smoker, most of the diseases occur after the age of 50 and these smoking related illnesses can
be long–term and fatal", "About 120,000 people in the UK die each year because of the smoking".
Furthermore in an adult

Theory Of Planned Behavior
In the Public Field, we are constantly applying theories in order to better understand how the public
works and to better assist the communities in different aspects of health. According to Glanz, Rimer,
and Viswanath (2008), theories in which focus on beliefs and actions of individuals are the first
theories of health behavior that are still being practiced around the world today. The individual
theories either known as intrapersonal theories that are still being used today are the following:
Health Belief Model (HBM), Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), Transtheoretical Model (TTM),
and the Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) (Glanz, Rimer, & Viswanath, 2008). Each one
of these individual theories can be applied to different scenarios ... Show more content on
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Although many programs apply these theories, there can be advantages and disadvantages of
integrating them into prevention programs. A disadvantage in theories in which actions are required
in a program is that policy or social context could be affected (Glanz, Rimer, & Viswanath, 2008).
Mammography screening is an example of this. Policies may require that the women test at a certain
age. One of the advantages of integrating these theories into prevention programs is that these
theories can be useful to find out why people are not following positive health behaviors (National
Institute of Health, n.d.). An example would be of a person who over eats due to his or her situation
at home. Therefore, the program may want to incorporate the Health Belief Model to change the
way they think about that health behavior. The second advantage of applying a theory to a
prevention program is that theories allow us to understand targeted health behaviors (National
Institute of Health, n.d.). In an addiction program, it would be important to understand targeted
health behaviors in order to know which form of intervention is going to be assessed in the

Theory Of Reasoned Action
2.5.1 Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)
Theory of Reasoned Action is a model for prediction of behavioral intention spanning prediction of
attitudes and normative beliefs (Southey, 2011; Pai & Huang, 2011). This theory has been used by
researchers for technology adoption studies (Southey, 2011). The theory has developed by Martin
Fishbein and Icek Ajzen (1975, 1980). Sadeghi and Farokhian (2011) stated, according to this
theory, attitudes towards the behavior and subjective norms influence individual's intent to adopt an
innovation. Following equation shows clearly the association of these two factors.
Behavioral intention = Attitude + Subjective norms
Subsequently, individual intention to perform the behavior determines person's behavior. Further it
explains as "an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Subsequently, individual's or group's behavior is determined by social pressure which comes under
three ways of belief of what others think, what experts think and motivation to comply with others.
Figure 2.3 gives a clear picture about the theory.
Figure 2.3 – Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) model
According to this theory, it implies that individual's behaviors are within a person's control and their
actual behavior is foreseen by their behavioral intention. Further, theory shows that two factors of
attitude towards the behavior and beliefs which are related to other people's assistance of behavior
determine the individual intention. However, theory does not give any evidence related to people's
culture and trust how affects the user behavior.
2.5.2 Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)
The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is a theory about the link between beliefs and behavior. In
1985, the concept of TPB was proposed by Icek Ajzen to improve the predictive power of the theory
of reasoned action by including perceived behavioral controls (Pai & Huang, 2011). Southey (2011)
posits that literature is replete with

Reflection Of Learning On The Theory Of Planned Behavior
Part I: Reflection of learning for each learning point (1st learning point) From Week 4 lecture, I have
learnt about the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Initially, I thought that if a person intend to do
something, they will put in their best effort to do it. However, I realized that I was wrong because
'intention does not always accurately predict behaviour when there is a reflex or conditioned
response involved.'(Long–Crowell, 2003) For example, 'my friend with a phobia may intend to stay
calm and collected when faced with their fear, but may end up having a panic attack instead.'(Long–
Crowell, 2003) After this lecture, I have learnt that this theory explores the relationship between
attitudes and behaviour. A person who have the intention to change is determined by attitude,
subjective norms and perceived behavioural control. For example, a person who know about the
negative effects are more willing to quit smoking. Part II: Personal ... Show more content on
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Attitude is about how individual feel and think about behaviour. Subjective norms is people who
support and encourage individual to change their behaviour. Perceived Behavioral Control is about
individual carrying out a behaviour based on certain factors. Individual must be capable and have
confident that they can do it because lack of confident can hinder them from taking their first step to
change their behaviour. For example, I can help patients by finding out about their attitude,
subjective norms and perceived behavioural control of alcohol consumption. When they know that
their liver will be damaged, 'their family members do not approve of their alcohol consumption' and
they truly believe that they are capable if they are willing to will be more likely to quit alcohol
consumption. Thus, this theory is very important as it allow the patient to hold these belief of
successfully quitting alcohol

The Theory Of Planned Behavior
The theory of planned behavior applies to breastfeeding serves in the establishment of importance
for every single infant and maternal health. They are at a much higher risk of allegedly detrimental
social pressure to forgo breastfeeding with the replacement of solely bottle–feeding all–around.
Prejudices opposing these practices cause social and psychological barriers by an imaginable
isolation for any needs to feed their baby outside. These determinants of initiation as well as
continuation of breastfeeding come with a social cost which, unfortunately, devalue their existence
in other individuals' views or assessments. All mothers ought to still be able to feel assured with the
purpose of sticking with their imperative decisions in life; however, this is not all the case for some
to meet head on. On the whole, the social context for breastfeeding gives the impression of working
as quite the challenging in addition to formidable predictor for such behavior.
In a word, any intention of breastfeeding can be estimated by their perception concerning overall
valuation of acting the specified behavior in front of others. There exists countless of mental and
health advantages to infants being breastfed exclusively for intensifying these close bonds. For
example, a tremendous amount of research documented that they can benefit so much such as a
lower probability of some infections, diabetes, diseases, and so on (Heinrich, 2014, p. 124).
Measures of alertness are still incredibly

