Factors That Affect Ceramic Membrane Performance

Factors That Affect The And Bettering Ceramic Membrane...
In 1899 ionic conductivity was observed in a solution of ZrO2(Y2O3) however the potential for use
in oxygen separation technology has only gained attention in the last 35 years. The best oxygen
separation capabilities are seen in defect free ceramic membranes and result in 100% pure oxygen.
There are a number of different structures that ceramic membranes can take fluorite, perovskite,
pyrochlore, brownmillerite and some others. The main two are the fluorite and perovskite type,
which will be discussed in further detail later in this report. Oxygen flux is the rate the oxygen
transfers though the membrane and a higher oxygen flux means a better membrane. Generally a
dense ceramic membrane with a perovskite structure at temperatures greater ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
How this is achieved depends on the types of oxygen separation membrane. A driving force is
required for there to be any oxygen transfer though the membrane, the two potential driving forces
are a electrical potential gradient or a chemical potential gradient. The pure oxygen conducting
membrane uses a electrical potential gradient, for this electrodes are used to provide a pathway for
the electron transfer as shown in figure Xa and the extent of oxygen transfer can be manipulated by
the supply of an electric current. Where as in mixed ionic–electronic conducting membranes a
chemical potential gradient, no electrodes are required for this and instead a pressure differential on
either side of the membrane is necessary and the membrane can be of single phase or duel phase as
shown in figure Xb.
Although it is ideal to have membranes free of any defects, defect free materials are very rare if not
impossible to manufacture. There are two categories defects can fall into, either an electronic defect
or a structural defect. The electric defects are associated with the ionization and formation of
electrons to maintain electric neutrality. Structural defects are associated with the crystalline
structure of the membrane and can be classed into three categories; point defects, line defects and
plane defects. Defects can form externally though contact with the environment or within though the
consequence of impurities. Expand if I find
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Iron Fertilisation and Algal Blooms
Phytoplankton are the basis of nearly all the Ocean's ecosystems, and require a wide range of
inorganic nutrients in order to grow; notably Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorous. They take up these
nutrient elements according to the Redfield Ratio of C : N : P = 106 : 16 : 1. But phytoplankton also
require less obvious nutrients such as calcium, magnesium and potassium. These are often in
plentiful supply in the worlds Oceans, and other factors such as the micronutrient Iron can be the
limiting Phytoplankton growth factor. Iron is not required by Phytoplankton in large amounts, but
the Oceans are deficient of this micronutrient, and without it Phytoplankton cannot grow and
reproduce as readily. This is because Iron is required in the biosynthesis of the pigment chlorophyll,
required by Phytoplankton in order to photosynthesise. With a deficiency in Iron, Phytoplankton can
suffer from a lack of chlorophyll known as chlorosis. The protein ferredoxin contains Iron and is
substituted for flavodoxin as an iron–stress response (when Iron levels are low). It can be shown that
Phytoplankton are Iron deficient by measuring how much of this electron transfer protein flavodoxin
is present.
Iron's role in phytoplankton growth was first identified in the 1930's by an English biologist named
Joseph Hart. However it was not until 1988 when the Iron Fertilisation Hypothesis was suggested, in
an article in the January edition of the scientific journal Nature. It was submitted by John Martin
who

Environmental Pollution
Another key way that humans are destroying (polluting) the environment is through their
uncontrolled disposal of water bottles. When a bottle of water is purchased, the cost is primarily for
the plastic. However, people tend to overlook the environmental cost. The production process of
water bottle from manufacturing to disposing is costly. Most plastic bottles are manufactured from
polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic, fashioned from crude oil (Schriever, 2013). Oil extraction
discharges harm habitats and greenhouse gases, in addition to casting toxins into the atmosphere.
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastics photodegrade (do not biodegrade), which infers that they
over time disintegrate to smaller fragments. The fragments absorb contaminants that pollute the
waterways, soil, and sicken animals (that we ultimately consume). Also, plastic trash absorbs
organic pollutants such as PCBs and BPA. They take too long to decompose whereas sitting in
landfills (Schriever, 2013), resulting in infinite billions of small environmentally toxic time bombs.
There are various processes involved from production until the point where it reaches the final
consumer (as indicated in the template) (Schriever, 2013). In all these processes, some amount of
energy, mostly in the form of fossil fuel, is consumed and its byproducts discharged to the
environment, causing pollution.
Functioning of the four biogeochemical cycles
The Carbon Cycle
The carbon cycle comprises a number of inter–related cycles. Generally, the effect is constant
recycling of carbon in the continuous dynamic processes in the atmosphere, in the earth's crust, and
at the surface. Wood combustion, for instance, deposits carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which is
absorbed by plants and turned to nutrients for sustenance and growth (Soundry, 2008). Animals
consume the plants for food and nutrients, and exhale Carbon dioxide to the atmosphere when
breathing.
The atmospheric CO2 dissolves in the huge water bodies (ocean) where eventually, it falls in
sediments as carbonate. The sediments are sub–ducted by the tectonic plates' activities, liquefied,
and later brought to surface through volcanicity. Carbon dioxide is, during volcanic eruptions,
deposited in the

Carbon Monoxide Pollution
Background Since the Industrial Revolution, there has been an increased presence of pollutants and
carcinogens in the environment, specif–ically in urban areas.1 The presence of airborne pollutants
can lead to an increase in allergic reactions and asthma rates. A common airborne pollutant is carbon
monoxide (CO), which is commonly found in diesel exhaust. It is an odorless gas produced from
me–thane and non–methane hydrocarbon oxidation.2 The toxic gas eliminates and takes the place of
oxygen in the form of carboxy–hemoglobin when it binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells. It also
affects the binding sites of heme groups, which complicates the transfer of oxygen to tissues.3 The
majority of deaths from carbon monoxide poisoning is brought on from car exhaust.4 Between the
years 1979 and 1988, 57% of deaths from carbon monoxide poi–soning were brought from car
exhaust. There tend to be higher rates of carbon monoxide poisoning from car exhaust in northern
regions, where temperatures are relatively low (Figure 1). 5
A way to approach the elimination of carbon monoxide from car exhaust is through the use of
organometallic catalysts. Through the use of a catalyst, a reaction can occur at a faster rate and at
lower activation energy. Said catalysts serve are of great commercial interest because they
essentially convert simple mole–cules into more complex ones.6 Unlike homogeneous catalysts,
heterogeneous catalysts are not in the same phase as how the reac–tion is occurring. Because of this,
the catalysts are considered to be cheaper and easier to obtain. It is also considered more envi–
ronmentally friendly to use.6–7
Selective heterogeneous catalysis can be performed in terms of oxidation and reduction. A typical
reduction reaction would re–quire an oxidation agent and the use of certain intermediates, just like
the catalytic reduction reaction for the dehydration of ethanol (Scheme 1). The reaction uses solid
acids, such as group A salts, as catalysts and said catalysts are heated in order to convert etha–nol to
ethylene. The heterogeneous reaction is known as an acid–catalyzed, or bulk–type (I) catalysis,
reaction. 8
Proof of Concept When it comes to eliminating toxic components of car exhaust, there

