There are 17 essential nutrients required for plant growth: carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), boron (B), molybdenum (Mo), chlorine (Cl) and nickel (Ni). Of these 17, all except carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are derived from the soil. When the soil cannot supply the level of nutrient required for adequate growth, supplemental fertilizer applications become necessary.

2. How plants make their own food
• Plants and animals are all living things, but they
obtain food in different ways.
• Animals eat other living things, but plants make
their own food.

3. How plants make their own food
• Plants need air, water and mineral salt to make
their food.

4. How plants make their own food
• They use sunlight as their source of energy.
• This process is called photosynthesis.

5. How plants get nutrients
• Water and mineral salts are very important for
plant nutrition.
• Mineral salts from the soil dissolve in water.
• Plants absorb water from the soil trough their
tiny root hairs.

6. How plants get nutrients.
• The mixture of water and
mineral salts, called Raw
Sap, travels up the stem to
the leaves through long
tubes, called Xylem
Vessels.
• Carbon dioxide enters a
plant throught tiny pores
called Stomata, situated
on the underside of the
plant´s leaves.

8. Photosynthesis.

9. Photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis is a complex chemical process.
• It enables plants to manufacture food from
water, mineral salts, carbon dioxide and sunlight.

10. Photosynthesis.
• Chlorophyll is a green
substance which traps
sunlight.
• It is found in special
organelles called
chloroplasts which are
inside plant cells.
• Cholorophyll gives
plants their green
colour.

11. Photosynthesis

12. Plant Respiration

13. Plant Respiration
• Plants need to breathe. They
take in oxygen from the air
and give off carbon dioxide.
• Plants combine oxygen with
nutrients to obtain energy.
This gas exchange is called
Respiration.
• During photosynthesis, the
opposite ocurs. Plants take
in carbon dioxide and give
off oxigen.
• However, plants produce
more oxygen than they can
use. As a result, forests are
an important source of
oxygen.

14. Growth, movement and the perception of time
• Roots always grow downwards, and
stems always grow upwards, even if the
ground is sloping.
• Stems and leaves grow towards light.
• Vines, such as grapevines, wrap
themselves round a support and grow
along it.
• The mimosa plant is capable of rapid
movement: Its leaves close if you touch
it.
• Plants can distinguis the seasons by the
number of hours of daylight and
darkness. Days get longer and nights get
shorter in spring when plants normally
grow flowers.

15. Fertilizer Application
Plant growth is influenced by
a nutrient at lowest
concentration as a
denominator

16. Macro nutrients Micro nutrients
Mostly from Air &
Water
From Soil From Soil
C, H, O N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg Fe, Mn, B, Mo, Cu, Zn, Cl
There are 17 essential nutrients required for plant growth: carbon (C),
hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium
(K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), manganese
(Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), boron (B), molybdenum (Mo), chlorine
(Cl) and nickel (Ni). Of these 17, all except carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen are derived from the soil. When the soil cannot supply the
level of nutrient required for adequate growth, supplemental fertilizer
applications become necessary. List of Macro and Micro nutrients for
plants

17. • Plants require these nutrients in relatively large amounts
– C, O, H, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S

18. • Plants require in very small amounts
– Cl, Fe, Mn, Bo, Zi, Ni, Mb
– primarily cofactors for enzyme function

19. Deficiency symptoms
Symptom: is any perceptible change in known structure,
appearance or function. These include:
Yellowing (chlorosis)
Death (necrosis)
Lesions
Malformations
Malfunctions
Reduced growth and yield

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17. Pvivi MVbMZÎzwU nu¨v
18. ‡bwZ‡qc—vfve nu¨v
19. MwjZfve(Molting) nu¨v
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22. njz`vfveWMv nu¨v
23. euKv‡bv/cvKv‡bve„w×(Twisted) nu¨v

23. Macronutrient Deficiencies & Soils
Element Soil Factor Causing Deficiency
N & K Excessive leaching on coarse-textured low organic
matter soils
P Acid low organic matter soils
Cold wet soils such as occurs during early spring
Newly cleared soils
S Excessive leaching on coarse-textured low organic
matter soils in areas where air pollution is low
(minimal levels of SO2 in the air)
Ca & Mg Excessive leaching on coarse-textured low organic
matter soils
Soils where large amounts of K have been applied

