Focus on the water soluble vitamin.... what are thy and indication foods and ther importants

1. Biochemistry assignment
group 2
Group members
1. EYOB KASEYA …………………………….RU0037/13
2. FIKRTE KINFE …………………………….RU3101/13
3. GETAHUN TSEGAYA …………………..RU0751/12
4. GIFTI GADISA…………………………….RU0322/12
5. HAILU GUDETA………………………....RU0275/13
6. HANNA SHITAHUN…………………...RU1563/13
7. HERAN GETACHEW…………………..RU0131/13

2. VITAMINS
•
Definition : organic molecules are essential for normal health
and growth and they required in small amount .
- Form no structures
- No mass
- it is a Greek word which means "vital for life"
- Deficiencies or excessive amount can be
dangerous.
CLASSIFICATION
• The main classification for vitamins is based on solubility.
1- WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Vitamins that are not stored in the body and
are easily excreted.
2- FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
any of type vitamins soluble in fats or fat
solvents.

3. WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
• Essential co- enzymes required in energy releasing
mechanisms.
• Act as co- enzymes for metabolism of proteins,
carbohydrates
and fats.
• They include B1-PyridoxineB2 – BiotinB3 –
Niacin B 9- Folic acidB5 -Thiamine B6 – Riboflavin
B7 -pantothenic acid Niacin B 9- B12 –Cobalamin
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

5. Characteristics
• Colorless basic organic compound composed
of a sulfated pyramidin ring.
• All living organisms use thiamine, but it is
synthesized only in bacteria, fungi, and plants.
• Contains sulfur and nitrogen group
• Destroyed by alkaline and heat
• Active form- Thiamine pyrophosphate

6. DIETARY SOURCES OF VITAMIN B1
• Foods high in thiamin
– pork,
– fish,
– seeds, nuts,
– beans, green peas,
– tofu,
– brown rice,
– squash,
– asparagus,
– seafood

7. • M/A OF THIAMINE
• Allows the cell to produce energy
Synthesis of neurotransmitter

8. FUNCTIONS OF THIAMINE
• Converting carbohydrate into energy. (ATP
production)
• Maintaining Peripheral Nerve Conduction
• Necessary for healthy mucous membranes.
• Helps in the digestion of food.
• Provides strength to muscles.
• It is very useful for the proper functioning of
heart.

9. • Thiamine is a colorless compound with
a chemical formula C12H17N4OS. Its structure
contains an amino pyrimidine ring and
a thiazole ring with methyl and hydroxyethyl
side chains linked by methylene bridge.
Structure of thiamine

10. VITAMIN B1 DEFICIENCY
• Beri-Beri
• Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
• Muscle Weakness & Wasting
• Ophthalmoplegia Beri-Beri
• Symptoms include:
– Dry Beri-Beri: No Edema
– Wet Beri-Beri: Pitting Edema on Trunk, Limbs and Face
– Progressive Wasting of Muscles
– Tachycardia,
– Laboured Breathing
– Numbing and weakening of Extremities
– tingling or burning
sensation in the hands
and feet

11. Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
• Wernicke’s Encephalopathy (WET BRAIN)
– G- Global Confusion
– O- Ophthamoplegia & Horizontal Nystagmus
– A- Ataxia
• Wernicke’s-Korsakoff Syndrome-
– Above symptoms with: - Confabulatory
Psychosis,
Loss of Memory

13. VITAMIN B2 (RIBOFLAVIN)
• also called as beauty vitamin.
• Yellowish green fluorescent compound soluble
in water.
• The word “Riboflavin” is derived from 2
sources-
– Ribose – ribose sugar
– Flavin – yellow.
• widely involved in oxidation- reduction
reaction.

14. DIETARY SOURCES OF VITAMIN B2

15. FUNCTIONS OF RIBOFLAVIN
• Essential for normal growth.
• Metabolism – It is involved in the
metabolism of carbohydrates, fat & proteins.
• Digestion – it helps in digestion
• Nervous system – it helps in proper
functioning of Nervous system
• Very useful for normal tissue respiration.
• Necessary for healthy mucous membranes
• Good for skin, nails and eyes
• helps in protects the body against cancer

16. • Vitamin B2 or riboflavin is chemically defined as
7,8-dimethyl-10-(1Υ-D-ribityl)isoalloxazine. The
ending “flavin” (from the latin word flavus =
yellow) refers to its
yellowish color.
• Structure of oxidized
and reduced riboflavin.
Molecular level of riboflavin

17. RIBOFLAVIN DEFICIENCY
• Magenta Tongue.
• Angular Stomatis.
• Dermatitis and Cheilosis.
• Cracks and sores in mouth and lips.

