This document appears to be a student assignment analyzing the system development life cycle of Sharif Oxygen PVT LTD, a company that produces oxygen and nitrogen gases. The student discusses the scope, objectives, types of gases produced, history of oxygen and nitrogen, uses of the gases, SDLC phases including planning, analysis, design, and implementation. Key aspects of the company's gas collection method (air separation unit) and management structure are also summarized. The assignment includes tables of contents, acknowledgments and introduces the analysis of improving the company's management and sales systems.

1. 2012
Name :- Farooq Mian
ID No :- 113323
B.S.C.S (Summer Semester)
Teacher :- Sir Khalid Ghorsi
8/23/2012
System Anaylsis & Design
ASSIGNMENT

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Table of Contents
1- Introduction
2- Scope
3- Objective
4- Types of Gases
 Oxygen
 Nitrogen
5- History of Oxygen & Nitrogen
 Uses of Oxygen & Nitrogen
6- SDLC (System development life cycle) of
 Oxygen
 Nitrogen
7- Method of collecting gas
 ASU (Air separation unit)
8- Management
 General Managers
 Line Managers
 Operators
 Helpers
 Maintenance staff
 Loading / Unloading staff
9- Sales
 Description of manual system
 Computerized system
10- Software
 SOL (Sharif oxygen PVT LTD)
11- Conclusion
12- References

3. 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the beginning, I would like to thank ALMIGHTY ALLAH, the most merciful and
beneficent, for giving me the strength to complete my assignment with full
determination.
I would like to thank my teacher Sir Khalid Ghorsi who gave me this opportunity and
encouraged me by assigning this assignment; Without their help and guidance I
would have not completed this assignment. I believe in future these efforts will pay
off.
A special thanks to Muhammad Naeem Mian, who helped me in collecting
information and guided me throughout.

4. 4
INTRODUCTION
This assignment is about how system, analysis and design works
for a company named “Sharif Oxygen (Pvt) Ltd”, It is a company which makes many
gases but mainly they make Oxygen and Nitrogen, the idea here is that I have
studied and understood the company, and at the end I would like to tell and give
some of my ideas what I think the company should do for their betterment acting as
a system analyst.
SCOPE
As we all know that the world is advancing day by day new technologies
come and go, many new methods are been introduced almost daily, therefore, the
demand of the new systems have been increased in every organization old systems
have been replaced by new systems, the question is why? Its because every
organization demands excellent quality work more profit to be earned in short span
of time, to gain as much market trust as they can, and not to forget as quick they
can so they can compete with other organizations. New systems should be
i. User friendly
ii. More efficient
iii. They should provide security
As these three are mentioned, my idea of a new system will be based upon these
three, as they have already a very good and efficient system.
OBJECTIVE
My objective is to understand the system and see if I can make a
better and useful system, different people have different ideas, my major focus is on
management and sales, I will keep my track onto that, and share my idea.

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TYPES OF GASES
Oxygen:-
Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic
number 8. Its name derives from the Greek roots (oxys) ("acid", literally "sharp",
referring to the sour taste of acids) and (gοnos) ("producer", literally "begetter"),
because at the time of naming, it was mistakenly thought that all acids required
oxygen in their composition. At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of
the element bind to form dioxygen, a very pale blue, odorless,
tasteless diatomic gas with the formula O2. This compound is an important part of
the atmosphere, and is necessary to sustain terrestrial life
Nitrogen:-
Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic
number 7. Elemental nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, and
mostly inert diatomic gas at standard conditions, constituting 78.09% by volume
of Earth's atmosphere. The element nitrogen was discovered as a separable
component of air, by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford, in 1772.
Liquid Nitrogen:- (Main)
Liquid nitrogen is a cryogenic liquid. At atmospheric pressure, it
boils at −195.8 °C. When insulated in proper containers such as Dewar flasks, it can
be transported without much evaporative loss.
HISTORY OF OXYGEN
Early Experiments.
 One of the first known experiments on the relationship between combustion
and air was conducted by the 2nd century BCE Greek writer on mechanics,
Philo of Byzantium. In his work Pneumatica, Many centuries later Leonardo da
Vinci built on Philo's work
 In the late 17th century, Robert Boyle proved that air is necessary for
combustion.
 English chemist John Mayow (1641–1679) refined this work by showing that
fire requires only a part of air that he called spiritus nitroaereus. He observed
that nitroaereus is consumed in both respiration and combustion.
 Mayow observed that antimony increased in weight when heated, and
inferred that the nitroaereus must have combined with it. Accounts of these
and other experiments and ideas were published in 1668 in his work
Tractatus duo in the tract "De respiratione".
 Robert Hooke, Ole Borch, Mikhail Lomonosov, and Pierre Bayen all produced
oxygen in experiments in the 17th and the 18th century but none of them
recognized it as an element.

