Describe two mechanisms that contribute to anterior-posterior axis e.pdf

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Describe two mechanisms that contribute to anterior-posterior axis elongation. Solution The anterior posterior axis elongation takes place by formation of primitive streak (PS). Convergent extension (CE) movements by cell intercalation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) also contribute to anterior posterior axis elongation.Apart from this,Wnt ligands such as Wnt 11 and Wnt 5a also contribute to anterior posterior elongation..

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Two of the main political systems are democracy and totalitarianism. Define in your own words. Solution Democracy can be defined as a freedom of the people in a nation to opt for whatever they want. The citizens of the country have the right to all the resources of the country. The majority of the country decides the direction and the fate of the country. In a democracy, the leaders and government are selected by the election process and it can also be removed if the public opposes the government in power. Opposite of the democracy is authoritarian and the totalitarian type of governance. In these types of governance style, the leadership of the country remains with a single individual or a group leading the entire country. These can be seen as a dictatorship. In case of a totalitarian regime, the individual who holds the power or the dictator has the influence of his charisma over the people. The citizens are attracted by his prophetic leadership which makes these citizens perform and follow the wishes and orders of the dictator. Examples:- Joseph Stalin of USSR, Benito Mussolini of Italy, and Adolf Hitler of Germany. There is a sense of connection between the citizens and the dictators and this is how the dictator is able to rule the country. A sense of ideology is mutually shared by the citizens and the totalitarian.

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The Problem Using C programming language write a program that simulates the Tiny Machine Architecture. Your code must implement the basic instruction set that the Tiny Machine Architecture adheres to (LOAD[1], ADD[2], STORE[3], SUB[4], IN[5], OUT[6], END[7], JMP[8], SKIPZ[9]). Each piece of the architecture must be accurately represented in your code (Instruction Register, Program Counter, Memory Address Register, Data Memory, Memory Data Register, and Accumulator). Data Memory will be represented by a 0-9 array. Your Program Counter will begin at 10. For the sake of simplicity Program Memory and Data Memory may be implemented as separate arrays. Hint: Implementing a struct for your Instructions and an array of these structs as your Program Memory greatly simplifies this program. Example: typedef struct { int opCode, deviceOrAddress; } Instruction; Instruction programMemory[MAXPROGRAMSIZE]; Input Specifications Your simulator must run from the command line with a single input file as a parameter to main. This file will contain a sequence of instructions for your simulator to assemble (store in “program memory”) and then run via the fetch/execute cycle. Example: 5 5 //IN 5 6 7 //OUT 7 3 0 //STORE 0 5 5 //IN 5 6 7 //OUT 7 3 1 //STORE 1 1 0 //LOAD 0 4 1 //SUB 1 3 0 //STORE 0 6 7 //OUT 7 1 1 //LOAD 1 6 7 //OUT 7 7 0 //END Output Specifications Your simulator should provide output according to the input file. Along with this output your program should provide status messages identifying details on the workings of your simulator. Output text does not have to reflect my example word-for-word, but please provide detail on the program as it runs in a readable format that does not conflict with the actual output of your simulator. After each instruction print the current state of the Program Counter, Accumulator, and Data Memory. The INPUT instruction is the only one that should prompt an interaction from the user. Example: Assembling Program… Program Assembled. Run. PC = 10 | A = NULL | MEM = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] /* input value */ X PC = 11 | A = X | MEM = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] /* outputting accumulator to screen */ X PC = 12 | A = X | MEM = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] /* storing accumulator to memory location 0 */ PC = 13 | A = X | MEM = [X, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] … etc Program complete. Grading Your simulator will be graded on the above criteria. Your program should compile and run from the command line with one input file parameter. Please note that your program will not just be graded on whether or not it runs successfully; accurate simulation and a thorough demonstration of your understanding on the workings of this architecture will constitute a large portion of this grade. As that is the case it is in your best interest to comment your program in a concise and readable way. However, if your program does not run or compile the maximum points possible will be 50 (up to 25 may be recovered by debugging and demonstrating a.

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5. Joe and Sam are using Public Key encryption. Joe’s public and private keys are named Joe- Pub and Joe-Priv. Sam’s public and private keys are named Sam-Pub and Sam-Priv. a) (5 points) Assume Sam is sending encrypted data to Joe. What key (out of the 4 keys listed above) does Sam use to encrypt the data? What key does Joe use to decrypt the data? b) (5 points) Now assume Sam is putting digital signatures on his messages to Joe to prove his identity. He does this by encrypting the HMAC hash code at the end of the message. What key does Sam use to encrypt this HMAC code? What key does Joe use to decrypt the encrypted HMAC code that he receives? Solution Suppose A(sender) wants to send some data to B(receiver) using public-private key encryption. Then A(sender) has to encrypt the data using public key of B(receiver). When B(receiver) will get the data, he will decrypt it using his own private key. So answer to first question (a) is that: Sam will be using Joe-Pub to encrypt the data to be sent to Joe. And Joe will use Joe-Priv to decrypt the data. For question(b), the case is similar to question(a). Sam will be using Joe-Pub key to encrypt the HMAC and Joe will be using Joe-Priv to decryp the HMAC of Sam..

