Introduction In life, there are universal laws that govern everything we do. These laws are so perfect that if you were to align yourself with them, you could have so much prosperity that it would be coming out of your ears. This is because God created the universe in the image and likeness of him. It is failure to follow the universal laws that causes one to fail. The laws that were created consisted of the following: · Law of Gratitude: The Law of Gratitude states that you must show gratitude for what you have. By having gratitude, you speed your growth and success faster than you normally would. This is because if you appreciate the things you have, even if they are small things, you are open to receiving more. Law of Attraction: The Law of Attraction states that if you focus your attention on something long enough you will get it. It all starts in the mind. You think of something and when you think of it, you manifest that in your life. This could be a mental picture of a check or actual cash, but you think about it with an image. Law of Karma: the Law of Karma states that if you go out and do something bad, it will come back to you with something bad. If you do well for others, good things happen to you. The principle here is to know you can create good or bad through your actions. There will always be an effect no matter what. Law of Love: the Law of Love states that love is more than emotion or feeling; it is energy. It has substance and can be felt. Love is also considered acceptance of oneself or others. This means that no matter what you do in life if you do not approach or leave the situation out of love, it won't work. Law of Allowing: The Law of Allowing states that for us to get what we want, we must be receptive to it. We can't merely say to the Universe that we want something if we don't allow ourselves to receive it. This will defeat our purpose for wanting it in the first place. Law of Vibration: the Law of Vibration states that if you wish on something and use your thoughts to visualize it, you are halfway there to get it. To complete the cycle you must use the Law of Vibration to feel part of what you want. Do this and you'll have anything you want in life. For everything to function properly there has to be structure. Without structure, our world, or universe, would be in utter chaos. Successful people understand universal laws and apply them daily. They may not acknowledge that to you, but they do follow the laws. There is a higher power and this higher power controls the universe and what we get out of it. People who know this, but wish to direct their own lives, follow the reasons. Successful people don't sit around and say "I'll try," they say yes and act on it. Chapter - 1 The Law of Attraction The law of attraction is the most powerful force in the universe. If you work against it, it can only bring you pain and misery. Successful people know this but have kept it hidden from the lower class for centuries because th

1. SCHOOL OF GOVERNANCE AND DEVELOPMENT
STUDIES
Advanced Research Methods-
Quantitative and qualitative
John W. Creswell (2012). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and
Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research, 4th ed: Pearson Education Inc.
Chapter 4.1 Case study design

2. BY THE END OF THIS SESSION YOU
SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
• Define Case Study research and describe when to use it
• Identify the types of case study designs
• Describe the key characteristics of case study design
• Understand how to analyze case study

3. WHAT IS A CASE-STUDY RESEARCH?
 A case study is an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary
phenomenon within its real-life context, especially when the boundaries
between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident (Yin, 1981)
It is an empirical inquiry, in which:
 Focus is on a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context &
boundaries between phenomenon and its context are not clearly evident
 Suitable for studying complex social phenomena
 Procedural characteristics- in the situation include: many variables of
interest; multiple sources of evidence; theoretical propositions to guide
the collection and analysis of data

4. PURPOSE OF CASE STUDY RESEARCH
Types of case studies : explanatory; exploratory; descriptive
 Explain the causal link ( e.g., treatment and intervention outcomes)
 Describe an intervention (the real-life context in a causal chain)
 Explore situations where invention has no single output
 Meta-evaluation (evaluation study)
*these purposes are not mutually exclusive
Preferred strategy when:
 ‘How’ or ‘why’ questions are being posed,
 The investigator has little control over events
 When the focus is on contemporary phenomenon within some real- life context

5. CASES & UNITS OF ANALYSIS
 Case– represents somehow the interesting topic of the study empirically (e.g. the role
of the United States in the world economy)
 Unit of analysis – is the actual source of information: individual, organizational
document, artifact, for example (e.g. the capital flow between countries, an economic
policy)
 Example: a unit of analysis (case) may be an individual, and the case study may be
the life history of that person
 Other units of analysis include programs (e.g. microfinance, decisions, Groups,
organizations
 What unit of analysis to use generally depends on the primary research question
A) Holistic designs – include a single unit of analysis; if aim is to study the global nature
of the phenomenon; when no logical sub-units can be pointed danger of abstractness
B) Embedded designs – include multiple units of analysis; study may include main &
smaller units on different levels, looking for consistent patterns of evidence across
units, but within a case.

6. CASES & UNITS OF ANALYSIS
HOW MANY OF CASES
• Case– represents somehow the interesting topic of the study empirically (e.g.
the role of Ethiopia in the Peace of the Horn of Africa)
Types of Cases:
• Single case– if case seems to represent a critical test to existing theory; rare
or unique events -> Important to select case & unit of analysis properly.
• Multiple cases– if a “replication logic” is supposed to reveal support for
theoretically
• i. Similar results
• ii. Contrasting results for predictable reasons
 Number of case replications depends upon the certainty wanted to achieve &
richness of the underlying theoretical propositions

7. TYPES OF QUALITATIVE CASE STUDIES
Intrinsic Case Study
Unusual Case Study an intrinsic, unusual case
Instrumental Case Study
Issue Case Study a case that provides insight into
an issue or theme
Multiple Instrumental Case Study
(also called a Collective Case Study))
Case
Case
Case
Issue
Study several cases that
provide insight into an
issue (or theme)