24. Micronutrient Deficiencies & Soils
Element Soil Factor Causing Deficiency
Fe Poorly drained soils, Low organic matter soils, pH>7.0,
Soils high in P
Zn Cold wet soils low in organic matter and highly leached,
High pH soils (pH>7.0), Soils high in P, Exposed
subsoils
Cu Peat and muck soils, High pH, sandy soils, Soils heavily
fertilized with N
B Excessive leaching on coarse-textured low organic
matter soils, Soils with pH>7.0
Mn Excessive leaching on coarse-textured low organic
matter soils, Soil with pH>6.5
Mo Soils high in Fe oxides, high adsorption of molybdenum,
Soil cropped for a long time

26. Deficiency Symptoms - N
• General chlorosis.
• Chlorosis progresses from
light green to yellow.
• Entire plant becomes
yellow under prolonged
stress.
• Growth is immediately
restricted (stunted plant
growth) and plants soon
become spindly and drop
older leaves.
http://plantsci.sdstate.edu/woodardh/soilfert/Nutrient_Deficiency_Pages
/soy_def/SOY-N1.JPG

28. Dark green color of plants; Profuse vegetative
growth; lodging of crops; delayed reproductive
growth
Toxic Symptoms of N
Manure, bone or blood meal (dried blood), fish emulsion
(also contain P & K); composted legumes (peas, beans,
peanuts); ammonium sulfate or nitrate & Urea
Source of N

29. Deficiency Symptoms - P
• Leaves appear dull, dark
green, blue green, or red-
purple, especially on the
underside, and especially
at the midrib and vein.
• Petioles may also exhibit
purpling. Restriction in
growth may be noticed.
• Purple or dull grayish
green of older leaves
http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~psoil120/images/tomatox2.jpg
http://www.ext.vt.edu/news/periodicals/viticultu
re/04octobernovember/photo3.jpg

30. Deficiency Symptoms - P

31. Reduced vegetative growth; Profused root
growth; early flowering of crops
Toxic Symptoms of P
Bone meal, Superphosphate & TSP
Source of P

32. Deficiency Symptoms - K
• Leaf margins tanned,
scorched, or have necrotic
spots (may be small black
spots which later coalesce).
• Margins become brown
and cup downward.
• Growth is restricted and
die back may occur.
• Mild symptoms appear first
on recently matured leaves.
• marginal burn starting http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/files/images/antonio004f.jpg

33. Deficiency Symptoms - K

34. Grayish leaves and dropping of flowers and fruits;
poor fruit color
Toxic Symptoms of K
Manure, seaweed, wood ashes (also contains some
phosphorous, raises soil pH), potassium sulfate or
nitrate & MOP
Source of K

35. Deficiency Symptoms - S
• Leaves uniformly light green, followed by yellowing and poor
spindly growth.
• Uniform chlorosis does not occur
• Chlorosis of younger leaves, stunted growth with slender stalk;
deformed fruits; vegetables leaves become thick & firm with
yellowish color
http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/aginfo/entomology/ndsucpr/Years/2007/june/7/soil
s.jpg
http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/plymouth/cropsci/graphics/sulfur2.jpg

37. Toxic Symptoms of S
Source of S
Gypsum, composted legumes, composted cabbage
leaves; sulfur, superphosphate
Sulfur burn from too low pH

38. Deficiency Symptoms - Ca
• Growing points (tip) usually
damaged or dead (die back).
• Margins of leaves developing
from the growing point are
first to turn brown.
Toxicity: Intake of potassium
and magnesium is reduced
Sources: Calcitic limestone,
slags, dolomitic limestone,
gypsum, eggshells, oyster
shells, fish meal, wood
ashes
http://hubcap.clemson.edu/~blpprt/acid_photos/BlossomEndRot.JPG

40. Blossom End Rot of Tomato
Calcium Deficiency
Right-Hydroponic tomatoes grown in the greenhouse, Left-Blossom end rot of
tomato fruits induced by calcium (Ca++) deficiency

41. Deficiency Symptoms - Mg
• Lower leaves and older
leaves approach mottled–
yellow
• Marginal chlorosis or
chlorotic blotches which
later merge.
• Younger leaves affected with
continued stress.
• Chlorotic areas may become
necrotic, brittle, and curl
upward.
• Symptoms usually occur late
in the growing season. http://quorumsensing.ifas.ufl.edu/HCS200/images/deficiencies/-Mgcq.jpg

43. Magnesium deficiency

44. Absorption of calcium and potassium is reduced
Toxic Symptoms of Mg
Source of Mg
Dolomite limestone, manure, magnesium sulfate
(Epsom salts), green plants.

