Explain how cell division occurs in the germ (meiosis) cells of anim.pdf

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Explain how cell division occurs in the germ (meiosis) cells of animals. Be sure to state and describe each stage and phase of the cell cycle. Solution Germ cell division occurs by Meiosis. The division is explained with oogenesis as example. Diploid primordial germ cells that form the germinal epithelium of fetal ovary divide repeatedly by mitosis to produce diploid oogonia. Diploid oogonia produced in groups just under the surface of the ovary. In contrast to spermatogenesis, only one oogonium from each group normally grows into a diploid primary oocyte. Each primary oocyte then enters prophase of Meiosis I and remains in this arrested state until puberty. As puberty begins, a primary oocyte completes Meiosis I each month to produce a secondary oocyte and a polar body. The secondary oocyte undergoes Meiosis II at fertilization to produce an ovum and a second polar body..

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Differentiate the processes of oogenesis and spermatogenesis. Are there similarities between the two processes? Differences? Consider the cells, their structures and functions. Solution Comparison between Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis Characteristics Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Definition The process of formation of sperm cells is called spermatogenesis Formation of ovum is called oogenesis Primary organ Testis (in males) Ovary (in females) The source cell/ structure that undergoes gametogenesis Spermatogonium Primordial follicle Source cell is preserved Yes, Spermatogonium is a stem cell. No Type of cell division Meiosis Meiosis Onset of gametogenesis At puberty. Both meiosis I and II in spermatogonium begin at onset of puberty. During embryonic development. Meiosis I begins in fetal ovary. Meiosis II completes after onset of puberty in reproductive cycles. Continuous or cyclic Continuous. Millions of sperms are produced each day. Cyclic. Only one mature ovum is produced per reproductive cycle (of 28 days). Occurrence of gametogenesis in life Begins at puberty Continues throughout life Begins at menarche Ends at menopause No. of functional gametes in one cycle 4 1 Polar cells (that degenerate later) produced No Yes, one polar cell in each of meiosis I and II. In spite of major difference of these two processes, they both share a common path and fate- they meiotic divisions that produce haploid gametes. Characteristics Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Definition The process of formation of sperm cells is called spermatogenesis Formation of ovum is called oogenesis Primary organ Testis (in males) Ovary (in females) The source cell/ structure that undergoes gametogenesis Spermatogonium Primordial follicle Source cell is preserved Yes, Spermatogonium is a stem cell. No Type of cell division Meiosis Meiosis Onset of gametogenesis At puberty. Both meiosis I and II in spermatogonium begin at onset of puberty. During embryonic development. Meiosis I begins in fetal ovary. Meiosis II completes after onset of puberty in reproductive cycles. Continuous or cyclic Continuous. Millions of sperms are produced each day. Cyclic. Only one mature ovum is produced per reproductive cycle (of 28 days). Occurrence of gametogenesis in life Begins at puberty Continues throughout life Begins at menarche Ends at menopause No. of functional gametes in one cycle 4 1 Polar cells (that degenerate later) produced No Yes, one polar cell in each of meiosis I and II..