19. DIETARY SOURCES OF NIACIN
• yeast, meat, poultry, red fish (e.g.,
tuna, salmon), cereals, legumes, and seeds
Milk, green leafy vegetables

20. FUNCTIONS OF NIACIN (VIT B3)
• Releasing energy from carbohydrates, fats and protiens.
• DNA synthesis.
• production of estrogen progesterone & testosterone
• Necessary for healthy skin, nerves and digestive system.
• Helps to detoxify the body.
• Vitamin B3, is very essential for the proper digestion of the
food
• may improve arthritis symptoms, including increasing joint
mobility and reducing the amount of anti-inflammatory
medications needed
• helpful in reducing migraine headaches
• High doses of niacin medications are used to prevent
development of atherosclerosis and to reduce recurrent
complications such asheart attack and perip

21. • Nicotinic acid is a pyridinemonocarboxylic acid
that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position
3 is replaced by a carboxy group. It has a role as
an antidote, an antilipemic drug, a vasodilator
agent, a metabolite, an EC 3.5.1.19
(nicotinamidase) inhibitor, an Escherichia coli
metabolite, a mouse metabolite, a human urinary
metabolite and a plant metabolite. It is a vitamin
B3, a pyridinemonocarboxylic acid and a pyridine
alkaloid. It is a conjugate acid of a nicotinate
Molecular structure

22. Molecular structure

23. VITAMIN B3 DEFICIENCY
• PELLAGRA -
• Characterised by 4D’s
– Diarrhoea
– Dermatitis
– Dementia
– Death

24. VITAMIN B3 DEFICIENCY
• • Casal’s Necklace
– Pigmented and scaling rash forming a ring
around
sun exposed area of neck

26. VITAMIN B5
• PANTOTHENIC ACID
• water-soluble vitamin.
• It was discovered by Roger J. Williams in
1919.
• This word derived from
– greek word pantos meaning everywhere.
• Part of Coenzyme-A
• Essential for metabolism of CHO, fat, protein

27. DIETARY SOURCES OF VIT B5

28. FUNCTIONS OF VIT B5
• plays an important role in helping release
energy from sugars, starches, and fats.
• They are essential for the cell metabolism.
• They are very helpful in the cholesterol
metabolism.
• Accelerates wound healing.
• It is also used as anti-stress factor.
• Allergies, headaches, arthritis, psoriasis,
insomnia, asthma, and infections have all been
treated with some effectiveness using vitamin B5.

31. VITAMIN B6 (PYRIDOXINE)
• Vitamin B6 is part of the vitamin B complex
group, and its active form, Pyridoxal 5'-
phosphate (PLP) serves as a cofactor in many
enzyme reactions in amino acid, glucose, and
lipid metabolism.
• It is white crystalline substance soluble in
water and alcohol.

32. DIETARY SOURCE OF VIT B6
• Milk, Fish, Vegetables, Beans, Eggs, Peanuts,
sunflower seeds

33. FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN B6
• Make antibodies. Antibodies are needed to fight
many diseases.
• Maintain normal nerve function
• Promotes RBC production & hemoglobin.
• Break down proteins.
• Keep blood sugar (glucose) in normal ranges
• Assists in the balancing of Sodium and
Potassium
levels.
• Production of Serotonin, Dopamine,
Noradrenaline and Adrenaline

34. • Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP, pyridoxal5'-
phosphate ,P5P), is the active form of vitamin
b6 which act as a coenzyme in q variety of
enzymatic reactions.