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 Established in 1667 by the German alchemist J. J. Becher, and modified by
the chemist George Ernst Stahl by 1731, phlogiston theory stated that “all
combustible materials were made of two parts. One part, called phlogiston,
was given off when the substance containing it was burned, while the
dephlogisticated part was thought to be its true form, or calx.”
Discovery.
 Oxygen was first discovered by Swedish pharmacist Carl Wilhelm Scheele in
1772. Scheele called the gas "fire air" and wrote an account of this discovery
in a manuscript he titled Treatise on Air and Fire, which was not published
until 1777.
 In August 1, 1774, an experiment was conducted by the British clergyman
Joseph Priestley which liberated a gas he named "dephlogisticated air".
Priestley published his findings in 1775 in a paper titled "An Account of
Further Discoveries in Air". Because he published his findings first, Priestley is
usually given priority in the discovery.
 Lavoisier conducted the first adequate quantitative experiments to give the
first correct explanation of how combustion works. He used experiments, all
started in 1774, to discredit the phlogiston theory and to prove that the
substance discovered by Priestley and Scheele was a chemical element.
Later History.
 By the late 19th century scientists realized that air could be liquefied, and its
components isolated, by compressing and cooling it. In 1877, using a
cascade method, Swiss chemist and physicist Raoul Pierre Pictet cool oxygen
gas enough to liquefy it.
 Later, French physicist Louis Paul Cailletet announced his own method of
liquefying molecular oxygen. Only a few drops of the liquid were produced in
either case so no meaningful analysis could be conducted.
 Oxygen was liquified in stable state for the first time on March 29, 1883 by
Polish scientists from Jagiellonian University, Zygmunt Wróblewski and Karol
Olszewski.
 In 1891 Scottish chemist James Dewar was able to produce enough liquid
oxygen to study.
 The first commercially viable process for producing liquid oxygen was
independently developed in 1895 by German engineer Carl von Linde and
British engineer William Hampson.
 Later, in 1901, oxyacetylene welding was demonstrated for the first time by
burning a mixture of acetylene and compressed O2. This method of welding
and cutting metal later became common.
 In 1923 the American scientist Robert H. Goddard became the first person to
develop a rocket engine; the engine used gasoline for fuel and liquid oxygen
as the oxidizer. Goddard successfully flew a small liquid-fueled rocket 56 m at
97 km/h on March 16, 1926 in Auburn, Massachusetts, USA.