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In 9. 3-1 BALANCE SHEET The assets of Dallas & Associates consist entirely of current assets and net plant and equipment. The firm has total assets of $2.5 million and net plant and equipment equals $2 million. It has notes payable of $150,000, long-term debt of $750,000, and total common equity of S1.5 million. The firm does have accounts payable and accruals on its balance sheet. The finm only finances with debt and common equity, so it has no preferred stock on its balance sheet. a. What is the company\'s total debt? b. What is the amount of total liabilities and equity that appears on the firm\'s balance sheet? c. What is the balance of current assets on the firm\'s balance sheet? d. What is the balance of current liabilities on the firm\'s balance sheet? e. What is the amount of accounts payable and accruals on its balance sheet? (Hint: Consider this as a single line item on the firm\'s balance sheet.) f. What is the firm\'s net working capital? g. What is the firm\'s net operating working capital? h. What is the explanation for the difference in your answers to parts f and g? Solution (a) Total Assets = $ 2.5 million, The firm\'s total assets are entirely composed of current assets and net plant and equipment. Net Plant and Equipment = $ 2 million and Current Assets = Total Assets - Net Plant and Equipment = 2.5 - 2 = $ 0.5 million Notes Payable = $ 150000 and Long-Term Debt = $ 750000 Total Common Equity = $ 1.5 million Owner\'s Equity + Liabilities = Notes Payable + Long-Term Debt + Accruals + Accounts Payable + Total Common Equity = Total Assets = $ 2.5 million 0.15 + 0.75 + Accounts Payable + Accruals + 1.5 = 2.5 Accounts Payable + Accruals = $ 0.1 million Total Debt includes long-term capital financing debt and short-term interest bearing debt only. Accounts Payable and Accruals do not form a part of a firm\'s total debt. Hence, total debt = Notes Payable + Long-Term Debt = 150000 + 750000 = $ 900000 (b) Total Liabilities = Accounts Payable + Accruals + Long-Term Debt + Notes Payable = 0.1 + 0.75 + 0.15 = $ 1 million Owner\'s Equity = Total Assets - Total Liabilities = 2.5 - 1 = $ 1.5 million (c) Current Assets = Total Assets - Net Plant and Equipment = 2.5 - 2 = $ 0.5 million (d) Current Laibility = Accruals + Accounts Payable = $ 0.1 million NOTE: The current portion of notes payable(amount due within one year or accounting period) is treated as current liability and the remaining portion is treated as non-current liability. As the notes payable portion does not mention the amount due within a year, the entire value of notes payable is treated as non-current laibility. NOTE: Please raise separate queries for solutions to the remaining sub-parts..

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I need help understanding the Pan Tompkins algorythm, and I\'d also like to know how to detect QRS peaks of the ECG (with circles, for example). I\'m using the script in this website as a guidance, but I have trouble understanding what it\'s doing. Perhaps there\'s a simpler way to do it? http://cnx.org/contents/YR1BUs9_@1/QRS-Detection-Using-Pan-Tompki Our teacher has otherwise explained to us FIR filters, and wants us to use them instead of the low pass, high pass that are mentioned in the website and though I do understand how they work, I don\'t really know which window is the best, or how many coefficients the filter needs. I\'ve applying the cut-off frequencies 5-15 because I\'ve seen that\'s where the QRS peaks are concentrated. Is there any way to improve this as well? TB=1; TBn=TB/Fs; N2=ceil(3.3/TBn); Fc1 =5; Fc2 =15 ; wc1 = 2*pi*Fc1; wc2 = 2*pi*Fc2; wcn1 = 2*pi*Fc1/Fs; wcn2 = 2*pi*Fc2/Fs; Bz=fir1(N2,[wcn1 wcn2]); y3=filter(Bz,1,x1); figure; plot(x1); figure; plot(y3); Solution Save the function and use it as given below :: pan_tompkin(ECG1,200,1) 1st is ECG raw data , 2nd is sampling frequency, 3rd is for plots -always set it to 1 Matlab Code ------------------------------------ function . function [qrs_amp_raw,qrs_i_raw,delay]=pan_tompkin(ecg,fs,gr) %% function [qrs_amp_raw,qrs_i_raw,delay]=pan_tompkin(ecg,fs) % Complete implementation of Pan-Tompkins algorithm %% Inputs % ecg : raw ecg vector signal 1d signal % fs : sampling frequency e.g. 200Hz, 400Hz and etc % gr : flag to plot or not plot (set it 1 to have a plot or set it zero not % to see any plots %% Outputs % qrs_amp_raw : amplitude of R waves amplitudes % qrs_i_raw : index of R waves % delay : number of samples which the signal is delayed due to the % filtering if ~isvector(ecg) error(\'ecg must be a row or column vector\'); end if nargin < 3 gr = 1; % on default the function always plots end ecg = ecg(:); % vectorize %% Initialize qrs_c =[]; %amplitude of R qrs_i =[]; %index SIG_LEV = 0; nois_c =[]; nois_i =[]; delay = 0; skip = 0; % becomes one when a T wave is detected not_nois = 0; % it is not noise when not_nois = 1 selected_RR =[]; % Selected RR intervals m_selected_RR = 0; mean_RR = 0; qrs_i_raw =[]; qrs_amp_raw=[]; ser_back = 0; test_m = 0; SIGL_buf = []; NOISL_buf = []; THRS_buf = []; SIGL_buf1 = []; NOISL_buf1 = []; THRS_buf1 = []; %% Plot differently based on filtering settings if gr if fs == 200 figure, ax(1)=subplot(321);plot(ecg);axis tight;title(\'Raw ECG Signal\'); else figure, ax(1)=subplot(3,2,[1 2]);plot(ecg);axis tight;title(\'Raw ECG Signal\'); end end %% Noise cancelation(Filtering) % Filters (Filter in between 5-15 Hz) if fs == 200 %% Low Pass Filter H(z) = ((1 - z^(-6))^2)/(1 - z^(-1))^2 b = [1 0 0 0 0 0 -2 0 0 0 0 0 1]; a = [1 -2 1]; h_l = filter(b,a,[1 zeros(1,12)]); ecg_l = conv (ecg ,h_l); ecg_l = ecg_l/ max( abs(ecg_l)); delay = 6; %based on the paper if gr ax(2)=subplot(322);plot(ecg_l);axis tight;title(\'Low pass filtered\'); end %% High Pas.