Proximate Analysis Of The Coal The Moisture Content Essay
Proximate Analysis In proximate analysis of the coal the moisture content, ash, the volatile matter,
and the fixed carbon in the coal sample is determined. It is the most common simplest form of coal
evaluation. Moisture Moisture occurs in Various forms Within the Coal: Surface or Free Moisture:
the moisture produced on the surface of coal particles Or Inherent Moisture: the moisture produced
by capillary action within the pores of coal. Decomposition Moisture: the moisture produced from
the thermal decomposition of organic constituents of coal. Mineral moisture: the moisture which
comprises part of hydrous silicates such as clays and inorganic materials in coal. There a re different
tests to determine the moisture content of coal. In proximate analysis of moisture the total or
residual moisture content of coal is determined. The total moisture content includes the surface and
inherent moisture and is reported as mass percentage of coal on received basis. Residual moisture
determines the moisture content of an air dried sample of coal. The determination of moisture
depends on the extent of sample preparation and the condition of the coal sample. The whole
procedure for determining the total moisture in coal, begins after collecting the gross sample, begins
with preparing the sample for analysis. If the sample is sufficiently dry, it can be reduced
immediately and then air dried. If the sample is too wet that it

Essay on History of Chemistry and Technology
In this paper I will be writing about chemistry and technology. The paper will be on how much
chemistry is used in modern technology. The first thing I'm writing about is Sulfur, sulfuric acid.
The next thing is Phosphorus, phosphoric acid. The last thing is Nitrogen. Chemistry is more
important than I ever imagined it would be.
The first thing is Sulfur is a member of the sixth main group of the periodic table. It is a yellow solid
which is not soluble in water. It is not a metal. In nature, it occurs in two crystalline structures:
Monoclinic and hexagonal. Sulfur burns in air as a blue flame, producing sulfur oxide. It forms
sulfides with a number of metals. It is used in the production of some medicines, rubbers and
fungicidal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is the characteristic gleam of white phosphorous in the dark, which has led to glowing
materials being called phosphorous. Then comes Phosphoric acids are those which come from
phosphorus derived from oxygen–containing acids. Phosphoric acids are relatively strong and non–
volatile. They have a pleasant–smelling odor and are non–toxic. When added to some drinks, they
are taste boosters, making these drinks have more intensive tastes. They are produced by dissolving
phosphoric oxide in water. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is the most important of all of the
phosphorous–containing acids. It is found in numerous physiologically important compounds (for
example in DNS). Besides the better–known H3PO4, there are other phosphorous–containing acids
such as H3PO3 which is produced as an intermediate in the dissociation reaction with water at a
temperature of over 200° C.
The last thing is Nitrogen is the first element of Group V main group elements, a group that is called
the nitrogen group. The nitrogen atom has five electrons in its outermost electron shell. Nitrogen is a
colorless, odorless gas which is found as a two–atom molecule in nature. The two nitrogen atoms
are joined by a triple bond. Each nitrogen atom has one unbounded electron pair. Nitrogen was
recognized as one component of air in 1777 by C.W. Scheele. At the time, it was found not to be
essential for either combustion processes or organism respiratory functions. It is almost completely
insoluble in water. It does

Environmental Effects Of Acid Rain
Acid rain, simply put, is a mixture of rainwater and a few specific chemicals that are emitted both
naturally and non–naturally. The process occurs in the lowest layer of the atmosphere, the
troposphere. When compounds such as sulfuric dioxide(SO2) and nitrogen oxides(NO, NO2), are
transported to this layer and react with the other parts of the troposphere(water, oxygen, carbon
dioxide). Acid rain was first discovered in Sweden in 1872, but has been seen as a more prevalent
problem in modern times. Although research had been conducted for many years on acid rain, it did
not become an issue for society until around the 1980's. Acid rain's effects were vast, harming
natural environments, architecture, and even the public's health. Regulation of chemical emissions
have lessened the threat of acid rain, yet it remains a problem to this day. A
As previously mentioned, acid rain is caused by the mixture of chemical emissions with the
elements of the troposphere. It's very important to note that water has a natural acidity, it's the excess
of oxides that cause the problem. But how did those emissions and oxides make it there? Naturally,
compounds like carbon dioxide(CO2), nitric oxide(NO), and sulfur dioxide(SO2), are released
through just a few processes: decomposition of organic matter, electric discharge(reactions with
lightning and the ozone), as well as release of gasses in volcanic eruptions. However, these only
contribute to the natural acidity of water. Human

The Harmful Effects Of Acid Rain And Its Effects
ABSTRACT
This report is written to explain about acid rain in detail which is one of the hazardous effects of
industrialization around the planet. The main causes and their contribution in increasing this curse
for flora, fauna and humans. Further, this report describes various factors and it scrutinises the data
not only of its adverse effect but also of gases' amount which consequently make acid rain with
water molecules.
At the end, report ends up explaining methods to control this and solutions to recover from effects it
poses. However, rain is boon given by mother nature to all living beings but our exploitation of
environment for rat race of being powerful and economically strong has changed the water cycles,
carbon cycles, ecological balance and so on considerably. Consequently, living in this beautiful inn
is getting difficult because of various diseases originating and threatening life of living beings.
Therefore, to survive we must find ways to eliminate such disastrous and dangerous phenomenon
which are happening because of our activities.
Well, data analysis of information gathered from different sources is done only to support the report.
There is no intention of taking credit for any information taken from other sources.
P a g e | – 3 –
REPORT ON ACID RAIN
DEFINITION
Corrosive downpour is a downpour or whatever viable structure of precipitation that is curiously
acidic, intending that it need raised levels from claiming hydrogen ions (low pH). It could bring