8. TYPES OF CASE STUDY
Single case study- rational
 Represents a critical case in testing a well formulated theory
 Represents a extreme case or a unique circumstances
 Representative or a typical case (representative of experience of a large institution)
 Revelatory case (previously inaccessible to scientific community)
 Longitudinal case (how certain conditions change over time) based upon unit of analysis
Multiple- case study
 Replication, not sampling logic
 Literal replication (predicts similar results) -Replication is based on a rich theoretical
framework.
 Theoretical replication (predicts contrasting results but for predictable reasons)
 More informative, given their potential to replicate findings and test (or rule out) rival
explanations.
 Offering robust analytical conclusions

9.  Relies on multiple sources of evidence - Triangulation (Patton, 1987)
 Benefits from prior development of theoretical propositions
 theoretical ideas are important in case study design and are usually
developed prior to data collection, since they guide the type of data
collected.
 essential to construct a preliminary theory
 help generalize from case study to theory
 Analytical generalization and not statistical generalization
 A case study research shouldn’t be confused with ‘qualitative research’. Case
studies are based on any mix of qualitative and quantitative evidence.
Case Study Research: Characteristics

10. COLLECTING THE DATA/ EVIDENCE
Data Sources
 Documents (minutes of meetings, written reports on events, administrative
documents, formal studies, newspaper)
 Archival records (organizational records, maps and charts, survey data, and
personal records)
 Interviews (in-depth, focused, survey (close ended)
 Observation – direct or participant
 Physical artifacts

11. THREE PRINCIPLES OF DATA COLLECTION
1) Use multiple sources of evidence -Triangulation = searching converging findings from
different sources -> increases construct validity
2)Create a case study database -A database separate from the final report to be written,
containing -Case study notes (clear & available for later use),Case study documents
-Tabular materials (collected & created)-Narratives (initial open-ended answers to the study
questions suggested by investigators)
3) Maintain a chain of evidence
o The link between initial study questions and case study procedure should be pointed out in the
case study protocol, as also the circumstances of the evidence to be collected
o Putting the data collection to practice on the basis of the protocol
o Actual evidence storage in the database for later checks (specific collection circumstances
indicated)
o Sufficient citing of the case study data base & evidence in the final report and conclusions to be
drawn

12. PRINCIPLES OF DATA…
Maintain a chain of evidence
 Increases reliability - it refers to the ability of a research method to yield consistently the
same results over repeated testing periods
 External observer should be able to trace the steps in either direction
 Report should make sufficient citations to relevant portions
 Reveal actual evidence and circumstances
 Consistency with protocol

13. ANALYZING THE EVIDENCE
 Analysis of evidence is one the least developed and most difficult aspects of doing
case studies.
 Most important is to have a general analytic strategy, which helps to choose among
different techniques.
 In absence preliminary techniques – matrixes, tabulation of frequencies, temporal
schemes, etc,. can be tried out to get the analysis started
Two general analytic strategies
1)Relying on theoretical propositions: theoretical orientation guiding the analysis;
following theoretical propositions that have formed the design of the case study,
helps to focus attention on certain data & to ignore other data
2)Developing a case description: a descriptive framework for organizing the case
study; analysis organized on the basis of description of the general characteristics and
relations of the phenomenon in question.

14. ANALYZING CASE STUDY EVIDENCE
Steps of analysis
 Examining
 Categorizing
 Tabulating
 Creating a data display
 Testing
 Combining qualitative and quantitative
evidence to address initial propositions
Techniques for analysis
 Pattern matching
 Explanation building
 Time- series analysis
 Logic model
 Cross- case synthesis

15. ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES …
Pattern matching -a strategy for aligning data to theoretical propositions. Researcher might ask, “Here’s
an idea—is it right? What are contrary, competing explanations? Can I rule them out?”
 Compares an empirically based pattern with a predicted one to strengthen internal validity
check if the theoretical realm is matched with the observational realm.
- Internal validity- is the term used to refer to the extent to which research findings are a true
reflection or representation of reality rather than being the effects of extraneous variables. Internal
validity refers to how well a piece of research allows you to choose among alternate explanations of
something
 Non-equivalent dependent variable as a pattern
 Rival explanations as patterns
 Simpler patterns
Explanation building -creative insight and careful interpretation to make sense of and explain findings
 Relevant to explanatory case studies
 Iterative nature of explanation building
 Risk of drifting away from the original topic of interest

16. ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES…
Time- series analysis
 How”- and “why”- questions about relationships & changes of events over time
 Only a single dependent and independent variable.
 Detailed and precise tracing of events
 Trend matching with stated propositions, rival trends, or trends based upon artifacts
 Chronologies to investigate presumed causal events Interruption in time series as a
potential causal relationship
Logic models
 Stipulates a complex chain of events over time
 Staged in repeated cause-effect relationship
 Analysis can also entertain rival chains of events, and spurious/counterfiet external
events
 Could be individual level or organizational level logic model
Cross- case synthesis
 - Pattern matching using word tables

17. A good analysis should:
 Attend to all the evidence (including the rival hypothesis)
 Must address all major rival interpretations
 Address most significant part of your case study
 Use your own prior expert knowledge