1. PNEUMONIA
BY: Mr.Ganesh V. Naik
II year MSc(N)
Pediatric Dept
SDM Institute of
Nursing Science’s
Dharawad
2. INTRODUCTION
Pneumonia is a form of acute respiratory infection that
affects the lungs.
Pneumonia accounts for 15% of all death of under five
year age of children
3. DEFINITION
Pneumonia is defined as acute inflammation and
consolidation of lung parenchyma (i.e. alveoli rather than
the bronchi)
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6. INCIDENCE
1/3rd of all hospital out patients include respiratory
tract infection of which nearly 30% have pneumonia
It is second leading cause of death in children
under five years of age
7. CLASSIFICATION
Classification on anatomical basis
Lobar or lobular pneumonia: One or more lobes of
lungs are involved
Interstial pneumonia: Interstial tissues of lungs are
involved
Bronchopneumonia: Patchy consolidation of lungs
is known as bronchopneumonia
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9. CONT…
Classification on etiological basis
Bacterial pneumonia: It may be caused by
Pneumococcus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus,
Hemophilus influenzae and H.pertusis
Viral pneumonia :It is caused by viruses like
influenza, Measles, Adenovirus and Respiratory
Syncytial Virus.
Fungal pneumonia: It may be caused by
histoplasmosis and Coccidiomycosis.
Protozoal pneumonia:It is caused by
Pneumocystitis carini, Entamoeba histolytica.
10. CONT…
Miscellaneous types
1. Aspiration Pneumonia:
• It is caused by aspiration of food, nasal drops,
amniotic fluid by newborn, water(drowning) and
chemicals like kerosene oil etc.
2. Loffler’s pneumonia:
• In which eosinophils accumulate in the lungs in
response to parasitic infection
• It may be caused by parasites like Ascaris
lumbricoides .
11. CONT…
3. Hypersensitivity pnemonitis:
• It is an inflammation of alveoli within the lungs
caused by hypersensitivity to inhaled dust
4. Hypostatic pneumonia:
• It results from collection of fluid in dorsal region of
lungs and occurs especially in those confined to
bed for long time( bedridden)
12. ETIOLOGY
VIRUSES: Includes
Adenovirus
Rhinovirus
Influenza virus
Respiratory Syncytial Virus(RSV)
Parainfluenza virus
Bacterias: Includes
Group B Streptococci
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Staphylococcus
Upper respiratory tract infection
13. CONT….
People with weak immune system including people
undergoing chemotherapy are more susceptible to
pneumonia
Self infection : Vomiting occurs and the person
breathes in harmful bacteria contents from his own
stomach developing pneumonia
14. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Alteration in net bacterial lung resistance caused by
either:
Decreased bactericidal ability of the alveolar
macrophages
Extreme virulence of the bacteria
Increased susceptibility of host to infection
Acute inflammation occurs that caused excess water
and plasma proteins go to the development areas
of the lower lobes
15. CONT…….
RBC’s fibrin and polymorphonuclear leukocytes
infiltrate the alveoli
Containment of the bacteria within the segments of
pulmonary lobes by cellular recruitment
Consolidation of leukocytes and fibrin within the
affected area
Stage of congestion
Engorgement of alveolar spaces with fluid and
16. CONT…..
The disease in number of RBC in the exudates is
replaced by neutrophils which infiltrate the alveoli
making the lung tissue to be solid and grayish in
color
Pneumonia
17. CONT…
It includes 4 stages
congestion
red hepatization
gray hepatization
resolution
18. CONGESTION
After the pneumococcus organism reaches the
alveoli, there is an outpouring of fluids into alveoli.
The organism multiplies in the serous fluid and
infection spreads
19. RED HEPATIZATION
The massive dilation of the capillaries and alveoli
that are filled with this organism, neutrophils, RBC,
and fibrin.
The lung appears red and granular, similar to that of
liver which is why the process is called
hepatization.
20. GREY HEPATIZATION
Blood flow decreases and leukocytes and fibrin
consolidate in the affected part of lung.
21. RESOLUTION
Complete resolution and healing occurs if there is
no complications.
The exudates become lysed and is processed by
macrophages.
The normal lung tissue is restored and the persons
gas exchange ability returns to normal.
22. CLINICAL FEATURES
Early signs and symptoms
Sudden onset of High fever with chills
Cough with thick sputum
Increased respiration rate
Grunting respiration
Nasal flaring
Running nose
Irritability
Malaise
Sore throat
Anorexia
23. CONT…..
Late signs and symptoms include:
Drowsiness
Inability to drink from mouth
Chest indrawing
Wheezing
Hoarseness of voice
Cyanosis
Pleural pain which may be increased by deep
breathing
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27. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
History collection
Physical examination
Complete blood count: to check white blood cell
count
Arterial Blood Gas
Pulse oximetry
Sputum culture
Bronchoscopic examination
Chest X-ray- shows patchy consolidation
Computed Tomography Scan of chest
29. MANAGEMENT
Therapeutic Management
Antimicrobial therapy effective treatment
Oral amoxicillin is used for infants and children
younger than 5years
Erythromycin is the drug of choice for older children
Administration of antipyretics for fever
Hospitalization is indicated when the pleural
effusion or empyema accompanies disease and
also for staphylococcal pneumoniae
Oxygen may be required if the child is respiratory
distress
30. PREVENTION
Exclusive breastfeeding for first 6months of life.
Weaning to solid foods after 6 months of age
preferably with homemade foods.
Avoidance of risk factors like overcrowded
environment exposure to pollution and bottle
feeding.
Protection from malnutrition and supplementation of
vitamin A and D.
Optimum immunization with Diptheria, Pertusis-
Tetanus(DPT), measles, Haemophilus
influenzae(Hib), Pneumococcal vaccines at
appropriate age.
31. CONT….
Two vaccines are available to prevent
pneumococcal disease
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine(PCV)
Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Vaccine(Pneumovax)
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine(PCV) is
recommended for all children <2years of age.
This vaccine should be repeated every 5-7years of
age.