Enviornmental Science Ilab 1 Essay
Environmental Science
Human Impact on Earth's Sustainable Cycles
By: Robert Faison
Nicole Diaz
Maria Fonseca
Exercise 1
Part 1
How does a class being conducted online instead of on campus increase or decrease the classes'
contribution to the carbon cycle during the term?
Conducting online classes not only is time efficient but also prevents students to pollute earth. Being
on campus would ask student for transportation. How will the students come from home to campus?
Universities are never on walking distances therefor having a personal car or using transits such as
buses or taxis is the only way to get to school. Universities hold thousands of students which mean
if each student carried a personal car or used the transit that ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As rock breaks down, phosphate and other ions are released. Plants then absorb the phosphates from
the soil with the assistance of water. The phosphorus cycle moves the essential element from Earth's
crust into its soil, fresh water ecosystems, terrestrial ecosystems, and oceans. This process,
especially the portion involving the sea floor and Earth's crust, typically takes many millions of
years.
Phosphorus
Because of its relative rarity, phosphorus is frequently a limiting factor in the growth of plants and
other organisms which relate to tropical rain forests.
Nitrogen Cycle To become biologically available, inert nitrogen gas (N2) must become "fixed," or
combined with hydrogen in nature to form ammonium ions (NH4), which are chemically and
biologically active and can be taken up by plants. However, once nitrogen undergoes the right kind
of chemical change, it becomes available to the organisms that need it and can then act as a potent
fertilizer.
To the tropical forest nitrogen supports as a potent fertilizer in the forest.
Nitrogen Cycle
Carbon Cycle

The carbon cycle describes the routes that carbon atoms take through the nested networks of
environmental systems.
The abundance of plants and the fact that they take in so much carbon dioxide for photosynthesis
makes plants a major reservoir, or sink, for CO2, and thus for carbon. Carbon Cycle
The tropical rain forest is like a melting pot for carbon dioxide to

Reducing Toxic Emissions with a Catalytic Converter
Figure–1 shows an image of a three way catalytic converter block diagram that is comprised of two
types of catalysts. Whereby these catalysts don't take place in any reactions happening but only
triggers them. The diagram shows how less harmful gases are produced to the atmosphere by the
reduction catalyst and oxidation catalyst.
The three way catalytic converter uses two stages to accomplish the process of reducing toxic
emissions, the first stage takes place on the reduction catalyst. The second stage of the process
happens on the oxidation catalyst. Platinum and rhodium are the metals used for the reduction
catalyst and oxidation catalyst uses platinum and palladium. The use of rhodium is very important
because it enhances the purification of the gases to be emitted since palladium does not perform well
in the purification process.
Automobile converters reheat the gases (Nitrogen gas, Carbon Dioxide, Hydro carbons, Water
vapor, Nitrogen Oxides and Carbon monoxide) that are already heated by the vehicle's exhaust at
about 350°C and 650°C. A ceramic honey comb structure is used for both catalysts; this can be seen
in Figure–2. The main reason for specifically using ceramic honey combs is because it increases the
surface area, so that when a thin coating of the platinum group metals is used it can spread on a large
area. Another reason is to make sure that pressure gradients are reduced and therefore the area of the
honey comb be compacted.
The first stage of Figure–1

Copper Reaction Lab Report
AP Chemistry
12/13/11
Round–Trip Copper Reactions Lab
The purpose of this lab was to evaluate our skills of decanting a supernatant liquid without losing
the solid and successful completion of a series of reactions. This was done through five chemical
reactions involving copper. In this lab, elemental copper was put through five different chemical
reactions in order to convert it into different compounds. By the end of the fifth reaction, the copper
was back to its elemental state. In the first reaction, 0.95 g of pure copper was reacted with 4.0 mL
of concentrated nitric acid under the fume hood. The solution was swirled until all of the copper had
dissolved. The balanced equation for this reaction is as follows:
Cu (s) + ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The black precipitate was allowed to settle and then the supernatant, the clear liquid that lies above a
precipitate, was decanted, or poured carefully off. Then, 200 mL of hot distilled water was added
and the precipitate was allowed to settle to repeat the decanting process again. In the fourth reaction,
15 mL of 6.0 M sulfuric acid was added to the copper (II) oxide while stirring. The balanced
equation for this reaction is as follows:
CuO (s) + H2SO4 (aq) à CuSO4 (aq) + H2O (l) + SO2 (g)
When the sulfuric acid was added to copper (II) oxide, the solution turned blue. This was due to the
formation of aqueous copper (II) sulfate, which produced the copper ions to change the color of the
solution. In the fifth reaction, 2.29 g of zinc was added to the copper (II) sulfate solution under the
fume hood. The balanced equation for this reaction is written as followed:
Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq) à ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)
When the zinc was added to the copper (II) sulfate solution, the solution started to bubble. As the
solution was stirred, it turned a cloudy blue. Small flecks of a brown solid were visible. As the
solution became colorless, the brown solid settled to the bottom of the beaker. The solid formed was
copper in its elemental state. The color faded from the solution as the copper ions slowly formed
into solid copper. The copper was poured into a funnel with filter paper and washed three times with
25 mL

Empirical Formula Lab
Determining the Empirical Formula of Magnesium Oxide Post Lab
Introduction:
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide.
Empirical formula can be defined as "the formula of a compound expressed as the smallest possible
whole–number ratio of subscripts of elements in the formula". We were also required to determine
the percentage yield of all trials. Percentage yield is the ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical
yield, expressed as a percent, and serves to indicate the efficiency of a chemical reaction.
We observed the synthesis reaction between magnesium metal and oxygen gas. When magnesium is
heated, it reacts with oxygen in the air to form magnesium oxide:
2Mg_((s))+ O_2(g) →2MgO_((s)) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The results are consistent with what I expected, although there were major sources of error in all
trials. The percentage errors for all 3 trials were relatively low. Percentage error is used to compare
actual mass to theoretical mass, and is expressed as a percentage. The lower the percentage error, the
closer your predicted measurements (theoretical yield) are to the definite measurements (actual
yield). We were asked to choose the trial with the least percentage error as our final trial. In this
experiment, it was Trial 3 (Table 4C). Although the percentage errors in Trials 1 and 2 are not
drastically higher than that in Trial 3, the uncertainty in measurement could be due to errors in
method, manipulation, or analysis. Though Trial 2 had the highest percentage error at 7.519% (Table
4B), it expressed a lower percentage yield than Trial 1 (Table