The Theory Of Reasoned Action
Following this, (2) The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) was developed by both Martin Fishbein
and Icek Ajzen, and it is one of the three classic persuasion models of psychology, and is also used
in communication discourse as a theory of understanding persuasive messages. It explains the
relationship between attitudes and behaviors with human action. This theory is also used to predict
how people will behave based on his/hers pre–existing attitudes and behavioral intentions. The
decision to engage in a particular behavior is based on the outcomes the individual expects will
come as a result of performing the behavior. Behavioral intent is allegedly created or caused by two
main factors, which include our attitudes and our subjective norms. Some key constructs for this
theory include; attitude toward the behavior (outcome expectations and value of outcome
expectations), subjective norms (beliefs of others, and desire to comply with others). Last, we have
the (3) Theory of Planned Behavior. The Theory of Planned Behavior, also known as (TPB), is a
concept proposed by Icek Ajzen that link beliefs and behavior. It was added to the Theory of
Reasoned action to address the inadequacies of the existing model. It is one of the most influential
and popular conceptual frameworks for the study of human actions. This theory proposes a model,
which can measure how human actions are guided and details the determinants of an individual's
decision to enact a particular behavior. Attitudes,

Theory Of Planned Behavior Analysis
Sex holds such great importance to the general populous, we are conditioned from youth to follow
the moral and social norms of our societies and a great part of this is our individual behaviours and
acts of sound reasoning. We are conditioned to follow the laws and social rules, one of which is to
adhere to safe sexual practices for our own personal health and safety and that of our sexual
partners, however, this may not always be the case, due to some perceived social stigmas we may
not always follow these social norms or to keep up with our peers we may choose to follow our
peers or the perceptions of others to make our choices. 'The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) is
determined by an individual's behavourial intention and perceived behavourial control (PBC).
Intention is held to be the motivational ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An individuals' intentions are measured by their PBC, their attitude and what is considered as the
subjective norms. 'People intend to behave in behaviours that they evaluate positively (attitude),
where they perceive social pressure to take part in a specific act (subjective norm) and believe it is
achievable (PBC)' (Armitage and Talibudeen, 2010 p.156). The fear of being excluded from a social
circle or being identified as someone who does not comply with the social norms is a powerful
motivator for many individuals. In particular for young people, the stigma of using condoms and
other forms of birth control and being seen to be 'cool' amongst your peer group has lead to
numerous studies about how this behaviour can be

Either way, parents who are proactive in their children's food consumption can vastly improve
overall health. Future research can expand on this (Kitzmann et al., 2013) by conducting and
measuring the benefits of longitudinal interventions, compared to short–term.
Next, the relationship between young children and parents can also affect weight gain in mothers
and fathers. Hamilton & White (2011) implemented the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) for the
purpose of identifying key targets for interventions involving at–risk parental groups due to, their
lack of physical activity. TPB is a theory that links beliefs and behaviors and essentially is used to
predict an individual 's intention to engage in a behavior at a specific time and place.
Overall, TPB claims that intentions determine behaviors given that, intentions are determined by
attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control (Hamilton et al., 2013, p. 135). For this
reason, previous studies (Symons, 2005) used TPB to elicit beliefs for exercise and physical activity
(PA) which, found benefits to be improve physical and psychological health whereas, pain and
injury were a disadvantage (Hamilton et al., 2013, p. 135). With regards to this, parents
demonstrated key beliefs involving their intention on (PA) interfering with other engagements, the
parents reported lack of time, inconvenience and lack of motivation, as significant predictors in (PA)
behavior (Hamilton et al., 2013, p. 135). Altogether,

Motivations for Young People to Engage in the MLM-Business...
Modeling Nature Motivations for young people to engage in the MLM–business Vemma Nowadays,
having a bachelor's or even a master's degree does not have any guarantee for future employment
(Fevre, 2007). Furthermore, the rates of job dissatisfaction are extremely high (Fevre, 2007).People
are not satisfied with the type of work they do, neither with the people whom they work with or their
working hours (Fevre, 2007). During this time of high rates of job dissatisfaction and low
employment, the concept of ' running your own business' or 'being your own boss' may sound
attractive for many. Due to the rise of social media and interconnection between individuals,
especially in the past 10 years, network marketing seems like a great opportunity for people who are
not satisfied with the job they currently practice. A special case that has attracted my attention in the
past months is Vemma, an online business where the basic idea is that you purchase the specific
product, promote it to others, make sure others buy it through you and get paid as a reward.
Although it is accused by many of being just another corrupt pyramid scheme, around me I observe
quite a high number of young, motivated people joining Vemma and claiming they make money
with it. The main question of this report becomes: what are the motivations for young people to join
the Vemma business? In this paper, I wish to link this phenomenon to Ajzen's Theory of Reasoned
Action and Planned Behaviour. Firstly, in order

