Explain how cell division occurs in the germ (meiosis) cells of anim.pdf
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Explain how cell division occurs in the germ (meiosis) cells of animals. Be sure to state and describe each stage and phase of the cell cycle. Solution Germ cell division occurs by Meiosis. The division is explained with oogenesis as example. Diploid primordial germ cells that form the germinal epithelium of fetal ovary divide repeatedly by mitosis to produce diploid oogonia. Diploid oogonia produced in groups just under the surface of the ovary. In contrast to spermatogenesis, only one oogonium from each group normally grows into a diploid primary oocyte. Each primary oocyte then enters prophase of Meiosis I and remains in this arrested state until puberty. As puberty begins, a primary oocyte completes Meiosis I each month to produce a secondary oocyte and a polar body. The secondary oocyte undergoes Meiosis II at fertilization to produce an ovum and a second polar body..
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Oogenesis slideshare
Describes the events of transformation of Oogonia into mature Oocyte ready for fertilization.
“Oogenesis” is the production of matured “ovum or egg” from a female.pdf
“Oogenesis” is the production of matured “ovum or egg” from a female germ cell. In females,
from the primordial germ cells, oogonium is formed by mitotic divisions. The oogonium
produces primary oocyte by mitotic divisions. So, these primary oocytes are diploid (2n). The
development of primary oocytes is arrested at prophase I (of meiosis I) at birth. Their
development starts again at puberty.
These secondary oocytes undergo “meiosis II,” cytoplasmic division of the secondary oocyte
results in the formation of an egg or ovum and a polar body, both are haploid (having 23
numbers of chromosomes). The polar body degrades itself, and is not capable of being fertilized.
These polar bodies are small in size because they receive small amount of cytoplasm, while the
ovum receive high amount of the cytoplasm.
The oogenesis has two interruptions during meiotic divisions. First being the development of
primary oocytes is arrested at prophase I (of meiosis) at birth. At puberty its development
continues and completes the first meiosis cycle. This enters into the meiosis II, where the
development of secondary oocyte (haploid, n) is arrested at metaphase II (of meiosis II). At
ovulation, this secondary oocyte is released. If fertilization occurs, then only it completes the
meiosis II phase.
Solution
“Oogenesis” is the production of matured “ovum or egg” from a female germ cell. In females,
from the primordial germ cells, oogonium is formed by mitotic divisions. The oogonium
produces primary oocyte by mitotic divisions. So, these primary oocytes are diploid (2n). The
development of primary oocytes is arrested at prophase I (of meiosis I) at birth. Their
development starts again at puberty.
These secondary oocytes undergo “meiosis II,” cytoplasmic division of the secondary oocyte
results in the formation of an egg or ovum and a polar body, both are haploid (having 23
numbers of chromosomes). The polar body degrades itself, and is not capable of being fertilized.
These polar bodies are small in size because they receive small amount of cytoplasm, while the
ovum receive high amount of the cytoplasm.
The oogenesis has two interruptions during meiotic divisions. First being the development of
primary oocytes is arrested at prophase I (of meiosis) at birth. At puberty its development
continues and completes the first meiosis cycle. This enters into the meiosis II, where the
development of secondary oocyte (haploid, n) is arrested at metaphase II (of meiosis II). At
ovulation, this secondary oocyte is released. If fertilization occurs, then only it completes the
meiosis II phase..
AnswerOogenesis is the process by which ovum mother cells or oogo.pdf
Answer:
Oogenesis is the process by which ovum mother cells or oogonia gives rise to mature ovum- the
female gametes. The process takes place in the outermost layer- the germinal epithelium of the
ovary.
Meiotic Events in oogenesis:
Initially before birth, the oogonium undergoes mitotic divisions so as to increase its number. This
process takes place during the embryonic growth phase. No further addition to this number takes
place after birth. In the human embryo, the thousand or so oogonia divide rapidly from the
second to the seventh month of gestation to form roughly 7 million germ cells. After the seventh
month though, there is a sharp decline in the number of these newly formed cells. These
remaining cells are the ones entering the reductional division of meiosis (meiosis-1). These cells
enters into meiosis-1 but they are unable to advance through Prophase-1 of meiosis. These cells
are arrested in the diplotene sub-stage of Prophase-1 and they are maintained at this stage until
puberty. These cells are now known as primary oocytes. Even the primary oocytes continue to
die during this phase. Roughly only about 400 oocytes mature during the reproductive life of a
female periodically. At the onset of puberty, specific hormonal cues re-initiate the process of
meiosis.
During adolescence, the GnRH or gonadotropin releasing hormones released from the
hypothalamus signals the anterior pituitary to release hormones like LH & FSH which lifts the
cell cycle arrest in these cells and assists them in resuming meiosis. The primary oocytes
completes meiosis-1 and gives rise to a tiny polar body and another larger secondary oocyte with
greater content of cytoplasm ( unequal cell division). In some organisms , the polar bodies may
again divide to form 2 polar bodies while it dies off in case of humans. The secondary oocyte
thus produced advances through Meiosis-2 ( equational division) but halts at meiosis-2. The
secondary oocyte is released from the follicle and it travels towards the fallopian tube. The
immature secondary oocyte can re-enter cell cycle and complete the remaining sub-stages of
meiosis-2 only if union with a sperm takes place. The secondary oocyte progresses through
meiosis-2 giving rise to another polar body and a female pro-nucleus which unites with the
sperm and gives rise to the zygote or the fertilized egg. Thus begins the process of embryonic
development.
Developmental process in oogenesis:
Oogonia are formed from the primoridial germ cells of the ovary by mitotic cell division. By
growth & maturation oogonia increase in size and become primary oocytes. During this phase,
synthesis of food and factors required for further differentiation are synthesized. During the
growth phase, the primary oocytes gets surrounded by specialized cells of the ovary known as
follicle cells. Once they are fully formed, cavities are formed and these gets filled with their own
secretion. At this stage, it is known as Graafian follicle. Oocyte collects .