Acidic Environment
Acidic Environment
Oxides of non–metals which act as acids
Non–metals burn in air or oxygen to produce acidic oxides. The addition of water to soluble oxides
produces acidic solutions.
Oxides of non–metals which act as acids include:
* Carbon reacts with oxygen when burnt to form carbon dioxide which is acidic in nature. When
dissolved in water, it becomes H2CO3 (carbonic acid).
CO2 (g) + H2O (l) â†'H2CO3 (aq)
* Sulfur burns in oxygen to give sulfur dioxide or sulfur trioxide which is acidic in nature. When
dissolved in water, it forms sulfurous acid H2SO3 and sulfuric acid H2SO4 respectively.
[IMAGE]
SO3 (g) + H2O (l) â†'H2CO4 (aq)
Sulfur ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Electropositive behaviour increases from right to left across the periodic table and increases down
the column. As the electropositivity of the atom increases, so too the basicity of the oxide. The more
electronegative the atom, the more acidic the oxide.
Sulfur dioxide & oxides of Nitrogen
The oxides of nitrogen form naturally when lightning strikes cause nitrogen and oxygen in the air to
combine. Thus the nitrogen oxides become oxidised to nitric acid, nitrates and nitrites.
N2 + O2[IMAGE] 2NO
Nitrogen monoxide or nitrogen oxide can also be formed (industrially) in internal combustion
engines or high temperature combustion reactions in furnaces:

N2 + O2[IMAGE] 2NO
This nitrogen monoxide gas can further react with oxygen in the air to form brown acidic nitrogen
dioxide.
2NO + O2[IMAGE] 2NO2
Nitrogen oxides are soluble in water and have known contributions to pollutants (PAN) in
photochemical smog as well as its detrimental effects to animal respiratory systems. There are a
number of these such oxides including: nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitrogen
monoxide (NO).
Sulfur dioxide and the oxides of nitrogen profoundly contribute to the acidity of the atmosphere and
ultimately, the production of acid rain.
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is an acidic

The Problem of Acid Rain
Acid rain is a widespread problem, one that plagues the environment the world over. Acid Rain is
the resultant by–product of burning fossil fuel which in–turn mixes with moisture in the atmosphere
and falls to the ground as rain, snow, sleet, etc. Acid deposition is a more precise name than acid
rain because acid can precipitate in several forms, as stated previously. It can also combine with dry
particles and fall to the ground; therefore it is called dry deposition whereas acid coming down in
rain is called wet deposition.
Generally, the public has known about air pollution since the Roman philosopher, Seneca, remarked
on his hometown's polluted skies in AD 61. Even though people were aware of the problem, they
chose to remain ignorant to its effects and repercussions. Up until the last century people have
ignored the problem of air pollution including air pollution's most dangerous problem, acid rain.
Acid rain is devastating to the ecosystem and is one of the most pressing environmental issues
today.
Acid rain forms in the atmosphere from chemicals created by the burning of fossil fuels. When coal
and oil are burned they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and two nitric oxides, nitric oxide (NO) and
nitrogen dioxide (NO2) designated by the symbol NOX. These dangerous chemicals come from the
smoke that pours from factory chimneys and exhaust from car tail pipes. Once released, sulfur
dioxide and nitrogen oxides react with other chemicals in the air, water

The Effect Of Nitrous Oxide On The Environment Of New...
1. Introduction
1.1 Background and rationale for this study
Nitrous oxide is an important green house gas. The global warming potential for nitrous oxide is 298
times higher than that of carbon dioxide over a 100–year time horizon (Ravishankara, Daniel and
Portmann, 2009). Nitrous oxide is also contributing the third largest radiative forcing globally
(Oenema et al., 1997). With the recent emphasis on control of global warming, ways to reduce
nitrous oxide are highly sought.
Natural sources account for 62% of total nitrous oxide emission globally. Apart from natural
sources, nitrous oxide can also be emitted from anthropogenic activities include: agriculture,
industrial, fuel and biomass combustion, and sewage treatment (Sutton et al., 2014; Scheehle and
Kruger, 2006; Tsai and Chyan, 2006). Among all sources, agriculture contributes the largest
proportion (60%) around the world in recent years (IPCC–Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change, 2008).
Agriculture is largely influencing economy and society of New Zealand and agricultural–based
products accounts for 53% of the whole merchandise exports (MacLeod and Moller, 2006). In 2007,
agricultural land use represented 54.8% of total land area across New Zealand (Statistics New
Zealand, 2008). Seeking for ways to reduce nitrous oxide emission for New Zealand is extremely
important.
The use of carbon based sorbent, which is relatively cheap and with large surface area, to reduce
nitrous oxide emission has been studied for

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Catalysts
A Catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of reaction by providing alternate routes for the
reaction to take place/lowering the activation energy which is the minimum energy required for a
reaction to happen. It does not undergo any change itself making it useful as it is recyclable and they
reduce manufacturing costs. The 2 types of catalysts are heterogeneous catalysts and homogenous
catalysts. Another substance, called the Inhibitor, does the opposite of a catalyst by reducing the rate
of a reaction.
The catalyst that I have Chosen is Platinum. The name Platinum means "Little Silver" in Spanish. It
is expensive to purchase due to its limited availability. Platinum is just feebly dangerous to the
human body and is often applied ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The catalyst, acts as a reduction and oxidation catalyst. Catalysts are used as they increase the
surface area for the reaction to occur. Reduction is usually the first stage where Platinum breaks
apart the bonds of the Nitrogen Oxide by making stronger ionic bonds with the Nitrogen than the
Covalent bonds present between the Nitrogen and Oxygen. Therefore, the Nitrogen molecules form
a strong bond with the platinum and the Oxygen forms a strong diatomic bond which ensures that it
won't re–bond with nitrogen as its valence shell is complete. After a while, the Nitrogen atoms will
similarly form a diatomic bond, N2. The second stage is the oxidation catalyzing where Carbon
Monoxide and other Hydrocarbons are converted into less harmful substances. This relies solely on
the purity of the air. The hydrocarbons and Carbon Monoxide are burned in the environment so that
they have a chance of mixing with the oxygen in the environment to form Carbon Dioxide and
Water Vapor. This is not very efficient as the temperatures required for the catalyst and oxygen to
activate and form bonds with the Hydrocarbons are around 200 – 500℃. Sometimes, unwanted
particles like Sulfur mix with the catalyst lowering the efficiency of