Entrepreneurial Intention
Literature Review Nowadays the trend of world is increasing towards the entrepreneurship because
it is responsible for generating jobs, economic growth and prosperity of the society through
innovation activities (Shane and Venkataraman, 2000; Galloway and Brown, 2002). For that,
developing individual's intention towards entrepreneurship and what are the factors that are
responsible to divert the mind of people is central problems in the entrepreneurship research (Autio
et al 2001; Francis et al. 2004; Kaijun and Sholihah, 2015). The entrepreneurial intention is a
commitment to twitch a new business (Krueger, 1993; Autio et al., 2001). In the regions of British
and Spain investigated by Linan, Nabi and Krueger (2013) that enhancing the level of knowledge
and awareness about entrepreneurship would increase self–efficacy perceptions and hence
entrepreneurial intentions. No significant relationship between entrepreneurial intention and self–
efficacy was noticed by (Owoseni and Olakitan, 2014). Likewise, motivation, achievement and
entrepreneurial intentions were found positively and significantly related. Vajihe and Mehdi (2014)
demonstrate that there is a significant dissimilarity in the entrepreneurial intention of students who
have got entrepreneurial education and who have not got the entrepreneurial education. Similarly,
more recently, among the Malaysian respondents entrepreneurial intentions are positively related to
their social learning (family up brings and knowledge

Diffusion Theory: The Theory Of Planned Behavior
According to this theory, it implies that individual's behaviors are within a person's control and their
actual behavior is foreseen by their behavioral intention. Further, theory shows that two factors of
attitude towards the behavior and beliefs which are related to other people's assistance of behavior
determine the individual intention. However, theory does not give any evidence related to people's
culture and trust how affects the user behavior.
2.5.2 Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)
The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is a theory about the link between beliefs and behavior. In
1985, the concept of TPB was proposed by Icek Ajzen to improve the predictive power of the theory
of reasoned action by including perceived behavioral controls ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
On the other hand, diffusion is a type of communication to disseminate a new idea as innovation. An
innovation defines as an idea, practice or object that think as a new by the people or other unit of
adoption. People of a society determine the adoption rate considering the characteristics of an
innovation. By considering these, Diffusion of Innovation Theory (DOI) was developed by Everett
Rogers in 1995. This theory is about the study of communicating a new idea to individuals or
organizations. It can be defined as the study of how, why, and at what rate the new idea (the
innovation) diffuses and its adoption takes place. According to the theory stages of decision
innovation process and adoption are illustrated by the following Figure

Social Mktg Essay examples
MKTG309: Social Marketing and Sustainability
Individual Assignment
Starbucks social marketing campaign
Name: FEI XUE
ID: 42498155
Contents
Background, Target Audience & Behavior Change 3 Behavior change model 7 First 6 of the 16
tips for success analysis: 8 Conclusion and Recommendation 10 Reference List 11
Before describe and discuss prior social marketing campaign, we understand that social marketing is
the focus on behavior, not awareness or attitude change. Besides, social marketing results in benefit
to individuals or society, not just focus on organization benefit and profits. Organization runs social
marketing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Obviously, Starbucks advocate recycle, at the same time change audience waste behavior.
The target audiences are ready for bring their reusable mug to get free drinks in campaign day. They
do not worry about anything.Starbucks owes its success to a well–defined target audience!
According to the definition of social marketing campaign barriers, barriers may be related to several
factors: knowledge, beliefs, skills economic status, cultural influences etc. For study Starbucks
campaign barriers, we focus on both elements: internal and external. * Internal barriers: e.g. Lack of
knowledge and skills. 1. Some customers do not care about "recycle" or "free drinks", I believe a
part of people give up join the campaign and "run" their behavior like before. 2. Pay attention to the
condition of join Starbucks social marketing campaign, reusable mug or tumbler is compulsory.
Some customers do not meet campaign's basic condition. 3. Some customers do not know Starbucks
campaign. (Lack of advertising) * External barriers: The campaign is happened in USA and Canada
store, therefore we must promise every store have ability "run" Starbucks campaign without
accidents. Besides, beware of other competitors make trouble and influence campaign keep going.
To overcome those barriers, organization makes several measures: 1. If customers do not have
reusable mug or tumbler, they will be available for 20% off on Earth Day, April 22. Let more

Compare And Contrast The Theory Of Planned Behavior
Across both the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and its descendant the Theory of Planned
Behavior, people are portrayed to behave in ways that they intended to (thus said to have planned
doing as such), with their intentions dependent on how favorably they view the behavior based on
what outcomes it would bring (attitudes), how people they consult with would act in the same
situation (norms), and how much they believe in their ability to act (behavioral control). The causal
path is then clear: People possess beliefs about their actions and act on their intentions if they find
that acting out their beliefs would be worth it (both because it would bring desired outcomes, and
because they intend to do so).
Taking into hindsight the theories we ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While other cognition– and motivation–based theories have fallen short due to their discounting of
the limits of human cognitive processing, TPB is able to withstand this by invoking implicit
attitudes and intentions and clarifying the subjective nature of beliefs. That is, the theory recognizes
that we do not go through the laborious process of checking our beliefs and intentions each time we
engage in behavior. By encountering the regularity of routine in our daily lives, our intentions
become implicit and ingrained in our life schedules that the cognitive process of inferring what we
wish to do becomes automatic. In the same way, we arrive at our beliefs based on what information
is readily available to us as organized through what processes are most efficient or salient at a given
time. Our intentions are then sometimes informed by irrational and unrealistic states of thinking.
Working within the same framework as other theories, TPB comes somehow on top through its
recognition of the biased and miserly nature of human cognition: It does not weaken in the pitfalls
of optimistically assuming an objective rational agent, and instead recognizing a person who may
heuristically process information that lead to subjectively irrational beliefs that inform behavior
nevertheless. In addition, it incorporates the well–established notion of

