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0004 AC, SC and ST joints dislocation-Copy.pdf
1. AC, SC and GH joint
disorders
Dechasa Imiru (BSc, MSc PT)
Physiotherapy Department
Jimma University
April, 2023
2. Acromioclavicular Joint Disorders
Acromioclavicular Joint Disorders
• Disorders is a general term to
cover a range of conditions.
• The two common conditions
affecting this joint are
–Dislocation / Subluxation
–Arthritis
3. Dislocation / Subluxation/separation
Mechanisms of Injury:
• Strain on the ligaments following a fall
–Onto the hand or
–Onto the Elbow or
–Onto the shoulder
• Direct hit or bump over the shoulder
(contact sports)
• Depending on the injury the joint
partially dislocates (subluxation)
4. Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms
• Severe pain is felt over the
shoulder
• Pain get worse by lifting arm up
or carry anything
• The injured area is usually very
tender
6. Note:
Note:
• When someone got fall or hit, not only
the ACJ, also other structures can be
involved
• Glenohumeral_Joint and/ SCJ
(dislocation)
• Labral lesion
• brachial plexus
• Fractures and others
7. Rockwood classification system
Rockwood classification system
Grade I
• Partial tear of the AC joint ligament
• No change in position of clavicle in
relation to the acromion
• No instability of joint
8.
9. Grade II
• Rupture/tear of the AC ligament,
Partial tear of the coracoclavicular
ligament
• Displacement of clavicle (less than
the full width of the clavicle)
10.
11. Grade III
• Rupture of AC and coracoclavicular
ligament
• Displacement of clavicle (more than
the full width of the clavicle)
12.
13. INSTABILITY OF A-C Jt.
INSTABILITY OF A-C Jt.
Grade 1:
No instability of acromio-clavicular joint.
Grade 2:
Slight instability of A-C joint. ‘Springy’ clavicle.
Grade 3:
Total separation of A-C joint. The clavicle goes
superiorly
15. ACTIVE MOVEMENTS TO ASSESS A-C Jt.
ACTIVE MOVEMENTS TO ASSESS A-C Jt.
Abduction
Cross Flexion
CROSS FLEXION
16. Active Abduction of the Shoulder Joint
• Grade 1:
Full R.O.M. with pain at end of range.
• Grade 2:
Has over 45º of motion but not 90º.
• Grade 3:
less than 45º.
17. What is the initial treatment?
What is the initial treatment?
• Pain modalities and anti-inflammatory
medication to alleviate pain
• Sprains and majority of dislocations require a
sling to rest the joint
• It takes about 6 weeks for the discomfort to
settle down
• Grade III injuries may require stabilizing
surgery
• Severe dislocations require surgery to put the
joint back together and to repair the torn
ligaments (arthroscopic operation)
18. Physiotherapy Management
Physiotherapy Management
• The rehab is longer for a grade II injury
but the protocol is the same for grade I
• After pain easing it is important to
start as soon as possible with
–Movement
–Active exercises
19. Cont …
Active exercises:
• Moving the fingers, wrist and elbow
to prevent stiffness
• Progress with more targeted
shoulder exercises
Strengthening exercises:
• As pain is reduced more mobility and
strengthening is promoted
20. Sterno clavicular Joint Injuries
Sterno clavicular Joint Injuries
• It is a synovial joint, gaining the majority
of its strength from surrounding ligaments
• It can become relatively unstable if
subjected to trauma
–Due to the unreserved movement it provides
and
–the small part of the joint which actually
connects
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21. Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms
• Pain will be present if the joint is only
mildly sprained
• Straight away recognizable deformity will
be observed if the SCJ has been dislocated
• Pain is worsened when moving the arms
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22. Two types of SCJ dislocation
Two types of SCJ dislocation
• Anterior dislocations cause clavicle to poke out
of position
• Creating a readily visible bump on the chest
• Posterior dislocations can affect the throat,
limiting the ability to breath or swallow
properly
23. Causes
Causes
• Sporting activity, result of a falling and
accident
• The motor vehicle accident (MVA)
Mechanism of injury
• A hard strike to the shoulder
–(known as indirect force because it does not
hit the joint directly) e.g. contact sports
24. Treatment
Treatment
• Closed reduction or surgery (posterior
dislocation)
• Followed by immobilization for about 2 month
• Minor sprains should generally heal in a few
days on their own with suitable rest (sling)
25. Treatment …
Treatment …
• Cryotherapy a few times per day to reduce
pain and swelling, and anti-inflammatory pain
medication
• Avoid strenuous activities involving the arms
and shoulders
• Increasing motion of shoulder and build up
strength again using appropriate strategies
26. Shoulder Dislocation
anatomical predisposition to dislocation
–Glenoid Defects
– Labral Defects
– Neuromuscular Disorders
• Shoulder dislocations can occur in
two common directions:
–Anterior
–posterior
28. Anterior Shoulder Dislocation
• Accounts for 97% of recurrent or first
time dislocations
Causes;
– due to trauma from a direct posterolateral force
on the shoulder
– Due to an excessive amount of abduction and
external rotation direction force
29. • Supporting structures that may be
weaken in an anterior dislocation are:
–anterior capsule
–long head of biceps
–Subscapularis
–Superior and middle glenohumeral
ligaments
30. When an anterior dislocation results from a
traumatic event:
• loss of integrity of the anterior ligamentous
capsule
• Detachment of the anterior inferior labrum
• In severe cases, concurrent rotator cuff
injuries
• Fractures may occur
31. Anterior Dislocation Clinical
Presentation
• Arm held in abducted and ER position
• Loss of normal shape of the deltoid. M
• Acromion is prominent posteriorly and
laterally
• Humeral head palpable anteriorly
– Palpable fullness below the coracoid process and
towards the axilla
• All movements limited and painful
32.