Recommended
Oogenesis slideshare
Describes the events of transformation of Oogonia into mature Oocyte ready for fertilization.
“Oogenesis” is the production of matured “ovum or egg” from a female.pdf
“Oogenesis” is the production of matured “ovum or egg” from a female germ cell. In females,
from the primordial germ cells, oogonium is formed by mitotic divisions. The oogonium
produces primary oocyte by mitotic divisions. So, these primary oocytes are diploid (2n). The
development of primary oocytes is arrested at prophase I (of meiosis I) at birth. Their
development starts again at puberty.
These secondary oocytes undergo “meiosis II,” cytoplasmic division of the secondary oocyte
results in the formation of an egg or ovum and a polar body, both are haploid (having 23
numbers of chromosomes). The polar body degrades itself, and is not capable of being fertilized.
These polar bodies are small in size because they receive small amount of cytoplasm, while the
ovum receive high amount of the cytoplasm.
The oogenesis has two interruptions during meiotic divisions. First being the development of
primary oocytes is arrested at prophase I (of meiosis) at birth. At puberty its development
continues and completes the first meiosis cycle. This enters into the meiosis II, where the
development of secondary oocyte (haploid, n) is arrested at metaphase II (of meiosis II). At
ovulation, this secondary oocyte is released. If fertilization occurs, then only it completes the
meiosis II phase.
Solution
“Oogenesis” is the production of matured “ovum or egg” from a female germ cell. In females,
from the primordial germ cells, oogonium is formed by mitotic divisions. The oogonium
produces primary oocyte by mitotic divisions. So, these primary oocytes are diploid (2n). The
development of primary oocytes is arrested at prophase I (of meiosis I) at birth. Their
development starts again at puberty.
These secondary oocytes undergo “meiosis II,” cytoplasmic division of the secondary oocyte
results in the formation of an egg or ovum and a polar body, both are haploid (having 23
numbers of chromosomes). The polar body degrades itself, and is not capable of being fertilized.
These polar bodies are small in size because they receive small amount of cytoplasm, while the
ovum receive high amount of the cytoplasm.
The oogenesis has two interruptions during meiotic divisions. First being the development of
primary oocytes is arrested at prophase I (of meiosis) at birth. At puberty its development
continues and completes the first meiosis cycle. This enters into the meiosis II, where the
development of secondary oocyte (haploid, n) is arrested at metaphase II (of meiosis II). At
ovulation, this secondary oocyte is released. If fertilization occurs, then only it completes the
meiosis II phase..
AnswerOogenesis is the process by which ovum mother cells or oogo.pdf
Answer:
Oogenesis is the process by which ovum mother cells or oogonia gives rise to mature ovum- the
female gametes. The process takes place in the outermost layer- the germinal epithelium of the
ovary.
Meiotic Events in oogenesis:
Initially before birth, the oogonium undergoes mitotic divisions so as to increase its number. This
process takes place during the embryonic growth phase. No further addition to this number takes
place after birth. In the human embryo, the thousand or so oogonia divide rapidly from the
second to the seventh month of gestation to form roughly 7 million germ cells. After the seventh
month though, there is a sharp decline in the number of these newly formed cells. These
remaining cells are the ones entering the reductional division of meiosis (meiosis-1). These cells
enters into meiosis-1 but they are unable to advance through Prophase-1 of meiosis. These cells
are arrested in the diplotene sub-stage of Prophase-1 and they are maintained at this stage until
puberty. These cells are now known as primary oocytes. Even the primary oocytes continue to
die during this phase. Roughly only about 400 oocytes mature during the reproductive life of a
female periodically. At the onset of puberty, specific hormonal cues re-initiate the process of
meiosis.
During adolescence, the GnRH or gonadotropin releasing hormones released from the
hypothalamus signals the anterior pituitary to release hormones like LH & FSH which lifts the
cell cycle arrest in these cells and assists them in resuming meiosis. The primary oocytes
completes meiosis-1 and gives rise to a tiny polar body and another larger secondary oocyte with
greater content of cytoplasm ( unequal cell division). In some organisms , the polar bodies may
again divide to form 2 polar bodies while it dies off in case of humans. The secondary oocyte
thus produced advances through Meiosis-2 ( equational division) but halts at meiosis-2. The
secondary oocyte is released from the follicle and it travels towards the fallopian tube. The
immature secondary oocyte can re-enter cell cycle and complete the remaining sub-stages of
meiosis-2 only if union with a sperm takes place. The secondary oocyte progresses through
meiosis-2 giving rise to another polar body and a female pro-nucleus which unites with the
sperm and gives rise to the zygote or the fertilized egg. Thus begins the process of embryonic
development.
Developmental process in oogenesis:
Oogonia are formed from the primoridial germ cells of the ovary by mitotic cell division. By
growth & maturation oogonia increase in size and become primary oocytes. During this phase,
synthesis of food and factors required for further differentiation are synthesized. During the
growth phase, the primary oocytes gets surrounded by specialized cells of the ovary known as
follicle cells. Once they are fully formed, cavities are formed and these gets filled with their own
secretion. At this stage, it is known as Graafian follicle. Oocyte collects .
Developmental genetics(fertilization and gametogenesis)
easy notes on fertilization and gametogenesis
Differentiate the processes of oogenesis and spermatogenesis. Are th.pdf
Differentiate the processes of oogenesis and spermatogenesis. Are there similarities between the
two processes? Differences? Consider the cells, their structures and functions.
Solution
Comparison between Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
Characteristics
Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis
Definition
The process of formation of sperm cells is called spermatogenesis
Formation of ovum is called oogenesis
Primary organ
Testis (in males)
Ovary (in females)
The source cell/ structure that undergoes gametogenesis
Spermatogonium
Primordial follicle
Source cell is preserved
Yes, Spermatogonium is a stem cell.
No
Type of cell division
Meiosis
Meiosis
Onset of gametogenesis
At puberty. Both meiosis I and II in spermatogonium begin at onset of puberty.