Theory Of Planned Behavior Theory Paper
Another relevant theory in this area is the "theory of planned behavior" (TPB), developed by Ajzen
and Fishbein (1980). TPB states that intention is the proximal determinant of behavior and is
determined by three constructs: attitude (viewed as a positive or negative evaluation towards
performing a behavior); subjective norm (which is the perception of the beliefs of important others);
perceived behavioral control (which describes one's perception of the amount of control they have in
performing the behavior) (France, France, & Himawan, 2007; Giles, McClenahan, Cairns, & Mallet,
2004). It is of note that while perceived behavioral control has often been equated with Bandura's
concept of self–efficacy many have argued that the constructs are not equal, since self–efficacy is
more concerned with cognitive perceptions of control based on internal control factors (Ajzen, 1991;
Armitage & Conner, 2001; Giles & Cairns, 1995). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The TPB has been widely applied to the blood donation context to understand return behavior and
previous research shows that approximately 31% to 72% of the variance in intention and between
54–56% of the variance in blood donation behavior can be predicted by attitude, subjective norms,
perceived behavioral control, and/or self–efficacy (Ferguson, France, Abraham, Ditto, & Sheeran,
2007; France, France, & Himawan, 2007; France et al., 2014; Masser et al., 2008; Veldhuizen,
Ferguson, de Kort, Donders, & Atsma,

Transtheoretical Model And Theory Of Planned Behavior
1. HEALTH BEHAVIOR INTRODUCTION
According to the Department of Health and Human Services (2015) (HHS), physical activity
generally refers to any body movement that improves one's health by working their muscles.
Physical activity can range from walking to running to doing yoga. However, the lack of physical
activity is becoming an increasingly prevalent health problem in the world today, particularly
women in developing countries. Regular physical activity is vital in women's health to prevent many
of the leading causes of death linked with insufficient physical activity. Cardiovascular disease is
one of the leading causes of death for women around the world, accounting for one–third of deaths.
Also, cardiovascular disease accounts for "half ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The transtheoretical model is one of the best models to use for analyzing physical activity because it
takes into account the attitude changes, time measurement of behavior change, helping and
maintaining the desired behavior using different strategies for each stage. The transtheoretical model
has five states of change that consist of pre–contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action,
maintenance and termination. Pre–contemplation is when an individual is unaware or does not
intend to change their current behavior. An example of this would be someone with a negative
attitude to switching from his or her sedentary lifestyle to include physical activity. Contemplation
refers to an individual who is considering making a behavior change, such as deliberating on
increasing physical activity even though they have not started yet. Preparation refers to when an
individual has made the decision to begin taking action, meaning they have a plan and strategies in
place to increase their physical activity. Action is when an individual acts on his or her new behavior
change of incorporating physical activity into their lifestyle. Maintenance is when an individual has
made the health behavior change and is now focused on keeping the change going. The termination
stage means that the individual has completed the process of the behavior change and it is not just a
part of their daily routines. The transtheoretical model was most appropriate because similar studies
that have been conducted on women with diabetes and osteoporosis based on this model and it has
been successful in changing the physical activity behaviors (Pirzadeh, Mostafavi, Ghofranipour, &
Feizi, 2015). Additionally, the processes of change work best at each stage to facilitate progress and
prevent relapse. Since women in countries like Iran don't have access to

Planned Behavior And Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Using the Theory of Planned Behavior, Cognitive Dissonance Theory, and Self–Perception Theory
as my references if a person has a damaging attitude concerning a certain person or group of people
the possible consequences of their actions toward that person or group of people can alter the way
they identify the concepts by developing the character of one of them. The theory of planned
behavior put together numerous issues to offer improved calculation. "According to this theory, if
we want to predict both intent to behave and actual behavior, we need to know three things: (1)
attitude toward that specific behavior, (2) subjective norms related to that behavior, and (3)
perceived behavioral control (Ajzen, 1991)" (Feenstra, 2013). The cognitive dissonance theory
describes how our attitudes alter and has dissimilar indicators through beliefs. The self–perception ...
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Explicit attitudes are attitudes that are at the sensible level, are consciously made and are informal to
nature description. On the other hand, implicit attitudes are attitudes that are at the insensible level,
are unwillingly made and are naturally unfamiliar to us. An explicit label is one that you
intentionally consider and account. An implicit label is one that happens external of sensible
consciousness and control. I completed the Gay – Straight IAT attitude test. My results data suggest
a strong automatic preference for Straight People compared to Gay People. It was determined that
most respondents find it easier to associate Gay people with Bad and Straight people with Good
compared to the reverse. I really don't feel this way about Gay people; my true feelings are that we
are created equal. I cannot judge another person based on my upbringings and beliefs. I feel that I
should not judge a person based on their sexual preference, race, age, or beliefs but who that person
really is. "Everyone have the freedom to do as they