The Minerals and Chemicals within Glass
Majority of glass used in our daily glass from jars, bottles, drinking glass and even windows are
called soda–lime glass since it uses soda ashes in its production. Glass in general is mainly made out
of sand. In fact, sand alone can be fused to produce glass but it requires a high temperature which is
estimated about 1700°C for the sand to completely melt. However, to mass produce glass, other
chemical and mineral are added to lower the melting temperature to ease the production.
Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) also known as soda ash is mixed with sand to produce a product of
75% silica (SiO2) and 25% sodium oxide (Na2O). This mixture will melt and fuse at a much lower
temperature of 800°C. Unfortunately, the glass produced with this composition is water–soluble
which is also known as water glass. This is not suitable for glass bottle since it need to contain water
so, to stabilise the glass, other chemical substance is mixed into the composition such as calcium
oxide (CaO) and magnesium oxide (MgO). The chemical mixtures are obtained by the addition of
lime stone which produce a pure and inert glass.
The glass produced is originally colourless and transparent. Addition of different chemicals into the
production of the glass results in different colour like green blue or brown. Most of glass bottle
produced have similar composition of chemicals as their ingredients. The composition of chemicals
are 70% – 74% SiO2 (silica) 12% – 16% Na2O (sodium oxide) 5% – 11% CaO (calcium oxide)

Lab Report Determination Of Empirical Formula Of Magnesium...
Andrea Jais
AP Chemistry
Mrs. Wright
Block 2
The Determination of the Chemical Formula of Magnesium Oxide Conclusion The purpose of this
lab was to find the empirical formula of magnesium oxide. The empirical formula of a compound is
the simplest formula based on the number of different atoms in that compound. In this lab, the
student burned magnesium, in the form of a ribbon, which bonded with oxygen to form magnesium
oxide. The mass of oxygen was calculated by subtracting the mass of the magnesium ribbon from
the mass of the magnesium mass. The masses of magnesium and oxygen were converted into moles,
which was used in the calculation of the empirical formula. The mass of the magnesium oxide was
determined by subtracting the combined mass ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is due to the fact that our hands have oils and dirt that could have unintentionally increased the
mass of the magnesium oxide. As a result, the mass of the oxygen would be higher than its actual
mass, which would displace the mole ratio. If a student allowed a significant amount of white smoke
to escape while heating the magnesium, this would affect the moles of oxygen. The white smoke is
gaseous magnesium oxygen, which contributes to the final mass of magnesium oxide. If the smoke
escapes, the total mass of magnesium oxide will be smaller, which in turn will result in a smaller
mass of oxygen and smaller number of oxygen moles. The tarnished material that was removed
from the magnesium ribbon was oxide. The oxygen in the air reacts with the magnesium and coats
the ribbon with the oxide. If a student fails to remove the oxide, it would affect the calculated
number of moles of magnesium and oxygen and the mole ratio. The extra oxide would add to the
total mass of magnesium oxide, which would result in a larger mole number for oxygen. The oxide
also adds extra mass to the magnesium ribbon, which results in a larger mass and mole number for
magnesium. Since both mole numbers for the elements are affected, the calculated mole ratio would
also be inaccurate. If a student never added water to the crucible, the number of moles for oxygen
will be affected. This is due to the fact that some of the magnesium will react with the nitrogen in
the air to form magnesium nitride. This will add to the mass of magnesium oxide and in turn
increase the number of oxygen moles. If the experiment were repeated with twice the amount of
magnesium, theoretically the empirical formula should not change. However, the empirical formula
could change if the lab was performed under different

Nitrogen Oxides Research Paper
What are nitrogen oxides?
Nitrogen oxides are a group of gases that are composed of nitrogen and oxygen. Two of the most
common nitrogen oxides are nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide. The chemical formula for nitric oxide
is NO; for nitrogen dioxide, it is NO2. Nitrous oxide, N2O, is a greenhouse gas that contributes to
climate change.
Nitric oxide is a gas with a sharp, sweet smell; it is colorless to brown at room temperature.
Nitrogen dioxide is a colorless to brown liquid at room temperature, with a strong, harsh odor. It
becomes a reddish–brown gas at temperatures above 70 degrees F.
Nitrogen oxides are released into the air from motor vehicle exhaust or the burning of coal, oil,
diesel fuel, and natural gas, especially from electric power plants. They are also released during
industrial processes such as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides react with precipitation, oxygen, and other substances in the
atmosphere to form acid rain.
Nitric oxide is used to bleach rayon and produce nitric acid. Nitrogen dioxide is used to produce
rocket fuels, explosives, and other chemicals. Nitrogen dioxide is sometimes used to bleach flour.
How might I be exposed to nitrogen oxides?
Nitrogen oxides are common pollutants found in most of the air in the United States. You can be
exposed to nitrogen oxides outdoors by breathing air that contains it, especially if you live near a
coal–burning electric power plant or areas with heavy motor vehicle traffic. You can be exposed to
higher levels if air pollution and smog levels are high.
You can be exposed at home if you burn wood or use a kerosene heater or gas stove.
You can be exposed at home or at work, indoors or outdoors, through smoking cigarettes or
breathing second–hand cigarette smoke.
You can be exposed at work if you work in a facility that produces nitric acid, explosives such as
dynamite and TNT, or welded

Pros And Cons Of Global Warming
First Draft As global warming continues to rise and endangers the world, humans within the United
States should raise up and prevent this problem by reducing our carbon footprint to stabilize our
world. As long as global warming is still within the world, it will threaten the human race as well as
every other organism. There are many ways to prevent this destruction from occurring such as
controlling our carbon footprint, reducing CO2 emissions and changing our lifestyles. If everyone
contributes to these methods, we can reduce global warming and save the world for more
generations. 1.Global warming is very dangerous and can harm many people. According to the
article, "Europe's Hot, Fiery Summer Linked to Global Warming, Study Shows," author Bob
Berwyn and Insideclimate News claims that global warming is affecting Europe in devastating
ways, such as wildfires. The authors state how as temperatures go up we are approaching very high
heatwaves. They then provide information about previous heatwaves that have killed 70,000 people
in Europe. This shows that this could happen again if the temperature raises high enough in 2017.
Temperature has raised so much that it isn't surprising in 2017. If 2 percent celsius were to raise
having a heat wave summer goes up almost 50%. 2.Society also must reduce our carbon footprint to
make warming better. This ted talk features James Hansen and his point of view on global
warming/climate change. Hansen claims that we need to stop adding