During embryonic development.
Meiosis I begins in fetal ovary. Meiosis II completes after onset of puberty in reproductive
cycles.
Continuous or cyclic
Continuous. Millions of sperms are produced each day.
Cyclic. Only one mature ovum is produced per reproductive cycle (of 28 days).
Occurrence of gametogenesis in life
Begins at puberty
Continues throughout life
Begins at menarche
Ends at menopause
No. of functional gametes in one cycle
4
1
Polar cells (that degenerate later) produced
No
Yes, one polar cell in each of meiosis I and II.
In spite of major difference of these two processes, they both share a common path and fate- they
meiotic divisions that produce haploid gametes.
Characteristics
Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis
Definition
The process of formation of sperm cells is called spermatogenesis
Formation of ovum is called oogenesis
Primary organ
Testis (in males)
Ovary (in females)
The source cell/ structure that undergoes gametogenesis
Spermatogonium
Primordial follicle
Source cell is preserved
Yes, Spermatogonium is a stem cell.
No
Type of cell division
Meiosis
Meiosis
Onset of gametogenesis
At puberty. Both meiosis I and II in spermatogonium begin at onset of puberty.
During embryonic development.
Meiosis I begins in fetal ovary. Meiosis II completes after onset of puberty in reproductive
cycles.
Continuous or cyclic
Continuous. Millions of sperms are produced each day.
Cyclic. Only one mature ovum is produced per reproductive cycle (of 28 days).
Occurrence of gametogenesis in life
Begins at puberty
Continues throughout life
Begins at menarche
Ends at menopause
No. of functional gametes in one cycle
4
1
Polar cells (that degenerate later) produced
No
Yes, one polar cell in each of meiosis I and II..
anp ppt CONCEPTION AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT (1).pptx
PPT on Conception and Fetal development by Deepika Negi
Seminar Presentation on Oogenesis
Seminar
Presentation on Oogenesis
Process Of Oogenesis
Multiplication Phase
Growth Phase
Maturation Phase
Ovulation
Hormones in Oogenesis
Significance of Oogenesis
References
General Biology Lesson 10 Compare and Contrast Process in Plants and Animals_...
General Biology Lesson 10: Compare and Contrast Processes in Plants and Animals: Reproduction and Development
In 9. 3-1 BALANCE SHEET The assets of Dallas & Associates consist e.pdf
In 9. 3-1 BALANCE SHEET The assets of Dallas & Associates consist entirely of current assets
and net plant and equipment. The firm has total assets of $2.5 million and net plant and
equipment equals $2 million. It has notes payable of $150,000, long-term debt of $750,000, and
total common equity of S1.5 million. The firm does have accounts payable and accruals on its
balance sheet. The finm only finances with debt and common equity, so it has no preferred stock
on its balance sheet. a. What is the company\'s total debt? b. What is the amount of total
liabilities and equity that appears on the firm\'s balance sheet? c. What is the balance of current
assets on the firm\'s balance sheet? d. What is the balance of current liabilities on the firm\'s
balance sheet? e. What is the amount of accounts payable and accruals on its balance sheet?
(Hint: Consider this as a single line item on the firm\'s balance sheet.) f. What is the firm\'s net
working capital? g. What is the firm\'s net operating working capital? h. What is the explanation
for the difference in your answers to parts f and g?
Solution
(a) Total Assets = $ 2.5 million, The firm\'s total assets are entirely composed of current assets
and net plant and equipment.
Net Plant and Equipment = $ 2 million and Current Assets = Total Assets - Net Plant and
Equipment = 2.5 - 2 = $ 0.5 million
Notes Payable = $ 150000 and Long-Term Debt = $ 750000
Total Common Equity = $ 1.5 million
Owner\'s Equity + Liabilities = Notes Payable + Long-Term Debt + Accruals + Accounts
Payable + Total Common Equity = Total Assets = $ 2.5 million
0.15 + 0.75 + Accounts Payable + Accruals + 1.5 = 2.5
Accounts Payable + Accruals = $ 0.1 million
Total Debt includes long-term capital financing debt and short-term interest bearing debt only.
Accounts Payable and Accruals do not form a part of a firm\'s total debt.
Hence, total debt = Notes Payable + Long-Term Debt = 150000 + 750000 = $ 900000
(b) Total Liabilities = Accounts Payable + Accruals + Long-Term Debt + Notes Payable = 0.1 +
0.75 + 0.15 = $ 1 million
Owner\'s Equity = Total Assets - Total Liabilities = 2.5 - 1 = $ 1.5 million
(c) Current Assets = Total Assets - Net Plant and Equipment = 2.5 - 2 = $ 0.5 million
(d) Current Laibility = Accruals + Accounts Payable = $ 0.1 million
NOTE: The current portion of notes payable(amount due within one year or accounting period)
is treated as current liability and the remaining portion is treated as non-current liability. As the
notes payable portion does not mention the amount due within a year, the entire value of notes
payable is treated as non-current laibility.
NOTE: Please raise separate queries for solutions to the remaining sub-parts..
I need help understanding the Pan Tompkins algorythm, and Id also .pdf
I need help understanding the Pan Tompkins algorythm, and I\'d also like to know how to detect
QRS peaks of the ECG (with circles, for example). I\'m using the script in this website as a
guidance, but I have trouble understanding what it\'s doing. Perhaps there\'s a simpler way to do
it? http://cnx.org/contents/YR1BUs9_@1/QRS-Detection-Using-Pan-Tompki
Our teacher has otherwise explained to us FIR filters, and wants us to use them instead of the
low pass, high pass that are mentioned in the website and though I do understand how they work,
I don\'t really know which window is the best, or how many coefficients the filter needs. I\'ve
applying the cut-off frequencies 5-15 because I\'ve seen that\'s where the QRS peaks are
concentrated. Is there any way to improve this as well?