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Driverless Cars
1. Consumer Behavior Models
Consumer behavior eventually leads to the decision or choice between alternatives. In most cases it
is a decision whether to purchase, consume or use a service. The process of this decision making is
rather complex and it is influenced by, other than the price factor, the psychology of the consumers,
their socio–cultural environment & the past experiences. The consumer decision making can be
modelled as a system operating with an Input or stimuli, the actual decision making Process which
then results in a reaction or Output (Schiffman. L.G, Kanuk. L)
Inputs
Typical external influences for instance, marketing attempts, price or socio cultural factors like
family, social class, culture etc., form the inputs to the decision making process. ... Show more
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Several manufactures like Tesla, Mercedes etc., have already demonstrated their autonomous
driving technology and many other companies aim to roll out vehicles with driverless capabilities by
2020. While it's still pretty early to forecast how autonomous vehicles will impact the lives of
humans, there are some clear advantages and disadvantages of driver less cars.
According to the NHTSA (2013), driverless cars are defined as:
"Those in which operation of the vehicle occurs without direct driver input to control the steering,
acceleration, and braking and are designed so that the driver is not expected to constantly monitor
the roadway while operating in self–driving mode".
One direct inference from the definition is a significant freeing of time and efforts for the driver
which could be potentially used for other value added activities. Indirect inference would be also a
better utilization of the civil infrastructure as a result of the advanced technology. While an obvious
disadvantage would be the cost of ownership, legal issues & insurance in case of accidents. 6.1
Potential Advantages 6.1.1 Safe

Reasoned Action Theory
Article Critique – Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior
Purpose/ Objectives
The purpose of the study conducted was to understand the use of sunscreen amongst children in
fourth grade using the theory of reasoned action and planned behavior. (Martin, Jacobsen, Lucas,
Branch, & Ferron, 1999) The authors hypothesized that attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived
behavioral control would be associated with intentions to use sunscreen and as a result, would
translate to actual sunscreen use. (Martin et al., 1999)
Methods
The study was conducted in Hillsborough County, Florida, which is ideal for the study because of its
subtropical climate. The sample consisted of fourth grade students who were recruited from one of
the three public schools scheduled to receive a skin cancer educational program during the months
of February, March, and April (when data collection occurred). The authors do not ... Show more
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The authors did not mention their reasoning for not including the other constructs. However,
measuring the perceived power would have allowed for a better understanding of what the children
felt made the use of sunscreen difficult or easy for them, while evaluation of outcomes would allow
the authors to measure how important the children viewed the results of using sunscreen.
References
Montano D., Kasprzyk D (2015). Thepry of Reasoned Action, Theory of Planned Behavior, and the
Integrated Behavioral Model. In K. Glanz, B. K. Rimer, & F. Lewis (Eds.), Health behavior: Theory,
research and practice (5th. ed.) (pp. 95– 124). San Francisco, CA: Jossey–Bass.
Martin, C.S., Jacobsen, P. B., Lucas, J. D., Branch, A. K., Ferron, M.J., (1999) Predicting Children's
Sunscreen Use: Application of the Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior, Preventive
Medicine, Volume 29, Issue 1, July 1999, Pages 37–44, ISSN

Planned Behavior Theory Paper
The intention is viewed, to be a person's readiness to perform a given behavior, and it is considered
to be the immediate antecedent of behavior (Macovei, 2015). The theory, therefore, implies that
people attitudes and subjective norm are the variables that influence behavioral intention; the
behavior is carried out based on intention (Southey, 2011).
(iii) Theory of Planned Behavior
Another supportive theory used in this study is the theory of planned behavior. It is a theory that
attempts to establish a relationship between different factors such as beliefs, attitudes, norms,
behavioral control, intentions, and behavior (Sondari, 2014). According to Ajzen (2005), the theory
of planned behavior was originally based on the theory of reasoned action. ... Show more content on
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Meanwhile, behavioral intention is an indication of readiness to carry out the behavior of the
individual. Such action according to their study is premised on the attitude towards the behavior,
subjective norm and perceived behavioral control while, the actual behavior is determined by the
interaction of attitudes, perception of control subjective norms and actual control (Sondari, 2014).
The Theory of Planned behavior includes three components that predict behavioral intentions:
(i) Personal attitude towards the outcome of behavior: the degree to which a person has a favorable
or an unfavorable evaluation of behavior.
(ii) Perceived social norm (subjective norms), or pressure to perform the behavior.
(iii) Perceived behavioral control–the perception of ease or difficulty of performing certain
behaviors.
Ayob, et al. (2013); Fayolle and Gailly (2006) opined that the measures of perceived behavioral
control need to contain self–efficacy (ease or difficulty of performing the behavior) and
controllability (the extent to which performance is up to the