33. Cont …
Thorough examination is need to
check if there is;
–damage to rotator cuff musculature
–Bone fracture
–Vascular
–Nervous structures
34.
35. Posterior Shoulder Dislocation
• Accounts for 3% of shoulder dislocations
• Caused by an external blow to the front of the
shoulder
• When force is applied to the humerus that
combines flexion, adduction, and internal
rotation
• Resulted from falling on an out stretched hand
(FOOSH injury)
• Traumatic mechanism of injury, posterior
dislocations may also have concurrent labral
or rotator cuff pathology or fracture
36. Posterior Dislocation
With acute posterior glenohumeral
dislocation:
– Arm is abducted and internal rotated (IR)
– May notice posterior prominence head of
humerus
37. Re-current dislocation
• Recurrence rate of dislocations in young active
individuals is as high as 92-96%
• In young patients , initial suggestions are to try
conservative rehabilitation because the risk of re-
dislocation is lower,
• Individuals whom are 40 and older also have a
low recurrence rate around less than 15%
• The recommended management is non operative
and to address associated injuries
38. Shoulder instability
• Instability can occur whenever the labrum is torn,
stretched or peeled back off the bone,
• This allows the head of the humerus to move
away from the glenoid
• This can occur after;
• a shoulder dislocation, shoulder trauma, or as a result of
repetitive motion
• Some patients also have a genetic predisposition
to develop shoulder instability
39. Continued …
• Patients with shoulder instability can suffer from
recurrent shoulder dislocations/subluxations or
shoulder pain
• Dislocations can cause fractures and rotator cuff
tears
• Osteoarthritis or wearing of the surface cartilage
of the shoulder joint can also occur as a result of
shoulder instability
40. Diagnostic Procedures
• Rule out a fracture if dislocation
is suspected
• Radiographs are necessary
• An MRI can be used to rule in or
rule out any soft tissue
pathologies
41. Management of sho. Dislocation
• Non surgical conservative management is
preferred, initially
• Surgical repair may be reasonable for fail
conservative care or
• Require extreme usage of the upper
extremity (i.e. elite level athletes)
42. Cont …
• Non-surgical intervention will be
a closed reduction by an
orthopedic surgeon
• Surgical intervention will be
surgical repairing by stabilization
procedures
43. Conservative management
Phase 1 (up to 6 weeks): Goal is to maintain
stability
Closed reduction
• Immobilization: by using sling (IR vs ER) for 2-
6 weeks
• Ice pack or pain medication (2-3 weeks)
To reduce stiffness:
• Gentle PROM of shoulder out of sling
• AROM for distal joint of the shoulder
44. Cont …
During the immobilization period
• Codman Exercises (pendulum exercises)
• AAROM for ER (0-30 degree) and FF (0-90
degree) & abduction
NB: Do each movt’s separately !!
• Static contraction can be incorporated for
the rotator cuff and biceps musculature
(end of this phase or the next)
45.
46. Phase 2 (6-12 weeks)
Goal is to restore adequate motion
specifically in ER
• AAROM will continue to achieve full ROM
• Static strengthening for shoulder
(wall and towel exercises of FF, Ext, ER,
abd, add, IR)
• Passively stretch the posterior joint
capsule or self-stretching
47. Phase 3 (12-24 weeks)
Goal return to sports or physical activities of
daily living
Begin progressive strengthening exercises:
Strengthening exercise in a pain-free motion
(theraband exer.)
• Focusing on the rotator cuff musculature,
scapular stabilizers and then, progress to the
larger musculature
• Start focusing on functional exercises to
promote patient's activities and participation
in society
54. More advanced exercises
• Weight bearing exercises
–Push-ups against a wall
–Push-ups on four point kneeling
position
–Standard push-ups
55. Note !!
• Strengthening the structural support will
increase the joint stability and will reduce
the chance of re-dislocation
• Evidences shown that there is high
recurrence rate in the first 2 years of the
initial dislocation
• After three months patient can return to
normal ADL activities gradually
• Therefore high risk activities are not
advisable