This document defines and provides examples of key chemistry concepts: Molarity is moles of solute per liters of solution. For example, 1M CaCl2 is made by dissolving 110.98g of CaCl2 in 1000ml of water. Molality is moles of solute per liters of solvent. 1M CaCl2 uses the same amounts but defines the volume as liters of water rather than total solution. Normality is equivalent mass of solute per liter of solution. 1N NaOH is made by dissolving 40g of NaOH in 1000ml total volume. Equivalent weight is the molecular mass divided by replaceable hydrogen ions. For H2

1. Basic Chemistry/Biochemistry

2. Molarity : a number moles of solute dissolve in
per liters of solution
M= Moles of solute
Liters of solution

3. For example:
1 moles of CaCl2 =110.98 g/mol
M= 110.98
1000ml
 Take volumetric flask(VF)
 Weigh 110.98g/mol
 Add some amount water in VF
 After VF is shake well till dissolve
 After dissolve full fill the water till marks
this process is gives 1molarity of solution.

4. Molality
A number moles of solute dissolve in per liters
of solvent.
M= Moles of solute
liters of solvent

5. For example:
CaCl2= 110.98 g/mol
M= 110.98
1000ml of water
 Weigh 110.98 of CaCl2 and Also take 1000ml of water
Both are mixed together in volumetric flask or beaker that is
gives 1molality

6. Normality
A number of equivalent mass of solute dissolve
in one liters of solution gives one normality
N=Equivalent mass of solute
Liters of Solution

7. For example:
NaoH = 40g
N = 40
1000
 Weigh 40g of NaoH
 Pore into VF
 And add some water and shake well
 After some time full fill the water till mark
It gives 1N of solution

8. Equivalent weight
Eq= Molecular mass
Replaceable H ion(oxidation)

9. For example:
H2SO4
Mol.Mass= 98g/mol
Replaceable H ion are 2
That’s why equivalent weight is H2SO4 = 40g

10. Buffers : a buffer is a solution it can maintain a
constant of pH level.
Ex: Tris buffers, phosphate buffer

11. pH: It is measure of hydrogen ion concentration
in water