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QUESTION 7 When using the indirect method to prepare the statement of cash flows, depreciation expense should be presented as a(n): O addition to net income. o cash flow from financing activities cash flow from investing activities. O deduction from net income. O investing and financing activity not affecting cash. Solution A. addition to net income. Depreciation is added back in cash flow statement because it is a non-cash item, which had reduced the net income, and thus should be added back..

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Q.1. Define noncontrolling (minority) interest. List three methods that might be used for reporting the noncontrolling interest in a consolidated Solution Non Controlling Interest also known as Minority Interest is that portion of the subsidiary\'s equity capital which is not held or own or controlled by the parent company. Parent company here means who has a controlling interest of 50% or more in the subsidiary and who consolidates their financial statements with its own. Three methods to report NCI are:.

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Part F - Viral Evolution and Lysogeny One hypothesis regarding the origin of viruses suggests that early viruses may have had primarily latent life cycles and that they served a function by helping to transfer genes from one cell to another. This hypothesis suggests that perhaps the lytic life cycle evolved later to allow the viruses to more rapidly spread from one cell to another. How could the researchers studying the archaeal RNA viruses determine whether those viruses have lytic or latent life cycles? Choose all of the correct answers. 1. They could examine the genomes that they have assembled to determine whether genes associated with lysogeny were present. 3. There is no way to determine the life cycle of the archaeal RNA viruses without observing the viruses causing infection 4.They could examine the genomes of the archaeal RNA viruses to look for evidence of uncoating genes. 1. They could examine the genomes that they have assembled to determine whether genes associated with lysogeny were present.2. They could consider the life cycles of more well-known archaeal viruses, which are rarely lysogenic, and compare the new viruses with known lysogenic archaeal viruses. 3. There is no way to determine the life cycle of the archaeal RNA viruses without observing the viruses causing infection 4.They could examine the genomes of the archaeal RNA viruses to look for evidence of uncoating genes. Solution Answer : 2 Molecular mechanisms underlying the various stages of the viral life cycle remain poorly understood in Archaea. (Quentin et al., 2014). Cell surface , environmental adaptibility, nature of cell wall of archaea has great influence on the viral entry. Hence, the approach of comparing the new virus with well known lysogenic archaea virus is considered better..

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Match the following Data vs Information Reliability as it adds value to information The IPO model A Takes raw input and turns it into something meaningful vthile still allowing an opportunity for adjustment of results. B. True C. Responding to different cultural needs/desires. \' A critical component of a CBS A CBIS used to perform and record business related exchanges. Are the Internet and the WWW the same thing? TPS A strategy for attaining competitive advantage Financial evaluation is an important part of evaluation IS E False F. r: Providing choices; varety; or higher quality The difference between raw facts and those that are organized and processed in a way that adds value. projects H Is responsible for equipment, personnel, finance, accounting and value or IS. Establishes trust; can be dependent on its source; can be a A global challenge for information systems victim of poor data collection An organized collection of facts and information-usually maintained in two or more related files. Solution Data vs information:- G:_ The difference between raw facts and those that are organized and processed in a way that adds value Reliability as it adds value to information:- I:- Establish trust; can dependent on its siurce; can be a victim of poor data collection The IPO model:- A:- Takes raw input and turns into something meaningful while still allowing and opportunity for adjustment of results. A critical component of CBIS:- J:- an organized collection of facts and information0usually maintained iin two or more related files Are the internet and www the same thing :- E:- FALSE TPS:- D:- A CBIS used to perform and record business related exchanges A strategy for attaining competitive advantage:- F:- Providing choices; variety or higher quality Financial evaluation is an importance part of evaluation IS projects:- B:- True CIO:- H:- is responsible for equipment, personnel, finance, accounting and value or IS A global challenge for information systems:- C:- responding to different cultural needs/desires.