TB=1;
TBn=TB/Fs;
N2=ceil(3.3/TBn);
Fc1 =5;
Fc2 =15 ;
wc1 = 2*pi*Fc1;
wc2 = 2*pi*Fc2;
wcn1 = 2*pi*Fc1/Fs;
wcn2 = 2*pi*Fc2/Fs;
Bz=fir1(N2,[wcn1 wcn2]);
y3=filter(Bz,1,x1);
figure; plot(x1); figure; plot(y3);
Solution
Save the function and use it as given below ::
pan_tompkin(ECG1,200,1) 1st is ECG raw data , 2nd is sampling frequency, 3rd is
for plots -always set it to 1
Matlab Code ------------------------------------ function .
function [qrs_amp_raw,qrs_i_raw,delay]=pan_tompkin(ecg,fs,gr)
%% function [qrs_amp_raw,qrs_i_raw,delay]=pan_tompkin(ecg,fs)
% Complete implementation of Pan-Tompkins algorithm
%% Inputs
% ecg : raw ecg vector signal 1d signal
% fs : sampling frequency e.g. 200Hz, 400Hz and etc
% gr : flag to plot or not plot (set it 1 to have a plot or set it zero not
% to see any plots
%% Outputs
% qrs_amp_raw : amplitude of R waves amplitudes
% qrs_i_raw : index of R waves
% delay : number of samples which the signal is delayed due to the
% filtering
if ~isvector(ecg)
error(\'ecg must be a row or column vector\');
end
if nargin < 3
gr = 1; % on default the function always plots
end
ecg = ecg(:); % vectorize
%% Initialize
qrs_c =[]; %amplitude of R
qrs_i =[]; %index
SIG_LEV = 0;
nois_c =[];
nois_i =[];
delay = 0;
skip = 0; % becomes one when a T wave is detected
not_nois = 0; % it is not noise when not_nois = 1
selected_RR =[]; % Selected RR intervals
m_selected_RR = 0;
mean_RR = 0;
qrs_i_raw =[];
qrs_amp_raw=[];
ser_back = 0;
test_m = 0;
SIGL_buf = [];
NOISL_buf = [];
THRS_buf = [];
SIGL_buf1 = [];
NOISL_buf1 = [];
THRS_buf1 = [];
%% Plot differently based on filtering settings
if gr
if fs == 200
figure, ax(1)=subplot(321);plot(ecg);axis tight;title(\'Raw ECG Signal\');
else
figure, ax(1)=subplot(3,2,[1 2]);plot(ecg);axis tight;title(\'Raw ECG Signal\');
end
end
%% Noise cancelation(Filtering) % Filters (Filter in between 5-15 Hz)
if fs == 200
%% Low Pass Filter H(z) = ((1 - z^(-6))^2)/(1 - z^(-1))^2
b = [1 0 0 0 0 0 -2 0 0 0 0 0 1];
a = [1 -2 1];
h_l = filter(b,a,[1 zeros(1,12)]);
ecg_l = conv (ecg ,h_l);
ecg_l = ecg_l/ max( abs(ecg_l));
delay = 6; %based on the paper
if gr
ax(2)=subplot(322);plot(ecg_l);axis tight;title(\'Low pass filtered\');
end
%% High Pas.
More Related Content
Similar to Explain how cell division occurs in the germ (meiosis) cells of anim.pdf
Developmental genetics(fertilization and gametogenesis)
easy notes on fertilization and gametogenesis
Differentiate the processes of oogenesis and spermatogenesis. Are th.pdf
Differentiate the processes of oogenesis and spermatogenesis. Are there similarities between the
two processes? Differences? Consider the cells, their structures and functions.
Solution
Comparison between Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
Characteristics
Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis
Definition
The process of formation of sperm cells is called spermatogenesis
Formation of ovum is called oogenesis
Primary organ
Testis (in males)
Ovary (in females)
The source cell/ structure that undergoes gametogenesis
Spermatogonium
Primordial follicle
Source cell is preserved
Yes, Spermatogonium is a stem cell.
No
Type of cell division
Meiosis
Meiosis
Onset of gametogenesis
At puberty. Both meiosis I and II in spermatogonium begin at onset of puberty.
During embryonic development.
Meiosis I begins in fetal ovary. Meiosis II completes after onset of puberty in reproductive
cycles.
Continuous or cyclic
Continuous. Millions of sperms are produced each day.
Cyclic. Only one mature ovum is produced per reproductive cycle (of 28 days).
Occurrence of gametogenesis in life
Begins at puberty
Continues throughout life
Begins at menarche
Ends at menopause
No. of functional gametes in one cycle
4
1
Polar cells (that degenerate later) produced
No
Yes, one polar cell in each of meiosis I and II.
In spite of major difference of these two processes, they both share a common path and fate- they
meiotic divisions that produce haploid gametes.
Characteristics
Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis
Definition
The process of formation of sperm cells is called spermatogenesis
Formation of ovum is called oogenesis
Primary organ
Testis (in males)
Ovary (in females)
The source cell/ structure that undergoes gametogenesis
Spermatogonium
Primordial follicle
Source cell is preserved
Yes, Spermatogonium is a stem cell.
No
Type of cell division
Meiosis
Meiosis
Onset of gametogenesis
At puberty. Both meiosis I and II in spermatogonium begin at onset of puberty.
During embryonic development.
Meiosis I begins in fetal ovary. Meiosis II completes after onset of puberty in reproductive
cycles.
Continuous or cyclic
Continuous. Millions of sperms are produced each day.
Cyclic. Only one mature ovum is produced per reproductive cycle (of 28 days).
Occurrence of gametogenesis in life
Begins at puberty
Continues throughout life
Begins at menarche
Ends at menopause
No. of functional gametes in one cycle
4
1
Polar cells (that degenerate later) produced
No
Yes, one polar cell in each of meiosis I and II..
anp ppt CONCEPTION AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT (1).pptx
PPT on Conception and Fetal development by Deepika Negi
Seminar Presentation on Oogenesis
Seminar
Presentation on Oogenesis
Process Of Oogenesis
Multiplication Phase
Growth Phase
Maturation Phase
Ovulation
Hormones in Oogenesis
Significance of Oogenesis
References
General Biology Lesson 10 Compare and Contrast Process in Plants and Animals_...