Using Titanium Dioxide as Photocatalyst to Reduce Pollution
Recent research shows that titanium dioxide can be used as a photocatalystic property to reduce
pollutants. This was first discovered by Fujishima and Honda in 1972, where the photocatalystic
properties of titanium dioxide were found to be applicable. It was shown that by converting
ultraviolet light energy, this compound acts as a catalyst to produce hydroxyl in the presence of
moisture in the air. Hydroxl then can oxidize and convert these harmful pollutants to HNO3. The
reason that this is useful is because nitrogen oxide is a common pollutant which has many adverse
effects to society. Nitrogen oxides may form into nitric acid which contributes to acid rain, and it
also chemically reacts to sunlight and changes into ozone which additionally has many adverse
health effects for living organisms and non–living things alike. The health related issues are a major
reason to reduce emissions of NOx because although health is important, money is an issue as well.
In California an independent study conducted from 2005 to 2007 found that nearly 30,000 visits in
the state were due to California failing to meet both federal and state standards for PM and ozone.
This data comes from statistics of hospital reports for respiratory, cardiovascular, and asthma
attacks. Even though the study estimates were on the conservative side, it was estimated that the cost
of un–attainment to the state between that 3 year periods was 193 million dollars. And because the
majority of residence

Trophic Categories Etc..
Trophic Categories: 1. Producers 2. Consumers 3. Detritus feeders and decomposers Producers =
organisms that capture energy from the sun or from chemical reactions to convert carbon dioxide to
organic matter Organic Matter vs. Inorganic Matter –Matter that makes up the bodies of living
things generally characterized by the presence of carbon and hydrogen bonds. Most producers are
green plants. 1. Autotroph i. Chemosynthetic bacteria ii. Green plants iii. Algae 2. Heterotroph i.
Animals ii. Fungi iii. Protists (some) Consumers Primary consumers = {herbivores} {omnivores}
secondary consumers, tertiary consumers etc. = {carnivores} Predator Prey Relationships: Predator:
organism which does the feeding ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
• nearly colorless, tasteless, and an odorless liquid. • the universal solvent; (rarely clean) • Water
is the only common, pure substance found naturally in all three states of matter • Highest density at
4˚C due to hexagonal crystal structure & hydrogen bond. • Polar nature The importance of
this property cannot be overemphasized for its role on the ecosystem of Earth. If water were more
dense when frozen, lakes and oceans in a polar environment would eventually freeze solid (from top
to bottom). This would happen because frozen ice would settle on the lake and riverbeds. an
important advantage for freshwater life in winter. • Surface water chills increases in density and
sinks • convection currents form that cool the whole water body, • when the temperature of the
lake water reaches 4 °C, water on the surface gains density and eventually forms ice. • downward
convection of colder water is blocked by the density change, • coldest water forms near the surface,
away from the riverbed or lakebed. Lithosphere: All other elements and minerals found in
lithosphere Mineral: hard crystalline inorganic material of a given chemical composition Organic
compounds: carbon–carbon, carbon–hydrogen bonds Inorganic compounds: have no C–C, or C–H
bonds Natural organic/ synthetic organic Biogeochemical Cycles Carbon

Volkswagen 's Impact On The World 's Best Known Car...
I. Volkswagen is one of the world's best–known car manufacturers; unfortunately it has damaged its
credibility and reputation with the recent emission scandal that the company was involved in.
Volkswagen failed in establishing the triple bottom line, social responsibility, and sustainability.
The long and commonly held belief was that the only responsibility of business was to maximize the
wealth of its shareholders. Today, however, companies must be socially responsible and focus on
what is now called the "Triple Bottom Line" that is compromised of: environment, economy and
people. All of this ties into the sustainability goals that companies are now setting for themselves to
show the public that the firm is socially responsible. Recently, Volkswagen has been the center of
controversy, because their diesel engines had a device that could detect when they were being tested
and change their performance to improve the results. Volkswagen's recent debacle has highlighted
how failing to be socially responsible can come back to haunt a company. The emissions–cheating
scandal that Volkswagen was caught in hurt the German carmaker's image, brand and reputation.
Before the scandal, the general public held the Volkswagen brand in high esteem. Volkswagen has
been a car brand that has been known for its reliability and quality. However, in light of the scandal,
Volkswagen received a plethora of negative media exposure. A Reuters article stated that the
Volkswagen could do harm to the

Experiment : The Copper Cycle
CH 204 – Introduction to Chemical Practice
Experiment 6 – The Copper Cycle
Samuel Stewart*
TA: Brad Hu
October 27, 2017
This laboratory experiment is appropriately entitled "The Copper Cycle" because the sequence of
reactions begins and ends with elemental copper metal. According to the Law of Conservation of
Mass, since no copper is added or removed between the initial and final reactions; and assuming the
reactions go to completion, the copper yield should match the amount originally used in the first
reaction. The cycle of copper reactions is thus:
Cu(s) + 4HNO3(aq) ––> Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) ––> Cu(OH)2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
Cu(OH)2(s) ––> CuO(s) + H2O(l)
CuO(s) + H2SO4(aq) ––> CuSO4(aq) + ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Precipitation occurs when pairs of oppositely charged ions attract each other so strongly that water
molecules cannot separate them, and they form an insoluble ionic solid.²
When copper hydroxide is heated (in reaction 3), water is released as copper hydroxide decomposes
into a second insoluble compound, copper(II) oxide. Copper(II) oxide, a base, then undergoes an
acid–base reaction in reaction 4 with the addition of aqueous sulfuric acid, H2SO4 . The water–
soluble salt, copper(II) sulfate, CuSO4 forms.
These five reactions will be performed in the laboratory and will demonstrate the many forms and
colors that appear in the copper cycle. The Law of Conservation of Mass will be demonstrated as
elemental copper is returned to elemental copper.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Elemental copper underwent five chemical reactions before cycling back to elemental copper.
Reaction 1 was an oxidation–reduction reaction. Elemental copper was mixed with concentrated
nitric acid and the solution went through several color changes as the copper reacted with the nitrate
ions. The nitrate ion oxidized the copper metal to a copper(II) ion and transformed to nitrogen
dioxide in the process. This reaction was