45. Deficiency Symptoms - Cu
• Leaves wilt, become chlorotic,
then necrotic.
• Wilting and necrosis are not
dominant symptoms.
• Young leaves turn pale and
may become mottled and wilt
Toxicity: Iron uptake blocked.
Sources: Manure, copper sulfate
(use with care), neutral copper,
grass clippings, sawdust
http://images.google.com/url?q=http://ipm.ncsu.edu/Scouting_Smal
l_Grains/Grain_images/fig4.jpg&usg=AFQjCNE2vzRwrqp65VR_xKRlo2
LQOgWI3g

46. Deficiency Symptoms - Cu

47. Deficiency Symptoms - Fe
• Distinct yellow or white areas
appear between veins, and
veins eventually become
chlorotic.
• Symptoms are rare on mature
leaves, growth is weakened
and stunted
Source: Humus, manure,
compost, blood meal,
chelated iron, iron sulfate
(copperas).
http://bexar-
tx.tamu.edu/HomeHort/F1Column/2003Articles/Graphics/iron%20chlorosis.jpg

49. Iron (Fe) Deficiency Symptoms
1 2
43
1-Piggyback Plant, 2- Petunia, 3-Silver Maple, 4-Rose
(A-normal, B-Fe-deficient)
A B

50. Deficiency Symptoms - Mn
• Chlorosis is less marked near
veins.
• Some mottling occurs in
interveinal areas in leaves.
• Chlorotic areas eventually
become brown, transparent, or
necrotic.
• Symptoms may appear later on
older leaves.
http://www.ca.uky.edu/HLA/Dunwell/KHC/110-122.JPG

51. Toxic Symptoms of Mn
Source of Mn
Oak leaves, leaf mold, carrot tops, alfalfa;
manganese sulfate
Tissue dieback in the leaves; dieback surrounded
by yellow border.

52. Deficiency Symptoms - Zn
• Leaves may be abnormally small and necrotic.
• Internodes are shortened.
• Bronzing upper leaves and chlorotic basal leaves. Young
leaves emerges White color known as “White bud”; rusting
of leaves in rice; plant severly dwarfts
Sources: Manure, composted corn, ragweed, & zinc sulfate
http://plantsci.sdstate.edu/woodardh/soilfert/Nutrient_Deficiency_Pages/corn
_def/CORN-ZN1.JPGhttp://agri.atu.edu/people/Hodgson/FieldCrops/Mirror/Nutrient%20Def_files/slide24.jpg

53. Deficiency Symptoms - B
• Young leaves are pale green
at base, develop yellow
spots, then become
twisted, thickened and curl
under;
• leaves are small; multiple
buds;
• dieback from terminal buds;
heart rot (corkiness);
internal cork of apples,
cracked stem in celery, heart
rot and girdle of beets.
http://www.canr.msu.edu/vanburen/ffc12.jpg

54. Toxic Symptoms of B
Source of B
Clover, composted
melon plants, borax
(add only if prescribed),
granite dust.
Leaves turn yellowish red.
Deficiency symptoms

55. Deficiency Symptoms - Mo
• Leaves turn yellow and
pale between veins;
leaves may become
bluish green; leaves do
not open completely;
plant growth is stunted.
Toxicity: Poisonous to
livestock
Sources: Sodium molybdate

56. Deficiency Symptoms -Cl
• Wilting of leaflet
tips Chlorosis of
leaves leading to
bronzing and dying

57. Crops Highly Susceptible to Deficiencies
Element Crops
Mn Soybean, Small Grain & Peanuts
Cu Wheat & Corn
Zn Corn
Mo Soybeans & Cauliflower
B Alfalfa, Apples, Peanuts, Tobacco & Tomatoes
Fe Ornamentals, Fruit Trees, Soybeans, Grain
Sorghum & Some Grasses

59. Macronutrient Deficiencies
Beans

60. Macronutrients N, P, K Deficiencies
Leaf Lettuce
Control

64. Nutrients Antagonism & Synergism

66. Nitrogen Potassium, Calcium
Potassium Nitrogen, Calcium, Magnesium
Phosphorus Zinc, Iron, Copper
Calcium Boron, Magnesium, Phosphorus
Magnesium Calcium, Potassium
Iron Manganese
Manganese Iron, Molybdenum, Magnesium
Copper Molybdenum, Iron, Manganese, Zinc
Zinc Iron, Manganese
Molybdenum Copper, Iron
Sodium Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium
Aluminum Phosphorus
Ammonium Ion Calcium, Copper
Sulfur Molybdenum
Elements In Excess Nutrients Usually Affected

68. ANY QUESTIONS???