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HISTORY OF NITROGEN
 Nitrogen is formally considered to have been discovered by Scottish physician
Daniel Rutherford in 1772, who called it noxious air or fixed air.
 Nitrogen was also studied at about the same time by Carl Wilhelm Scheele,
Henry Cavendish, and Joseph Priestley, who referred to it as burnt air or
phlogisticated air.
 Nitrogen gas was inert enough that Antoine Lavoisier referred to it as
"mephitic air" or azote, meaning "lifeless". In it, animals died and flames were
extinguished.
 Nitrogen compounds were well known during the Middle Ages.
 Alchemists knew nitric acid as aqua fortis (strong water).
 The mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids was known as aqua regia (royal
water), celebrated for its ability to dissolve gold (the king of metals).
 The earliest military, industrial, and agricultural applications of nitrogen
compounds used was saltpetre (sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate), most
notably in gunpowder, and later as fertilizer.
 In 1910, Lord Rayleigh discovered that an electrical discharge in nitrogen gas
produced "active nitrogen", an allotrope considered to be monatomic. The
"whirling cloud of brilliant yellow light" produced by his apparatus reacted
with quicksilver to produce explosive mercury nitride.
USES OF OXYGEN
1. Medical:-
Uptake of O2 from the air is the essential
purpose of respiration, so oxygen supplementation
is used in medicine. Treatment not only increases
oxygen levels in the patient's blood, but has the
secondary effect of decreasing resistance to blood
flow in many types of diseased lungs, easing work
load on the heart
2. Life support use:-
A notable application of O2 as
a low-pressure breathing gas is in modern space
suits, which surround their occupant's body with
pressurized air. These devices use nearly pure
oxygen at about one third normal pressure,
resulting in a normal blood partial pressure
of O2. This trade-off of higher oxygen
concentration for lower pressure is needed to
maintain flexible spacesuits.

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3. Industrial:-
Smelting of iron
ore into steel consumes 55% of commercially
produced oxygen. In this process, O2 is
injected through a high-pressure lance into
molten iron, which removes sulfurimpurities
and excess carbon as the respective
oxides, SO2 and CO2. The reactions
are exothermic, so the temperature increases
to 1,700 °C.
USES OF NITROGEN
 As a modified atmosphere, pure or mixed with carbon dioxide, to preserve the
freshness of packaged or bulk foods (by delaying rancidity and other forms
of oxidative damage)
 In ordinary incandescent light bulbs as an inexpensive alternative to argon.
 The production of electronic parts such as transistors, diodes, and integrated
circuits
 Dried and pressurized, as a dielectric gas for high-voltage equipment
 The manufacturing of stainless steel
 Used in military aircraft fuel systems to reduce fire hazard, (see inerting system)
 On top of liquid explosives as a safety measure
 Filling automotive and aircraft tires due to its inertness and lack of moisture
or oxidative qualities, as opposed to air. The difference in N2 content between air
and pure N2 is 20%
 Used as a propellant for draft wine, and as an alternative to or together with
carbon dioxide for other beverages.
SDLC OF OXYGEN & NITROGEN
We use the main four phases of SDLC which are following:-
1) Planning and Selection:-
a) Survey:-
We survey the market and search for the place to install the plant as
we know the plant requires a lot space, and a good working unit along with a
working team, we study each and every component of the essential parts.
b) Existing Producing Facilities:-
We study and understand other producing
facilities which make such gases, what system they use and what advantages
they have over us, so we can overcome that facility and become the reason

9. 9
of better than them. E.g The Linde Group, a worldwide company which
produces all the essential gases which is required by other companies.
c) Market Demand:-
The most important thing we observe is what is the
current market demand, according to the demand we work, because its
economics every organization works with the market demand.
2) Analysis:-
a) Market Share:-
Its like this when we start a plant we always keep in mind
and analysis that how much product will you get, and whats the share of
other companies, what shares will we get.
b) Running Spare Parts:-
We always determine the spare parts and we check
weather spare parts are available in market or they are hard to get, running
spare parts are essential for the running of the plant and company,
otherwise the company will face some serious problems.
c) Future Market Growth:-
Analysis is been done for a long term calculations
are made, even very tiny things are kept in mind for the future market
growth, minimum of 10 years, analysis is been made to check where the
company will be after 10 years of serving, even if this requires a lot of time.
d) Ordering the Plant:-
The major thing we keep in mind before ordering is
we check and observe that will our plant fulfill our requirements, and we also
observe the suitability.
e) Alternative:-
We observe eveything and have another analysis just for the
safe side and afterwards, we choose the best alternative for the company
which is done by the analysis team.
3) Design:-
a) LOGIC DESIGN
i) Economical To Operate:-
At this stage the first thing we observe is that the
plant or machinery should be economical to operate, if it is too expensive it
will create a lot of problems, because if one part is expensive all others will
be expensive.
ii) Electricity:-
Main expense might be the electricity, as we know now a
days PAKISTAN is facing a major problem of electricity all the business