Planned Behavior Theory
The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is constituted of the three constructs namely Attitude,
subjective norms and perceived behavioral control and this theory has been used widely in many
domains to understand the social problems (A Conceptual Framework of Extending the Theory of
Planned Behavior : The Role of Service Quality and Trust in the Consumer Cooperatives). The areas
where TPB applies are wide ranging like online privacy protection, consumer relations, health
sector, to name a few (Predicting Facebook users' online privacy protection: Risk, Trust, Norm focus
theory, and the theory of planned behavior). TPB originated from Theory of Reasoned Action
(TRA). But TRA held some limitations like it emphasized on behavioral intentions rather than on
attitude. Therefore, a new theory TPB emerged and a new constituent was added to it "Perceived
Behavioral Control" (Technology Acceptance Model : A Literature Review). Technology
Acceptance Model (TAM) was introduced from the derivations of TRA and TPB. It reflects the
behavior of people in accepting or rejecting any technological model. In TAM, subjective norms
were removed and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this research, attitude, PBC and intention played important roles, but not subjective norms.
Rather, a new element called "level of technological awareness" was added (Applying the Theory of
Planned Behavior). The research conducted in IT field utilizes TPB to understand the relationship
between the factors that lead to unethical use of IT. (The Behavioral Roots of Information Systems
Security: Exploring Key Factors Related to Unethical IT use). The theoretical model suggested by
TPB has been used in the research to assess employees' acceptance of the information security
system (Future Research – Utilizing The Technology Acceptance Model to Assess the Employee
Adoption of Information Systems Security

Planned Behavior And Theory Of Reasoned Action
Measuring suicide has developed significantly in the last few decades. Cases are reported more
accurately than ever before, yet it is still described as one of the most complex public health
concerns. There is no definite pathophysiological explanation of suicide yet, however other models
and theories help to interpret the phenomena of this form of self–injury (Chang, 2011). There tends
to be a spectrum regarding positions on this behavior, what society views as normal versus
abnormal. Much research has been conducted using the Theory of Planned Behavior and Theory of
Reasoned Action (TRA/TPB). With these theories, the focus relies more on social behavior rather
than a mental health issue or disorder (Armitage, 2004). Western philosophers

Theory Of Planned Behavior
The HBM has also inspired a range of successful behavior change interventions (Jones et al,
1987).The common–sense operationalization that HBM uses including key beliefs related to
decisions about health behaviors is taken as a strength. The psychological readiness to take specific
action and the extent to which a particular course of action is believed to be beneficial in reducing
the threat are the two important variables of HBM. (Rosenstock, 1966)
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)
The Theory of Planned Behavior developed by social psychologists and has been broadly applied to
understanding health behaviors (Ajzen, 1991, Conner and Sparks, 2005). It specifically addresses
the factors that determine that individual's decision to perform a particular behavior. TPB ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The individual theories are grouped by shared assumptions, techniques and different strategies of
research, but keep their different aspects of views on the role that cognitions play in behavior
change. Cognitive behavioral reflects the importance of both behavioral and cognitive approaches to
understand and/or help human beings.
In general Cognitive behavioral interventions target both cognitive and behavioral problems using a
comprehensive integration of cognitive and behavioral strategies. Cognitive behavioral theories
provide great opportunity in treatment targets and interventions, sharing a fundamental emphasis on
the importance of cognitive performs and private events as mediators of behavior change.
Behavioral assessment might provide an understanding in the functional relationships between
thoughts, behaviors, and feelings and all the necessary information for health care providers and
researchers to implement and evaluate different interventions of health education and

Alcohol Use Initiation Among Adolescents
Abstract
This literature review examines alcohol use initiation among adolescents through the constructs of
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The review consists of 23 peer–reviewed sources. TPB was
applicable to 18 sources, 4 did not fall within the constructs of TPB and 1 source was used solely to
understand the public health context of this behavior. Sources were located through PubMed,
Academic Search Complete, PsycINFO and Scopus databases. The following combination of search
terms were used: "alcohol use initiation adolescent behavior" and "age of first drinking adolescent
influences." Findings from the literature were sorted and applied to constructs of the Theory of
Planned Behavior. A chapter from the book Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory,
Research and Practice (Montaño and Kasprzyk 2008) was also used in order to understand the TPB.
TPB consists of the following constructs: behavioral intention, evaluation of outcome, normative
beliefs, motivation to comply, control beliefs and perceived power (Montaño and Kasprzyk 2008).
Conclusions found the behavior of alcohol use initiation among adolescents can be applied to all
constructs of the model, but existing literature did not explore all constructs of TPB at an equal level
of depth. Current literature lacks depth in the constructs of behavioral intention, evaluation of
outcome and control beliefs, while a wide variety of literature focuses on the constructs of
normative beliefs and motivation to comply.

Impact Of The Theory Of Planned Behavior
Individual Report
Impact Analysis & Improvements
Connor Butler
Student No. N9444041
Lecturer:
Date: 17th of April
Table of Contents
Product of Impact 3
Who developed the Go Card 3
What need/opportunity does it fill? Why was it built? 4
How is it used and by whom? 4
When is it used/situation used in? 4
Theory of Planned Behavior 5
What constructs of your chosen theory is useful to use in your analysis? 5
Benefits of the Theory of Planned Behavior 5
Why is the product used? 6
Positives and Neatives 6
How has the product been able to do what it does? 7
Why has it become so successful? 7
Opportunity to Improve 8
Executive Summary
In this report we will cover the importance and use of Transliks Go Card service and how the system
around it works to benefit its users. There are some issues that arise with the Go Card such as
technical error with tapping on and off that can lead to multiple mishaps. Which will be covered
throughout this report, as well as its benefits to commuters and those traveling constantly in general
great or small distances using public transport.
Product of Impact Who developed the Go Card
The Go Card is an electronic smartcard ticketing system, similar to using your credit cards pay wave
that allows you to top up at any post office or any ticket station where you would catch a train. The