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1) Even the simplest types of infectious agents must have DNA, RNA, and protein. a) Not all infectious agents have DNA, RNA, and protein. Some viruses have RNA and protein only, viroids have only protein, and prions are composed only of RNA. b) Not all infectious agents have DNA, RNA, and protein. Some viruses have DNA and protein only, viroids have only protein, and prions are composed only of DNA. c) Not all infectious agents have DNA, RNA, and protein. Some viruses have RNA and protein only, viroids have only DNA, and prions are composed only of protein. d) Not all infectious agents have DNA, RNA, and protein. Some viruses have DNA and protein only, viroids have only RNA, and prions are composed only of protein. 2) A large amount of the DNA in eukaryotic cells has no function and is called \"junk DNA\". a) Although some DNA in cells has been called \"junk DNA\" and have no function, their concentraition maintains constant to allow other DNA act normally. b) Although some DNA in cells has been called \"junk DNA\", it may simply be that we do not yet understand its function. c) Although some DNA in cells has been called \"junk DNA\", they have well known function to store energy in the cells. d) Although some DNA in cells has been called \"junk DNA\", but this is due to their mutation and they could mutate again to restore their functions. Solution 1. Even the simplest types of infectious agents must have DNA, RNA, and protein. ANSWER: The above statement is false. This must be corrected as: Even the simplest types of infectious agents must have either DNA and protein coat , RNA only or Protein Coat only. So the answer is: D. Not all infectious agents have DNA, RNA, and protein. Some viruses have DNA and protein only, viroids have only RNA, and prions are composed only of protein. 2. Junk DNA/Non Coding DNA The DNA sequences that does not code for a protein, that usually occurs in repetitive sequences of nucleotides, and does not seem to serve any useful purpose are called Junk DNA. So the answer is: B. Although some DNA in cells has been called \"junk DNA\", it may simply be that we do not yet understand its function..