General Biology Lesson 10: Compare and Contrast Processes in Plants and Animals: Reproduction and Development
Similar to Explain how cell division occurs in the germ (meiosis) cells of anim.pdf (20)
Developmental genetics(fertilization and gametogenesis)
Developmental genetics(fertilization and gametogenesis)
Differentiate the processes of oogenesis and spermatogenesis. Are th.pdf
Differentiate the processes of oogenesis and spermatogenesis. Are th.pdf
General Biology Lesson 10 Compare and Contrast Process in Plants and Animals_...
General Biology Lesson 10 Compare and Contrast Process in Plants and Animals_...
More from eyewatchsystems
In 9. 3-1 BALANCE SHEET The assets of Dallas & Associates consist e.pdf
In 9. 3-1 BALANCE SHEET The assets of Dallas & Associates consist entirely of current assets
and net plant and equipment. The firm has total assets of $2.5 million and net plant and
equipment equals $2 million. It has notes payable of $150,000, long-term debt of $750,000, and
total common equity of S1.5 million. The firm does have accounts payable and accruals on its
balance sheet. The finm only finances with debt and common equity, so it has no preferred stock
on its balance sheet. a. What is the company\'s total debt? b. What is the amount of total
liabilities and equity that appears on the firm\'s balance sheet? c. What is the balance of current
assets on the firm\'s balance sheet? d. What is the balance of current liabilities on the firm\'s
balance sheet? e. What is the amount of accounts payable and accruals on its balance sheet?
(Hint: Consider this as a single line item on the firm\'s balance sheet.) f. What is the firm\'s net
working capital? g. What is the firm\'s net operating working capital? h. What is the explanation
for the difference in your answers to parts f and g?
Solution
(a) Total Assets = $ 2.5 million, The firm\'s total assets are entirely composed of current assets
and net plant and equipment.
Net Plant and Equipment = $ 2 million and Current Assets = Total Assets - Net Plant and
Equipment = 2.5 - 2 = $ 0.5 million
Notes Payable = $ 150000 and Long-Term Debt = $ 750000
Total Common Equity = $ 1.5 million
Owner\'s Equity + Liabilities = Notes Payable + Long-Term Debt + Accruals + Accounts
Payable + Total Common Equity = Total Assets = $ 2.5 million
0.15 + 0.75 + Accounts Payable + Accruals + 1.5 = 2.5
Accounts Payable + Accruals = $ 0.1 million
Total Debt includes long-term capital financing debt and short-term interest bearing debt only.
Accounts Payable and Accruals do not form a part of a firm\'s total debt.
Hence, total debt = Notes Payable + Long-Term Debt = 150000 + 750000 = $ 900000
(b) Total Liabilities = Accounts Payable + Accruals + Long-Term Debt + Notes Payable = 0.1 +
0.75 + 0.15 = $ 1 million
Owner\'s Equity = Total Assets - Total Liabilities = 2.5 - 1 = $ 1.5 million
(c) Current Assets = Total Assets - Net Plant and Equipment = 2.5 - 2 = $ 0.5 million
(d) Current Laibility = Accruals + Accounts Payable = $ 0.1 million
NOTE: The current portion of notes payable(amount due within one year or accounting period)
is treated as current liability and the remaining portion is treated as non-current liability. As the
notes payable portion does not mention the amount due within a year, the entire value of notes
payable is treated as non-current laibility.
NOTE: Please raise separate queries for solutions to the remaining sub-parts..
I need help understanding the Pan Tompkins algorythm, and Id also .pdf
I need help understanding the Pan Tompkins algorythm, and I\'d also like to know how to detect
QRS peaks of the ECG (with circles, for example). I\'m using the script in this website as a
guidance, but I have trouble understanding what it\'s doing. Perhaps there\'s a simpler way to do
it? http://cnx.org/contents/YR1BUs9_@1/QRS-Detection-Using-Pan-Tompki
Our teacher has otherwise explained to us FIR filters, and wants us to use them instead of the
low pass, high pass that are mentioned in the website and though I do understand how they work,
I don\'t really know which window is the best, or how many coefficients the filter needs. I\'ve
applying the cut-off frequencies 5-15 because I\'ve seen that\'s where the QRS peaks are
concentrated. Is there any way to improve this as well?
TB=1;
TBn=TB/Fs;
N2=ceil(3.3/TBn);
Fc1 =5;
Fc2 =15 ;
wc1 = 2*pi*Fc1;
wc2 = 2*pi*Fc2;
wcn1 = 2*pi*Fc1/Fs;
wcn2 = 2*pi*Fc2/Fs;
Bz=fir1(N2,[wcn1 wcn2]);
y3=filter(Bz,1,x1);
figure; plot(x1); figure; plot(y3);
Solution
Save the function and use it as given below ::
pan_tompkin(ECG1,200,1) 1st is ECG raw data , 2nd is sampling frequency, 3rd is
for plots -always set it to 1
Matlab Code ------------------------------------ function .