10. 10
are going down and electricity is the far more important part of this kind
of organization, we should have electricity for good working.
b) PHYSICAL DESIGN
i) Working Models:-
We observe the working models, we make the designs
for our analysis, we make tables, charts, diagrams, and different
graphical representation for better understanding, below i will show you a
diagram of system design.
a
4) Implementation:-
a) Hardware and Software Installation:-
Once everything is final, different
teams start their work, first hardware is installed different engineers are hired
for the installation, labour is required, at this moment all people work
together, its like JAD at this stage. Afterwards softwares are installed and
their working is checked throughout above screenshot is design made
software which operates the whole plant through this software.
b) User Training:-
It is obvious that they might need some employees to operate
the system its very vast machiney and plant so, they require user training.

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c) Documentation:-
At the end each and every step is noted down and keep as
a record in future, if anything goes wrong or any changes is required, first of
all we go through the documentation and than make changes.
METHOD OF COLLECTING GAS
ASU (Air Seperation Unit):-
As we know air contains 80% nitrogen and 20%
oxygen, air seperation unit is the only method used at such large scale, why?
Because it is the cheapest and most economical of them all, through this method we
can get both oxygen and nitrogen same procudure is for the both. First we take air
and cool it down we make it in liquid form and than in liquid we have nitrogen and
oxygen, other impurities are extracted before liquify air. Nitrogen boiling point is -
196 degree centigrade, and oxygen boiling point is -183 degree centigrade there is a
difference of 13 degree centigrade. We put this liquid in a condenser and nitrogen
vaporizers from the above and oxygen in liquid goes into the condenser.
Following Images will show all the steps in order:-
The first step is to power on the “Instrument Air Compressor” this is the starter
which is done manually this runs air into all the openings to clean them and work as
a starter of the “Air Compressor” rest of the process is operated by software.

12. 12
The second step is when the “Air Compressor” starts this is the starting of the
process, air compressor compresses the air and move forward.
The third step is the “Refrigeration Unit” the compressed air now goes through
this unit and starts to cool the air down, also removes the mosiure which is the most
dangerous for the process.

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The fourth step is the “Purifier” at
this stage the air goes through this
purifier which purifies the air,
removes the impurities from it.
This is another view of the “Purifier”
these are the valves which are
operated by the software, and these
control how much amount of liquid
should be released.

14. 14
“Distillation Column” is the largest and most important part of the whole process,
the liquid is droped from the and and the oxygen settles down, whereas nitrogen
vapourates, or nitrogen can be store in another tanker from where we can collect it
later, this process is done several times untill we get pure oxygen, which will be
obtain after our desired temperature, this step absorb Co2 and hydrocarbons.
At the last gas in liquid form goes into these
huge container.

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Filling of Nitogen gas in liquid form.
MANAGEMENT
 General Manager:-
A manager may be responsible for one functional area,
but the General Manager is responsible for all areas. Sometimes, most
commonly, the term General Manager refers to any executive who has overall
responsibility for managing both the revenue and cost elements of a
company's income statement. This is often referred to as profit & loss (P&L)
responsibility. This means that a General Manager usually oversees most or
all of the firm's marketing and sales functions as well as the day-to-
day operations of the business. Frequently, the General Manager is
responsible for effective planning, delegating, coordinating, staffing,
organizing, and decision making to attain desirable profit making results for
an organization.
 Line Manager:-
A manager who heads a revenue-generating department and
is responsible for achieving an organization’s main objectives by executing