Go Card was developed July, 2003 by Cubic Corporation and set in motion in July 2006 where it is
still used to 9 years later. To use the Go Card

Theory Of Planned Behavior Essay
The main objective of the paper is to examine Azjen's theory of planned behavior based on past
research that examined what influences one's intention to do things based on their beliefs, attitudes,
subjective norms and perceived behavioral control. In a prospective British study conducted by
Higgins and Conner in 2001, they researched the ability of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to
predict smoking intentions and behavior in adolescents. A total of 162 Subjects (11–12 years old)
were randomly selected from different schools across the region out of the 347 initially recruited.
The research was done over a period of 8 weeks and students were asked to complete a self–
reported questionnaire at the beginning and the end of the study period. Their respective schools
verified information provided by the student. The TPB questionnaires assessed behavioral
intentions, attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control. The study suggested that
intentions resulted in a small reduction in smoking and intent to smoke for the study group
compared to the control group. Nevertheless, intentions increased ... Show more content on
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in 2008, they studied the ability of the TPB to predict the intent to quit smoking. Study participants
included 103 smoking students (average age of 24.6years with an 8 years smoking experience).
Participants were asked to fill out a TPB questionnaire at the beginning and were contacted after 4
months to fill out a follow up questionnaire. The questions consisted of intention to quit, attitudes
towards quitting, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control. The result suggested that
quitting behavior are linked with intentions as the people with stronger intentions to quit made more
plans to quit smoking. Therefore, even though TPB is important in motivating smokers to quit,
attitude and norms are more important in motivating them and also stopping other addictive

The Theory of Planned Behavior
The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)
TRA posits that individual behaviour is driven by behavioural intentions where behavioural
intentions are a function of an individual's attitude toward the behaviour and subjective norms
surrounding the performance of the behaviour. Attitude toward the behaviour is defined as the
individual's positive or negative feelings about performing a behaviour. It is determined through an
assessment of one's beliefs regarding the consequences arising from a behaviour and an evaluation
of the desirability of these consequences. Formally, overall attitude can be assessed as the sum of the
individual consequence x desirability assessments for all expected consequences of the behaviour.
Subjective norm is defined ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Subjective Norms (about the behaviour)
Subjective norms are a persons own estimate of the social pressure to perform the target behaviour.
Subjective norms are assumed to have two components which work in interaction: beliefs about how
other people, who may be in some way important to the person, would like them to behave
(normative beliefs). Perceived behavioural control
Perceived behavioural control is the extent to which a person feels able to enact the behaviour. It has
two aspects: how much a person has control over the behavior and how confident a person feels
about being able to perform or not perform the behaviour. It is determined by control beliefs about
the power of both situational and internal factors to inhibit or facilitate the performing of the
behaviour.
Direct measures and indirect (belief–based) measures
With the exception of behaviour, the variables in the TPB model are psychological (internal)
constructs. Each predictor variable may be measured directly e.g. by asking respondents about
specific behavioural beliefs and outcome evaluations.
Direct and indirect measurement approaches make different assumptions about the underlying
cognitive structures and neither approach is perfect.
When different methods are tapping the same construct, scores are expected to be positively
correlated, so it is recommended that both be included in TPB

Organizational Theory Of Planned Behavior
1. Introduction In order to accomplish this assignment, I have chosen to have one vegan day a week
as the social activity that I will maintain throughout the session. In particular, on Sunday every
week, all the food I consume is free of animal products including meat, milk, eggs, etc. The activity
has been starting since Week 2 of the session and so far I have successfully completed ten vegan
days for tine weeks respectively (from Session Week 2 to Week 10, including the mid–session break
week) with different vegan dishes for each day, which are shown in the Appendix. In this reflective
essay, I will explain the reason why I choose this activity, my plan and objectives, as well as my
reflection on the progress which is divided into three ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As an international student living away from home by myself, I have total control on my daily diet.
Unlike when I live with my family back home and have to follow the family diet, I can eat whatever
I want here. Therefore, my perceived power toward the behaviour is high as I do not have any
objective constraint. 3. Plan and Objectives Due to the fact that this is a totally new habit which I
have never experienced before, I need a lot of time for familiarisation and preparation. Therefore, in
order to keep the progress on track, I have rearranged my weekly timetable and scheduled all the
activities I need to do before Sunday when I cook the dishes. In particular, from Monday to
Thursday every week, I actively search for vegan recipes from various sources such as my friends
who are vegans or vegan cooking tutorials online. After that, because shopping often takes plenty of
time, I spend my Friday preparing all the required ingredients as I do not have class on that day.
Saturday is when I go through all the pre–cook steps such as defrosting frozen ingredients, chopping
(onions, carrots, spring onions, etc.) and seasoning. Finally, I cook and decorate the dishes on
Sunday, take picture for Twitter upload and enjoy them. The process then repeats on the next
Monday. As previously stated, I expect to maintain this activity throughout the session. Therefore,
the