function [qrs_amp_raw,qrs_i_raw,delay]=pan_tompkin(ecg,fs,gr)
%% function [qrs_amp_raw,qrs_i_raw,delay]=pan_tompkin(ecg,fs)
% Complete implementation of Pan-Tompkins algorithm
%% Inputs
% ecg : raw ecg vector signal 1d signal
% fs : sampling frequency e.g. 200Hz, 400Hz and etc
% gr : flag to plot or not plot (set it 1 to have a plot or set it zero not
% to see any plots
%% Outputs
% qrs_amp_raw : amplitude of R waves amplitudes
% qrs_i_raw : index of R waves
% delay : number of samples which the signal is delayed due to the
% filtering
if ~isvector(ecg)
error(\'ecg must be a row or column vector\');
end
if nargin < 3
gr = 1; % on default the function always plots
end
ecg = ecg(:); % vectorize
%% Initialize
qrs_c =[]; %amplitude of R
qrs_i =[]; %index
SIG_LEV = 0;
nois_c =[];
nois_i =[];
delay = 0;
skip = 0; % becomes one when a T wave is detected
not_nois = 0; % it is not noise when not_nois = 1
selected_RR =[]; % Selected RR intervals
m_selected_RR = 0;
mean_RR = 0;
qrs_i_raw =[];
qrs_amp_raw=[];
ser_back = 0;
test_m = 0;
SIGL_buf = [];
NOISL_buf = [];
THRS_buf = [];
SIGL_buf1 = [];
NOISL_buf1 = [];
THRS_buf1 = [];
%% Plot differently based on filtering settings
if gr
if fs == 200
figure, ax(1)=subplot(321);plot(ecg);axis tight;title(\'Raw ECG Signal\');
else
figure, ax(1)=subplot(3,2,[1 2]);plot(ecg);axis tight;title(\'Raw ECG Signal\');
end
end
%% Noise cancelation(Filtering) % Filters (Filter in between 5-15 Hz)
if fs == 200
%% Low Pass Filter H(z) = ((1 - z^(-6))^2)/(1 - z^(-1))^2
b = [1 0 0 0 0 0 -2 0 0 0 0 0 1];
a = [1 -2 1];
h_l = filter(b,a,[1 zeros(1,12)]);
ecg_l = conv (ecg ,h_l);
ecg_l = ecg_l/ max( abs(ecg_l));
delay = 6; %based on the paper
if gr
ax(2)=subplot(322);plot(ecg_l);axis tight;title(\'Low pass filtered\');
end
%% High Pas.
I believe my chosen answer is correct, but Im not entirely positiv.pdf
I believe my chosen answer is correct, but I\'m not entirely positive. Any help is appreciated. The
enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) is inherited as a recessive gene
on the X chromosome in humans. Below is a pedigree of a family affected by G6PD. X-
represents a mutant X chromosome. What is I-1\'s genotype? XX. XX- X-X- could be A or B
Solution
G6PD is recessive traits disease and so in I-2 the Male would be having diseased X chromosome
recessive traits now for being disease in II a male must have a single disease X trait for that if
female is homozygous for non disease trait of heterzygous for disease trait in both condition in I
is possible.
So condition A and B both is correct.
how does genies transcript illustrate the statement we learn to .pdf
how does genie\'s transcript illustrate the statement \"we learn to be human.\" aren\'t we human?
Solution
The transcript of genie illustrates that a wild child living in captivity, when given proper care and
attention can learn to be human. initially, she does not respond to the methods that were applied
for the betterment of her and to let her learn to talk. But slowly she was left to learn at her own
pace and understanding. The study on her suggested that we the humans have the innate ability
to learn words and use them correctly. So when genie was provided the situation she steadily
learned the ability to talk..
How many different alleles can a gene have Explain.SolutionEa.pdf
How many different alleles can a gene have? Explain.
Solution
Each gene can have many alleles. But a diploid organism typically contains two alleles in each
gene. This because in sexual reproduction one allele is received from each parent. If a gene
contains more than two alleles, it causes chromosomal abnormalities and thus diseases..
Comment on the behavior of the different types of flexures (crab-leg.pdf
Comment on the behavior of the different types of flexures (crab-leg, folded flexure, serpentine,
cartwheel, straight, notched). Which would have the highest cross-axis sensitivity? The lowest?
Which would you use for a device that experiences large displacements?
Solution
Serpentine have highest cross axis sensitivity.straight have lowest sensitivity. And crab leg is
gives promising displacements in three directions... So its best suited for device..
human color-blindness mutations result from A.reciprocal translocat.pdf
human color-blindness mutations result from: A.reciprocal translocation B. dosge compensation
C. Unequal crossing over D. Chromosome nondisjunction E. Fragile X syndrome I think answer
is B. dosage compensation???
Solution
Human Color blindness results from unequal crossing over . Gene\'s for red and green Color
vision lie adjacent on x chromosome . Evolving from a common ancestor they are similar enough
to mispair occasionally which results in the production of gametes lacking some or all of the one
of the two genes resulting in red green color blindness..
Generation 1 2 3 4 6 5 6 7 SolutionThe chances of their first c.pdf
Generation 1 2 3 4 6 5 6 7
Solution
The chances of their first child showing the trait is 50%
As this trait is being carried by the females in generation II, and in generation III due to the
congenial marriage among the family members the homozygosity of trait increases.
Due to which this trait again shows up again generation IV. If the individual IV-4 and IV-7 get
married, which is again congenial marriage among the family member. The risk factor for the
children having this trait increases..
Ecologists are sampling mice from different parks in New York City. M.pdf
Ecologists are sampling mice from different parks in New York City. Most of the mice these
researchers collect demonstrate straight\" tails; however, few mice exhibit \"curly\" tails. In this
scenario, a \"straight tail would be considered the henotype, and a \"curly\" tail would be
considered a phenotype. O heterogametic; homogametic O polymorphism; wild-type O mutant;
wild-type O wild-type; mutant None of the above.
Solution
The answer to your first question is wrong. Most of the researchers find mice with straight tails,
while a few find mice with curly tails. However, this finding does not prove that the curly-tailed
mice are mutants. A mutant phenotype is much rarer than the wild type. The curly phenotype
could simply be a recessive phenotype with a phenotypic frequency lower than that of the
straight phenotype, which might be the dominant trait. Thus, the answer should be \'None of the
above\'.
The answer to the second question is correct. Since the parents\' and the child\'s DNA sequences
differ in only a single nucleotide, it is a point mutation.
The answer to the third question is wrong. Since the flower colour is determined by a gene with
2 alleles, 1 of which is dominant, to get a red colour, the orchid just needs a single dominant
allele. Hence the answer is 1.