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Many organizations invest substantial resources in creating their own project methodologies, which are sets of templates, process maps, and procedures that show the normal flow of a project from start to finish. Other organizations have no formal project management methods, and it is difficult for project managers and team members to be certain about what phase the project is in. If informal project management can get the job done, why do we need fancy methods and processes and terminology? Have you ever been involved in a project that didn’t follow the standard cycle of initiating, planning, executing, and closing? Is it ethical to under plan or over plan a project? Why or why not? Solution Q1) Informal project management doesn\'t have a detailed project plan outlining the phases, resources and budget. It is followed by small companies where the project scale is low. The phases begin and end in a flow rather than being preplanned. Though informal project management can get the job done for small scale projects with not much budget involved and relatively lesser sense of urgency for completion, for a project to be successful in all aspects, a formal project management methodology needs to be in place. Below are the reasons - 1. Though project exceeds the cost expected and gets delayed to a small extent, it is difficult to quantify and estimate in informal project management methodology and hence the firm doesn\'t even know the loss being incurred. 2. Allocating, monitoring and controlling resources becomes difficult in informal methods. 3. Lack of accountability results in not owning any issues that might occur in the project. Q2) Example of a project that is informal - Quality circles formed by a group of employees from various departments or functions to improve overall quality of the product and eliminate deviations from the process. The project starts with identifying quality issue and random inputs pour in from all the functional departments that are collected by a moderator who keeps scheduling recurring meetings to ensure the rootcause of the issue is identified and the alternatives are prepared. The solution then is identified by testing all the three alternatives at a pilot scale and the best alternative is implemented. Q3) Underplanning or overplanning a project is never known in advance and is known while project is in progress. Individuals never wilfully over or under plan for the project; sometimes it might happen to over plan if the project manager wants to keep a buffer of time, resources and budget. Underplanning is purely a deviation from the project and as far as ethics is concerned, it is not something which is expected though it doesn\'t wilfully happen..

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Great alveolar (type II) cells of the alveoli secrete a _______ that decreases the surface tension and prevent alveoli collapse when exhaling . Great alveolar (type II) cells of the alveoli secrete a _______ that decreases the surface tension and prevent alveoli collapse when exhaling . Solution Ans- pulmonary surfactant . Pulmonary surfactant Type II alveolar cells cover a small fraction of the alveolar surface area. Their function is of major importance in the secretion of Pulmonary surfactant which decreases the surface tension within the alveoli. They are also capable of cellular division, giving rise to more type I alveolar cells when the lung tissue is damaged. These cells are granular and roughly cuboidal. Type II alveolar cells are typically found at the blood-air barrier Although they only comprise 5% of the alveolar surface, they are relatively numerous (60% of alveolar epithelial cells) Development:- Type II cells start to develop at about 26 weeks of gestation, secreting small amounts of surfactant. However, adequate amounts of surfactant are not secreted until about 35 weeks of gestation - this is the main reason for increased rates of infant respiratory distress syndrome, which drastically reduces at ages above 35 weeks gestation. Functions- Type II cells are responsible for the production and secretion of pulmonary surfactant (the majority of which are dipalmitoyphosphatidylcholine), a group of phospholipids that reduce the alveolar surface tension. Surfactant phospholipids are stored in type II alveolar cells in lamellar bodies, which are specialized vesicles. Release of surfactant in lamellar bodies occurs from an infant\'s first breath onwards. Type II pneumocytes can replicate in the alveoli and will replicate to replace damaged type I cells. MUC1 a human gene associated with type II pneumocytes, has been identified as a marker in lung cancer.

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Give a detailed explanation and introduction to Polarization Microscopy. Solution Polarized light microscopy Polarized light is a contrast-enhancing technique that improves the quality of the image obtained with birefringent materials when compared to other techniques such as darkfield and brightfield illumination, differential interference contrast, phase contrast, Hoffman modulation contrast, and fluorescence. Polarized light microscopes have a high degree of sensitivity and can be utilized for both quantitative and qualitative studies targeted at a wide range of anisotropic specimens. Qualitative polarizing microscopy is very popular in practice, with numerous volumes dedicated to the subject. In contrast, the quantitative aspects of polarized light microscopy, which is primarily employed in crystallography, represent a far more difficult subject that is usually restricted to geologists, mineralogists, and chemists. However, steady advances made over the past few years have enabled biologists to study the birefringent character of many anisotropic sub-cellular assemblies. The polarized light microscope is designed to observe and photograph specimens that are visible primarily due to their optically anisotropic character. In order to accomplish this task, the microscope must be equipped with both a polarizer, positioned in the light path somewhere before the specimen, and an analyzer (a second polarizer, placed in the optical pathway between the objective rear aperture and the observation tubes or camera port. Image contrast arises from the interaction of plane-polarized light with a birefringent (or doubly-refracting) specimen to produce two individual wave components that are each polarized in mutually perpendicular planes. The velocities of these components, which are termed the ordinary and the extraordinary wavefronts , are different and vary with the propagation direction through the specimen. After exiting the specimen, the light components become out of phase, but are recombined with constructive and destructive interference when they pass through the analyzer. olarized light microscopy is capable of providing information on absorption color and optical path boundaries between minerals of differing refractive indices, in a manner similar to brightfield illumination, but the technique can also distinguish between isotropic and anisotropic substances. Furthermore, the contrast-enhancing technique exploits the optical properties specific to anisotropy and reveals detailed information concerning the structure and composition of materials that are invaluable for identification and diagnostic purposes..

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