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What is meant by the relationship or the two strands of DNA? The right handed twisted configuration of the strands. The arrangement branching pattern of the strands of DNA. The arrangement where A is matched with T and G is matched with C. The staircase arrangement of paired purine and pyrimidine bases linked by ionic bonds. The alignment or strands so one strand starts with a 3. carbon, the other with a 5 carbon. integrative you have discovered a new species bacteria. To begin your investigation of this content of ONA from the bacterial cells 10% what is the adenine content? 10% 20% 40% 60% it is impossible to calculate this number for eukaryotes. What happens during the process of transcription? Proteins are synthesized from RNA molecules RNA is synthesized from protein DNA is synthesized from protein RNA is synthesized from DNA Proteins are synthesized from DNA molecules What is a TATA box? a nucleotide sequence for a codon on mRNA a sequence in the promoter of DNA a nucleotide sequence for an anticodon on IRNA molecule a nucleotide sequence an indicating a stop codon for translation a special protein in the enhancer region that is required for the initiation of transcription What is an exon? A protein that is edited out of RNA after translation. A part of RNA that is removed during the processing of an RNA molecule in the nucleus. A transfer RNA that binds to the codon and carries an amino acid. A series of amino acids at the 3\' end of the mRNA molecule that protect transcript. A part of an intact. Mature mRNA that leaves the nucleus. What account for the uniform diameter of the DNA molecule? The two sides of the DNA molecule are held together by hydrogen bonds. A purine always bonds with a pyrimidine. One side of the DNA molecule has an unconnected 5\' phosphate group and the opposite end has an unconnected 3\' hydroxyl group. The 3\' carbon of one deoxyribose and the 5\' carbon of another deoxyribose bond together. The alternating sugar and phosphate backbone colls around the outside of the hellx. If you isolate a single nucleotide from a nucleic acid chain and determine that the nitrogenous ring structure is guanine, what can you say with certainty about the type of molecule that the nucleotide could have come from? The molecule could be DNA but not RNA. The molecule could be RNA but not DNA. The molecule is neither DNA nor RNA. The molecule could be either DNA or RNA. The molecule could be double-stranded DNA but not single-stranded DNA. Solution 34. The correct answer is C. 35. The correct answer is B. ATP, RNA, and DNA 36. The correct answer is B. Purine always bonds with Pyrimidine 37. The correct answer is D. The molecule could either be DNA or RNA..

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Which of the following categories of control can include the logical mechanisms used to control access and authenticate users? A. Administrative B. Clerical C. Technical D. Physical Solution Answer: C. Technical Technical controls can be a software or hardware. They are some logical mechanisms that can be used to control the access and authenticate users and identified unusual activities and restricted unauthorized access. Clerical is nonexistent category towards technical. Physical controls include locks, guards, alarms and gates. Admisirative controls are procedurals..

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What is it, and how does Chromatic Dispersion Compensation work? Solution Chromatic dispersion is a phenomenon that is an important factor in fiber optic communications. It is the result of the different colors, or wavelengths, in a light beam arriving at their destination at slightly different times. The result is a spreading, or dispersion, of the on-off light pulses that convey digital information. Chromatic dispersion is common place, as it is actually what causes rainbows - sunlight is dispersed by droplets of water in the air. Sir Isaac Newton observed this phenomenon when he passed sunlight through a prism and saw it diverge into a spectrum of different colors. This dispersion occurs because different colors, or light frequencies, act slightly differently as they pass through a medium such as glass. In fiber-based systems, an optical fiber, comprised of a core and cladding with differing refractive index materials, inevitably causes some wavelengths of light to travel slower or faster than others. Chromatic dispersion is due to inherent property of silica fiber. The speed of a light wave is dependent on the refractive index, , of the medium within which it is propagating. In silica fiber, as well as many other materials, varies with wavelength. Therefore, different wavelength channels will travel at slightly different speeds within the fiber. Because, even a pulse of light from a laser has some spectral width, each of its wavelength components will travel at slightly different speeds within the fiber. This results in a spreading of the transmission pulse as it travels through the fiber..

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True or False: Due to developed molecular tools, functional genes can be identified directly in the clinical and environmental samples. Solution True because the functional genes can be directly identified in samples by the metagenomic arrays, using special biomarkers characterized by a unique order for the specific gene or gene sequence, SNPs etc and their molecular structures. This biomarker array is sometimes followed by the amplification tool and sequencing method for the entire DNA or RNA extracted from the sample..

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