Your answer to the fourth question is wrong. The parent and daughter cells may not be
completely identical, and we must take into account the de-novo mutations. Therefore, the
answer should be \'The DNA sequences of the parent and daughter cells were largely similar,
with the exception of any de-novo mutations\'..
Describe the electronic configuration of a given element. Why are we.pdf
Describe the electronic configuration of a given element. Why are we interested in electrons (two
primary answers). (With regard to Human Anatomy and Physiology, what is the importance of
electrons?)
Solution
Electronic configuration is the arrangement of electron around the nucleus of an atom. Number
of electrons orbiting the nucleus determines the energy level of an atom. This electron makes the
bonds like, ionic bond, covalent bond and htdrogen bond. These bonds help in electrostatic
interactions between the molecules and helps molecules like haemoglobin, myoglobin to be
folded and form a three dimensional structure and function properly. these electrons helps in
phosphorylation, hydrolysisetc,..
Assets are listed on the balance sheet in order ofincreasing size .pdf
Assets are listed on the balance sheet in order of
increasing size and relative life.
decreasing size.
relative life.
decreasing liquidity.a.
increasing size and relative life.b.
decreasing size.c.
relative life.d.
decreasing liquidity.
Solution
Liquidity of the the assets means how quick an asset can be converted to cash. More quicker it
can be higher the liquidity.
Standard format of balance states assets to be reported on the basis of their liquidity. Assets with
highest liquidity should be reported on Top
Therefore in Assets we report first current assets and then PPE. Even in Current assets we report
Cash and Marketable securities (most liquid aset) on top. There fore
Assets are listed on the balance sheet in order of
decreasing liquidity.d.
decreasing liquidity..
1) Even the simplest types of infectious agents must have DNA, RNA, .pdf
1) Even the simplest types of infectious agents must have DNA, RNA, and protein.
a) Not all infectious agents have DNA, RNA, and protein. Some viruses have RNA and protein
only, viroids have only protein, and prions are composed only of RNA.
b) Not all infectious agents have DNA, RNA, and protein. Some viruses have DNA and protein
only, viroids have only protein, and prions are composed only of DNA.
c) Not all infectious agents have DNA, RNA, and protein. Some viruses have RNA and protein
only, viroids have only DNA, and prions are composed only of protein.
d) Not all infectious agents have DNA, RNA, and protein. Some viruses have DNA and protein
only, viroids have only RNA, and prions are composed only of protein.
2) A large amount of the DNA in eukaryotic cells has no function and is called \"junk DNA\".
a) Although some DNA in cells has been called \"junk DNA\" and have no function, their
concentraition maintains constant to allow other DNA act normally.
b) Although some DNA in cells has been called \"junk DNA\", it may simply be that we do not
yet understand its function.
c) Although some DNA in cells has been called \"junk DNA\", they have well known function to
store energy in the cells.
d) Although some DNA in cells has been called \"junk DNA\", but this is due to their mutation
and they could mutate again to restore their functions.
Solution
1. Even the simplest types of infectious agents must have DNA, RNA, and protein.
ANSWER: The above statement is false. This must be corrected as:
Even the simplest types of infectious agents must have either DNA and protein coat , RNA only
or Protein Coat only.
So the answer is:
D. Not all infectious agents have DNA, RNA, and protein. Some viruses have DNA and protein
only, viroids have only RNA, and prions are composed only of protein.
2.
Junk DNA/Non Coding DNA
The DNA sequences that does not code for a protein, that usually occurs in repetitive sequences
of nucleotides, and does not seem to serve any useful purpose are called Junk DNA.
So the answer is:
B. Although some DNA in cells has been called \"junk DNA\", it may simply be that we do not
yet understand its function..
1-A) What types of data document patterns and processes of evoluti.pdf
1-
A) What types of data document patterns and processes of evolution?
B) What does homology mean and how is it important with respect to evolution? How types of
homology are for providing evidence of evolution?
C) does the fossil record provide support for the of evolution? Why do sugar gliders and flying
squirrels look so much alike?
D) What do we call the similarity between flying squirrels and sugar gliders?
E) Provide a complete explanation for the question, what is evolution Vocabulary
Solution
Answer A) There are mainly four types of data which document patterns and process of
evolution; Homology, fossil record, direct observations and biogeography.
Answer B) Homology means sharing a similar structure due to relatedness. this is important with
respect to evolution because homology tells us that two different animals which shares the
homology structures had a common ancestor during evolution. there are two types of homology
in evolution; paralogs, which tells us that two copy of one gene located at two different positions
on genome inside a single organism has evolved as a duplication event and such genes are called
paralogous. while orthologs tells us that if two genes are similar in two different organism\'s
genomes then they were originated in their ancestor.
Answer C) Yes, fossil record is one of the data documentation for the evolutionary studies and
they help to find the missing links between various points of evolution. sugar gliders and flying
squirrels look alike because they share similarity in structures such as white belly, big eyes, same
size, and a thin layer of skin under the legs for gliding in the air.
Answer D) We call this kind of similarity in same functional structures as analogy..
Which of the following does not take place in a signaltransduction pa.pdf
Which of the following does not take place in a signaltransduction pathway? O An external
signaling molecule binds to a specific receptor. O An activated membrane-bound receptor
undergoes a conformational change. O Proteins in the pathway add or remove phosphate groups
from other proteins. O Activated proteins move into the nucleus to activate transcription factors.
O Proteins are activated when histones are deacetylated.
Solution
1) Protiens are activated when histones are deacetylated.
Histones are not involved in signal transduction.
2) The mutation could allow telomerase to be expressed when it should not.
Cancerous cells continously express telomerase as a result of which these cells have their
telomeres in tact and thus they constantly divide.
3)Retinoblsstoma results when an idividual inherits mutant gene from both the parents both of
which are necessary for cancer to develop.
4). DNA repair genes..