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an functions such as policy making, target setting, decision making.
 Operators:-
Operators are the ones who operate the plant, various
machinery they are well trainned and aware of all the process.
 Helpers:-
Helpers help in various things, e.g help in operating systems
problems, guide people, look around for any trouble etc.
 Maintenance Staff:-
Those in a business responsible for maintaining the
physical plant.
 Loading / Unloading Staff:-
Loading / Unloading staff is required to load and
unload the cylinders.
SALES
Description of Manual System:-
Before the IT people use manual system to keep
records, some of the organizations still use manual system, but with the change of
time people move on, and demand a better solution to this problem of writing
records daily than comes IT with software solutions with these softwares whole
record of each and everything can be saved within seconds, the organization named
“Sharif Oxygen (Pvt) Ltd” used manual system like everyone else, but there were
many errors in the manual system, e.g accounts were never up to date, employees
try to fraud etc. There are different vouchers and forms used in mannual system,
ofcourse they give receipt to the customer and keep one copy to their self, the thing
is what if the receipts are missplaced? Therefore, this organization used IT software
to maintain their records, and keep them safe.
Computerized System:-
Computerized systems should be easy to understand and
fast as possible, people don’t like delay in their work, there are numerous
advantanges of a computerized system you are a click away from your desired
information, instead of sorting millions of files and documents, going to all the
receipt one by one to maintain the record of any customers requires a lot of time.
Computerized systems are automatic and easy to maintain. Computerized systems
provide security, one can have full access and one can have limited access, e.g CEO
can have the access but the maintaince man have the access to see the maintaince

17. 17
chart only, computerized system now a days is essential for every organization,
there is 0.5% chance of fraud in a good computerized system.
SOFTWARE
SOL [Sharif Oxygen (Pvt) Ltd.]
SOL created their own software, their decision to have a software was made when
they faced problems with their cylinders of oxygen and nitrogen, because they fill
gas in cylinders of the customers as well as provide cylinder themselves against
security, the idea was they have no sign on their cylinder but on the customer’s
cylinder they have a line marked at the front, the problem was people take
companies cylinder and make exact same mark and declare those cylinder is their’s
at that very moment if the company wants to check how many cylinder did the
customer took from them and how many they have of the customer they have to go
through millions of records, and sometimes the record of the specific customer is not
even updated. At the last they face the consequences. They have different forms in
their software which are following.
1- ECR (Empty Cylinder Receipt)
2- Delivery Challan
3- Rejected Cylinder ETC

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This is the ECR which is to be filled and this maintains the record of all the empty
cylinders.
This is the delivery challan which maintains the record of the cylinders which are to
be deliverable by the customers.
Rejected cylinders are those which come for filling by the customer but rejected due
to bad cylinders.
Just a random screenshot of customer balance report, as you can see the promise
date at the last, that also keep track of the customer promises.

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A shot of cylinders, these all are filled cylinders ready to deliver.
CONCLUSION
There are few things which i would like to mention, firstly as we know the electricity
problems, they should have a solar system because if they go for generator they
require a huge one, solar system for the essential machinery is must, because when
the power is off everything shuts down, which is not harmful but sometimes when
there is no power for hours and hours it can cause problem. Secondly i would like to
mention that they need some modifications in their software as it is a very good and
quite quick one, but there are some certain things which should be added like if any
loading and unloading staff member loads the cylinders instead of writing and
forwarding the receipt they should have a small panel at loading/unloading store,
which should be connected to the major software and entry is made within seconds,
and number of cylinders loaded should appear in a small LCD at the front gate
through which the car is going to pass the guard counts and they are good to go.
Lastly the receipt should be automatically generate from the pannel instead of
writing world is advance system should also.
Now, from all this assignment i learned many things, i personally visited the
comapny, and met with the general manager studied all the system and understand
it, this really enhanced my knowledge. Saw their software and think of some
changes which i mentioned above. “SAD system analysis and design play an
important role in every organization”.

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A picture of me and the General Manager of the company Mr.Malik Asgher

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REFERENCES
Reference By Book:-
Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design 5th ed. - J. Valacich, et. al., (Pearson,
2012) BBS.
Reference from Internet:-
Right bottom is the page no. Of each page.
Source Page No.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen
5,6,7,8
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/line-
manager.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_manager
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