35. DEFICIENCY OF VITAMIN B6
• Peripheral Neuropathy and Depression
• Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia
• Loss of muscle control, muscle weakness,
cramps and numbness
• Hyperhomocysteinemia and Cardiovascular
Risk
• Treatment of deficiency- 50mg/d until
resolution of symptoms

37. VITAMIN B7 (BIOTIN)
• Also known as
– Biotin
– Vitamin H
– coenzyme R
• Biotin is a coenzyme for carboxylase
enzymes,
involved in the synthesis of fatty acids,
isoleucine, and valine, and in gluconeogenesis

38. Dietary source

39. FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN B7
• convert food into glucose, which is used to
produce energy
• produce fatty acids and amino acids (the
building blocks of protein)
• activate protein/amino acid metabolism in the
hair roots and fingernail cells.
• Maintenance of
– normal skin and mucous membranes
– normal function of the nervous system
– normal hair
– normal psychological functions.

40. Molecular structure
• The name biotin derives from the Greek word
"bios" (to live) and the suffix "-in" (a general
chemical suffix used in organic chemistry

41. VITAMIN-B7 DEFICIENCY
• Nausea, Anorexia, scaling seborrheic
erythematous rash around eyes, nose and
mouth.
• In infants- Alopecia, Rash involving Ears and
hypotonia.
• Treatment of deficiency- 10mg/d of biotin
60

43. VITAMIN B9 (FOLIC ACID)
• also known as folic acid, folacin or folate.
• It is a water soluble vitamin.
• It is a yellow crystalline substance.

44. Dietary source

45. FUNCTIONS OF VIT B9
• Formation of RBC – folic acid in combination with vitamin
B12 is essential for formation, maturation of RBCs.
• Nerve – it is necessary for growth & division of all body
cells,
• Hair & Skin – it is essential for the health of skin & hair
• Pregnancy – it is an important nutrient for the pregnant
women & her developing fetus.
• Improves the lactation.
• DNA synthesis, DNA and RNA replication
• Homocysteine metabolism
• Neurotransmitter formation

46. Molecular structure

47. Deficiency Symptoms
• Megaloblastic Anaemia.
• Atrophic Glossitis
• Depression

49. VITAMIN B12 (COBALAMIN)
• Complex organomatrix compound called as
COBALAMIN which is cobalt containing
porphyrin.
• It is freely soluble in water.

50. SOURCES
• Vitamin B12 is mostly found in animal
products such as meat, shellfish, milk, cheese,
and egg

51. FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN B12
• Red Blood Cells – it is essential for
production
of RBCs
• Nervous – It improves concentration,
memory,
& balance.
• Metabolism of fat, carbohydrate ,proteins,
folic acid.
• Promotes growth and increases apatite.

52. • The metalloenzyme structure of Cobalamin presents a corrin
ring with Cobalt, the only metal in the molecule, positioned
right in the center of the structure by four coordinated bonds
of nitrogen from four
pyrrole groups.

53. VITAMIN- B12 DEFICIENCY
• Megaloblastic Anemia.
• Pernicious anemia
• Demyelination & irreversible nerve cell
death
• Loss of Vibratory and Position Senses
• Abnormal Gait
• Dementia
• Loss of Bladder and Bowel Control

55. characteristics of vitamin c
• Water soluble vitamin
• 70 percentage of vitamin C is lost in the
process of cooking
• Most animals & plants can synthesize
ascorbic
acid from glucose
• Man, higher primates, guineapigs & bats
cannot synthesize ascorbic acid

56. Molecular Structure
• Vitamin C (Vit C) or Ascorbic acid (AA) is a hydrophilic
molecule, composed of six carbons, similar to
glucose. In the organisms, Vit C can be found in its
reduced form (ascorbic acid or ascorbate) or in its
oxidized form called dehydroascorbic
acid (DHA), which is a
product of two-electron
oxidation of ascorbic acid.

57. Dietary sources of vitamin C
• Amla ( Indian gooseberry- 700 mg/100 g)
• Guava, lime, lemon, Green leafy vegetables
• Milk & Animal Products like liver & fish

58. Deficiency of vitamin C
• Scurvy is an avitaminosis resulting from lack
of vitamin C
Symptoms:
Adults: gingivitis, bleeding tooth; under
periosteal hematoma, petechiae, increased
thickening of the hair follicle. If left untreated
can be fatal due to massive bleeding or
ischemic cardiomyopathy.

59. Infantile scurvy (Barlow's disease)
• Babies: usually due to artificial diet, bleeding
under the periosteum, especially in the lower
limbs; easy bleeding under the skin; wound
healing

60. Thanks for your patience