Which term indicates the evolution of many closely related species fr.pdf
Which term indicates the evolution of many closely related species from one or a few ancestral
species in a relatively short period of time? microevolution preadaptations adaptive radiation
allometric growth allopatric speciation A significant reduction in the amount of which gas
would allow more ultraviolet radiation to reach Earth\'s surface? oxygen methane ozone
cyanide carbon dioxide The most common outcome of the process in the accompanying figure
is no viable gametes. This happens because of hybrid inviability defective meiosis. gametic
isolation species incompatibility.
Solution
1. microevolution
2. defects in ozone gas layer allows more UV rays to come to the earth
3. because of defects in meiosis no viable gametes are formed.
you inoculate an LB tube with an aerobic bacterium and incubate it f.pdf
you inoculate an LB tube with an aerobic bacterium and incubate it for 24 hours. what kind of
growth do you expect to see and why?
Solution
If a liquid media in a tube is inoculated with aerobic bacteria and incubated for 24hrs, the growth
can be seen as a surface pellicle. Bacteria grows on the surface of the liquid media. This is
because it is the area where oxygen is available for the bacteria to utilize. Whereas anaerobic
bacteria grow at the bottom of the tube where air is absent..
What is meant by the relationship or the two strands of DNA The rig.pdf
What is meant by the relationship or the two strands of DNA? The right handed twisted
configuration of the strands. The arrangement branching pattern of the strands of DNA. The
arrangement where A is matched with T and G is matched with C. The staircase arrangement of
paired purine and pyrimidine bases linked by ionic bonds. The alignment or strands so one
strand starts with a 3. carbon, the other with a 5 carbon. integrative you have discovered a new
species bacteria. To begin your investigation of this content of ONA from the bacterial cells 10%
what is the adenine content? 10% 20% 40% 60% it is impossible to calculate this number for
eukaryotes. What happens during the process of transcription? Proteins are synthesized from
RNA molecules RNA is synthesized from protein DNA is synthesized from protein RNA is
synthesized from DNA Proteins are synthesized from DNA molecules What is a TATA box? a
nucleotide sequence for a codon on mRNA a sequence in the promoter of DNA a nucleotide
sequence for an anticodon on IRNA molecule a nucleotide sequence an indicating a stop codon
for translation a special protein in the enhancer region that is required for the initiation of
transcription What is an exon? A protein that is edited out of RNA after translation. A part of
RNA that is removed during the processing of an RNA molecule in the nucleus. A transfer RNA
that binds to the codon and carries an amino acid. A series of amino acids at the 3\' end of the
mRNA molecule that protect transcript. A part of an intact. Mature mRNA that leaves the
nucleus. What account for the uniform diameter of the DNA molecule? The two sides of the
DNA molecule are held together by hydrogen bonds. A purine always bonds with a pyrimidine.
One side of the DNA molecule has an unconnected 5\' phosphate group and the opposite end has
an unconnected 3\' hydroxyl group. The 3\' carbon of one deoxyribose and the 5\' carbon of
another deoxyribose bond together. The alternating sugar and phosphate backbone colls around
the outside of the hellx. If you isolate a single nucleotide from a nucleic acid chain and
determine that the nitrogenous ring structure is guanine, what can you say with certainty about
the type of molecule that the nucleotide could have come from? The molecule could be DNA
but not RNA. The molecule could be RNA but not DNA. The molecule is neither DNA nor
RNA. The molecule could be either DNA or RNA. The molecule could be double-stranded
DNA but not single-stranded DNA.
Solution
34. The correct answer is C.
35. The correct answer is B. ATP, RNA, and DNA
36. The correct answer is B. Purine always bonds with Pyrimidine
37. The correct answer is D. The molecule could either be DNA or RNA..
Which of the following categories of control can include the logical.pdf
Which of the following categories of control can include the logical mechanisms used to control
access and authenticate users?
A. Administrative
B. Clerical
C. Technical
D. Physical
Solution
Answer: C. Technical
Technical controls can be a software or hardware. They are some logical mechanisms that can be
used to control the access and authenticate users and identified unusual activities and restricted
unauthorized access.
Clerical is nonexistent category towards technical.
Physical controls include locks, guards, alarms and gates.
Admisirative controls are procedurals..
What is it, and how does Chromatic Dispersion Compensation work.pdf
What is it, and how does Chromatic Dispersion Compensation work?
Solution
Chromatic dispersion is a phenomenon that is an important factor in fiber optic communications.
It is the result of the different colors, or wavelengths, in a light beam arriving at their destination
at slightly different times. The result is a spreading, or dispersion, of the on-off light pulses that
convey digital information.
Chromatic dispersion is common place, as it is actually what causes rainbows - sunlight is
dispersed by droplets of water in the air. Sir Isaac Newton observed this phenomenon when he
passed sunlight through a prism and saw it diverge into a spectrum of different colors. This
dispersion occurs because different colors, or light frequencies, act slightly differently as they
pass through a medium such as glass. In fiber-based systems, an optical fiber, comprised of a
core and cladding with differing refractive index materials, inevitably causes some wavelengths
of light to travel slower or faster than others.
Chromatic dispersion is due to inherent property of silica fiber. The speed of a light wave is
dependent on the refractive index, , of the medium within which it is propagating. In silica fiber,
as well as many other materials, varies with wavelength. Therefore, different wavelength
channels will travel at slightly different speeds within the fiber. Because, even a pulse of light
from a laser has some spectral width, each of its wavelength components will travel at slightly
different speeds within the fiber. This results in a spreading of the transmission pulse as it travels
through the fiber..
True or FalseDue to developed molecular tools, functional genes c.pdf
True or False:
Due to developed molecular tools, functional genes can be identified directly in the clinical and
environmental samples.
Solution
True because the functional genes can be directly identified in samples by the metagenomic
arrays, using special biomarkers characterized by a unique order for the specific gene or gene
sequence, SNPs etc and their molecular structures. This biomarker array is sometimes followed
by the amplification tool and sequencing method for the entire DNA or RNA extracted from the
sample..
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...
How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI funded books
Wednesday 22 May 2024, 14:00-15:00.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Challenger.pdf DNHS Official Publication
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free download
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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