The Theories Of Reasoned Action ( Tra ) And Of Planned...
The theories of reasoned action (TRA) and of planned behavior (TPB) were developed by Icek
Ajzen and Martin Fishbein in 1967 and 1988, respectively (Madden, 1992, 3–4). TPB is a revision
of TRA that was made after Ajzen and Fishbein identified and addressed gaps in the TRA model.
TRA is designed to predict voluntary behavior but when Ajzen and Fishbein accounted for the fact
that not all behavior was completely voluntary or under the actors' control, they modified TRA into
TPB, which accounts for deliberate, planned behavior: the decisions make when people have time to
make informed choices (Madden, 1992, 4).
Both theories work under the assumption that behavior can be predicted by one's intention. TRA
claims that intention is determined by attitude and subjective norms. TPB differs in that it also
accounts for the factor of perceived control in determining intention.
Attitude is defined as the evaluation of ideas, events, people, or objects. It is influenced by
behavioral beliefs about the consequences of preforming an action and outcome evaluation of the
consequence of the action (i.e. how much one value's the result of the action in question) (Connor,
1988, p. 1431).
Subjective norms refers to others' approval or disapproval of a given behavior; in other words, the
degree to which an actor feels pressure from significant others to preform (or not preform) a certain
behavior. Subjective norms can be predicted by normative beliefs – the perception of beliefs of

Organizational Innovation From Different Leaderships'style
Innovation is to create new ideas or add new information to original projects in order to improve the
function and services of an institution. Innovation also refers to remodeling a product, simplifying
processes and applying different strategies of management. Literally, innovation is the "change that
leverages and functions better than before" (Tien, Chao 2012). Innovation types are product or
services, production process, organizational, personnel, technical and management innovation. All
type of innovations includes technical innovation and management innovation Tien, Chao 2012). In
this case, organizational innovation from different leaderships' style will be discussed.
Leadership refers to the interactive process that guides a group ... Show more content on
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Considerably compassion and system factors of a leadership style involve recognizing working
values, attitudes, dedication and organizational commitment. Accordingly, there are four dimensions
of leadership style; they are: high consideration and high system, this type of leader concerns about
achieving organizational goals and the subordinates ' needs. Positively this leadership style benefits
both the organization as well as employees. The leader has qualities that influence the organization
success. Secondly, low consideration and high system declares that leaders care about the
achievement of performance, but he/she does not consider the subordinates ' feelings; this leadership
style is not healthy for employees. A good leader has to be supportive, patience, flexible, empathic
and so on. Employees' feelings influence their performance. Therefore, listening skills is an essential
tool that a leader has to use as needed it. Third, high consideration and low system refers to a
leader's role and employees' participation in decision making. This is a great leadership style where
a leader applies his/her natural instincts by allowing employees to participate in decision making. As
a result employees feel that their work is worthy; thus, they get more engage on the job (Tien, Chao
2012).
In the same order low compassionate and low system explains that a leader does not

The Theory of planned behavior: The self–efficacy is defined boarder. self–efficacy is about how
well the person can control external resources such as money, time, or internal factors such as
willpower. According to Girardelli and Patel (2016), the behaviors are not only on account of self–
efficacy, but also depended on attitudes and social norms. To illustrate, attitudes are whether
consider the consequences of the behaviors are favorable or unfavorable, and whether the feelings of
performing these behaviors are positive, neutral, or negative. Social norms are whether people
around the participants accept behaviors or not. People will observe whether their significant others,
such as peer and parents, do it or not. First of all, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, they not only ask participants whether can do but also the level of certainty. For
instance, the participants not only answer whether they believe they can remember the context, but
also answer how much they are confident about them believes. According to Zimmerman (2001),
Bandura firstly pointed out that the influences of self–efficacy on academic performance is
measured by the level of difficulties of the task, the generality of the task, and the strength of believe
to perform. To illustrate, Bandura records the types of tasks and the level of difficulties together with
the strength of self–efficacy will be influenced the difficulty of the tasks. In other words, the
perceived self–efficacy only make sense when the task and the difficult level are provided.
Furthermore, according to Zimmerman (2001), the generality of the tasks is very low because the
self–efficacy is very sensitive to environmental influences. That is, when self–efficacy aims at a
specific task, it does not fit other tasks. As for measurement of strength can be more detailed,
according to Khan (2013), the researchers use self–efficacy scales to measure the strength of self–
efficacy. For example, participants are required to rank from 1 to 7 whether they believe they can
perform certain academic tasks, such as time management. Whether the participants' self–efficacy is
high or low depends on the comparison with the mean.

Medication adherence is the concept of complying with a prescribed medication without deviation.
Working on an inpatient floor with chronically ill children who take multiple medications on a daily
basis is very challenging. Access to resources, education on medications, motivation to comply with
medication regimens, and the capability of patients and families to obtain the prescribed medications
are all factors that can affect adherence. Justice and beneficence are two other factors that can play a
role in medication adherence. The focus of this paper will be on medication adherence in chronic
patient populations. The Theory of Planned Behavior will be used as the basis of the framework for
this paper.
Literature Review
It was very difficult to find a theory that directly relates to the concept of adherence. While
researching, many articles on adherence showed a direct relation between the Theory of Planned
Behavior and adherence. For this reason, the Theory of Planned Behavior will be used as the theory
that most directly relates to the concept of adherence. "The theory of planned behavior has been
successfully applied to predict adherence behaviors in a variety of health contexts such as sustained
efforts to maintain or reduce blood pressure, engaging in exercise based rehab for dizziness,
adherence to malaria prophylactics, and adherence to asthma treatments." (Manning & Bettencourt,
2011, p. 1174). The theory of planned behavior has also been used to assess

The Theory Of Planned Behavior (TPB)

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