An Error Based Data Acquisition System Used For Carbon...
An Error Residual Generator for Fault Detection and Isolation in a Data Acquisition System Used
For Carbon Mono–Oxide & Nitrogen Oxide Monitoring
Abstract– clean air is a basic necessity for all human beings living on earth, yet about 80% of
world's population breathes air that has pollutants which exceed the World Health Organization's
recommended level. Environmental air pollution has significant influence on the concentration of
constituents in the atmosphere leading to effects like global warming and acid rains. To avoid such
adverse imbalances in nature, an air pollution measuring system is of utmost importance. This paper
presents fault detection and isolative model implemented in a novel fault tolerant microcontroller
based data acquisition system design for air pollutant concentration measurement in industrial
facilities in Nigeria. A supervisory control unit was incorporated in the data acquisition system
design in an attempt at robust control. The model utilizes weighted standard deviation /data variance
method to detect anomalies and correlation in measured data, with a view to data intelligence
elicitation, an error residual generator was designed to handle fault isolation and accommodation.
The overall system implements corrective procedures in the event of a fault or failure with
appropriate indicators showing in–process operation. Microcontrollers, gas sensors, capacitors,
resistors, connecting wires, transistors, voltage regulator, transformer, Light

External Stakeholders Of Volkswagen
Stakeholders
As a multinational corporation, the implication of the scandal determines the fate of numerous
stakeholders both internal and external. Internal stakeholders comprise of the board, managers and
employees while external stakeholders subsume shareholders, customers and suppliers. The
economic, political and social impacts of the dishonest practices would shape the fate of
Volkswagen and affect the future prospects of the automotive industry. Common shareholders whilst
not involved in the day to day running of the business placed faith and belief in the firm by
providing capital had suffered severe economic loss as share prices (get something for stat). Despite
the callous deception in advertising the defeat device displayed no signs of disturbing vehicle
performance, however, customers of Volkswagen and its subsidiary vehicles suffer from lower
resale value. In addition, even though the scandal was global, European consumers were the most
affected with diesel cars accounting for 41% of all European cars (Fontaras, 2016). This high
percentage in respect to other nations is a result of incentives provided by the European Union for
the purchase of diesel vehicles such as subsidies towards the production process resulting in lower
premiums compared to petrol counterparts (Vidal, 2015) In additional with sales falling suppliers of
Volkswagen would likely lose future contracts or have current contracts downgraded as less parts
are required. Thus, this loss of future

Nitrates And Nitrites
The two primary metabolic processes nitrates undergo are through the entero–salivary circulation
pathway and the nitrate–nitrate–NO pathway (Nitrate/Nitrite Toxicity 2013: Biologic Fate of
Nitrates and Nitrites, 2013). Inorganic nitrates and nitrites consumed through food and water are
first reduced in the oral cavity by bacteria present on the tongue. This reductive activity converts
nitrates to nitrites where it can further be metabolized through the gastrointestinal tract. After
conversion of nitrites to nitric oxide it is absorbed via the small intestine where it is distributed into
circulation. Once the nitrites and nitric oxide enter the circulatory system it reaches target tissues
where it may be used for cellular activity. It is found that 25% of nitrites are concentrated in the
salivary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This reductive activity is absent of nitric oxide synthase and is carried out by the bacteria present in
the mouth. Bacteria on the tongue is capable of reducing nitrates to nitrites through its own
metabolic activity. This metabolic process is done in situ, or locally. The newly converted nitrites
then enter the gastric stomach where acidic conditions convert the nitrites to nitric oxide. Remaining
nitrites and nitrates that were not converted in the stomach are absorbed via the small intestine
where it is distributed to the kidneys and salivary glands. An active uptake of nitrates from the blood
allows entry into the salivary gland where the peptide, sialin, makes transportation and excretion
available. The bacteria present in the mouth reduces nitrates to nitrites and does not require nitric
oxide synthase activity (Lundberg, Weitzberg, & Gladwin, 2008). In this metabolic pathway, the
conversion of nitrates to nitrates are a result of the bacteria found on the tongue to carry out
reduction activity of the dietary consumption of

Understanding Air Pollution Causing By Nitrogen Oxide
When a huge amount of nitrogen oxide is being emitted into the air it forms smog and acid rain.
Acid rain can damage everything that it falls on mainly the environment; it contaminated human
resources such as water and etc. Once the acid rain contaminates the water resources it deteriorates
the water quality causing more nitrogen to be in the water. With more nitrogen present in the water it
upset the chemical balance of nutrients/ minerals that are being consume by the aquatic plants and
animals. As a result, it can lead up to depletion in oxygen which are the key component of all living
things. Without oxygen there would be no
Over a period of time scientist have develop a better concept of understanding air pollution causing
by nitrogen oxide. On October 2013, the World Health organization had declared that air pollution
cause by nitrogen oxide to be one of the planet's most dangerous environmental carcinogens [3]. Air
pollution not only causes cardiovascular diseases but it also plays a major role in heart attack,
stroke, lung cancer and other chronical diseases. Over the past 20 years, studies have indicated that
increase in heart attack and stroke in associated in the increasing in air pollution. Nitrogen oxide has
a major impact on the respiratory system. It impacts the respiratory system by triggering the
inflammation in the lungs that can spread to the circulatory system and blood vessel narrowing;
alternating the way it function. The respiratory system is very

What Ways Do Practices Of Consumption Drive Ecological...
"In what ways do practices of consumption drive ecological degradation?"
The consumption of some goods and services results to ecological degradation more than we may
realize. The things that we purchase contribute directly or indirectly to pollution, climate change,
resources depletion and biodiversity loss. Ecological degradation refers to the "deterioration in
environmental quality from ambient concentrations of pollutants and other activities and processes
such as improper land use and natural disasters" (OECD, 1997). Ecological degradation is in most
cases a result of socioeconomically, institutional and technological activities. The resources that are
affected include water, soil and air. The degradation also impacts our wildlife, ... Show more content
Mining provides a number of jobs to a large number of people along with being a great source for
government revenues. Despite its great contribution to the economy, the effects that it has on the
environment appears to be of great concern. For example rainforests are a great and important
source of wood, oxygen and medicine for everyone. Rainforests in the amazon in particular are
known for its alluvial deposits of gold that are found at river banks after major floods and river
channels. In order for miners to mine gold, hydraulic mining techniques are often used. This method
involves the process of blasting at the riverbanks that results to irreversible damage to trees and
animals. Through the process of separating the mercury and the sediment from gold yielding gravel
deposits, miners who appear to be less equipped than industrial miners sometimes may ignore the
release of some of the mercury into the river. The mercury is then likely to enter the food chain
through water animals as well as their predators. "Highly compound cyanide is also used to separate
gold from sediment and rock. In spite of all precautionary measures, it sometimes escapes into the
surrounding environment" (Rose, 2012). Therefore those who consume fish might be at great risk of
contamination of such toxins. Chemicals such as sulfuric acid, cyanide and methyl mercury are
usually used in different

Reduction Of Carbon Diesel Engines And Catalytic Converter
REDUCTION OF EMISSIONS IN DIESEL ENGINES AND CATALYTIC CONVERTER IN
GASOLINE ENGINES Uppu.Nagaraju1, M.V. Sirisha2
1M.Tech Student, 2 Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
DR.SAMUEL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MARKAPURAM–523316, PRAKASAM DIST, ANDHRA PRADESH
ABSTRACT
The main concern of today's automobile industry is to reduce the amount of emissions (HC, CO,
NOx) to meet stringent emission norms. These emission norms can be obtained by modification in
in–cylinder combustion process or after treatment process. It's not possible to achieve the emission
norms by in–cylinder process alone. So, in this project, we make an attempt to reduce the emissions
by the after treatment process. The scope of our project is to reduce emissions in both gasoline and
diesel engines. In the after treatment process, Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) technology
dominates the heavy duty diesel engines and catalytic convertor plays an important role in the
current era of gasoline engines. In this an attempt made to reduce NOx emissions by SCR
technology. In this work, we used Zeolite ZSM–5 as catalyst which was assisted by urea injection in
the exhaust tail pipe. It has been observed that 10 to 12% of NOx was reduced compared to existing
engine set–up.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The rise in civilization is closely related to improvements in transportation. In the development of
transport the internal combustion engines, both petrol and diesel engines, occupy a very

Transportation as a Source of Air Pollution
STRATEGIC APPROACH TO REDUCING VEHICLE EMISSIONS IN NIGERIA: ROLE OF
FLEET OPERATORS.
BEING A LECTURE PRESENTED BY ENGR. BG IBRAHIM fwc ACM (SED) AT SAFETY
MANAGERS TRAINING PROGRAMME AT FRSC ACADEMY, JOS ON THE 28TH
AUGUST,2009.
INTRODUCTION
1. In developed and developing countries, the history of air pollution problem has typically been
high levels of smoke and sulphur dioxide arising from the combustion of sulphur–containing fossil
fuels such as coal for domestic and industrial purpose.[i] Industrial development and the use of
fossil fuels have affected the world climate adversely. In Nigeria epileptic power supply has brought
about the use of diesel and petrol powered generators virtually in all homes
2. The transport ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was also revealed that in 1998, a single car in Nigeria emitted 29,600kg of hydrocarbons,
34,000kg of Nitrogen Oxides and 4,029 kg of different carbonate gasses over its average lifespan.
[iii]
CAUSES OF POLLUTANTS IN VEHICLE
5. Motor vehicle use is now generally recognised as the source of more air pollution than any other
single activity in cities around the world. The internal combustion engine of a vehicle produces
power by burning fuel and changing the chemical energy of fuel into heat energy. The heat energy is
then converted into mechanical power. Cars and trucks do not burn all of the fuel that goes into the
combustion chamber. In fact, most vehicles only burn about 85% of the fuel and as the vehicle gets
older less and less fuel is burned. It is this unburned fuel that produces some harmful products which
are discharged from the engine and become air pollutants.[iv] Therefore, an engine's fuel system,
and its emission controls are closely interrelated. That is why attention is given to the requirements
of emission control in the design and operation of all parts of the fuel system in a vehicle.
EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS IN VEHICLES
6. Adverse effects to human health include; a. Reduction in the amount of oxygen that can be

delivered to our body's organs and tissues, which can be life threatening caused by particles of
carbon monoxide. A mild

Foundation Chemistry Past Paper
kirsty jones 32251 8151 Edexcel GCSE Chemistry/Science Unit C1: Chemistry in our World
Foundation Tier Sample Assessment Material Time: 1 hour You do not need any other materials.
Paper Reference 5CH1F/01 Total Marks Instructions Use black ink or ball–point pen. Fill in the
boxes at the top of this page with your name, centre number and candidate number. Answer all
questions. Answer the questions in the spaces provided – there may be more space than you need.
Information The total mark for this paper is 60. The marks for each question are shown in brackets –
use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question. Questions labelled with an
asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of your written communication will be ... Show more content
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............
............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . (d) (i) Chlorine can be obtained from seawater by using electricity. What is the name of this
process? (1) . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............
............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............
............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . (ii) Explain why you have to ensure there is good ventilation when you prepare chlorine in the
laboratory. (2) . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............

Effects of Agricultural Production on Water Quality
Introduction:
Agriculture should be seen as an industry in the business of producing food and not as a natural
system, and as in all industries it requires materials to be consumed in the production. If not all the
materials are consumed in production they may become dispersed into the environment. This
agricultural industry can be divided into two major areas, plant and animal production.
The production of plants requires large amounts of water, between 200 and 500 liters per kg of
product, and high mineral content in the form of fertilizers. Each hectare of land gets an input of
around 100 kg nitrogen, 16 kg phosphorus, and 100 kg potassium. The effects on the environment
are determent on the amount used and the farmer's skill in using the correct application timing and
rates. What is not used in the plant production can be dispersed into the environment.
The biggest product of plant production is feed for the production of animals. In this process most of
the plant products are processed on the field leaving no containment or control in the process.
This paper discusses the effects of agricultural production on water quality. This is caused as a result
of pesticides and fertilizers used to enhanced production ending up in the water. The main focus will
be on fertilizer, primarily nitrogen.
The Chemistry:
To reach the output needed to produce a product on the global level agriculture as many industries
has gone to chemistry to improve their product. The use of

Nitrogen Essay
Nitrogen
Nitrogen, symbol N, gaseous element that makes up the largest portion of the earth's atmosphere.
The atomic number of nitrogen is 7. Nitrogen is in group 15 (or Va) of the periodic table.
Nitrogen was discovered by the British physician Daniel
Rutherford in 1772 and recognized as an elemental gas by the French chemist, Antoine Laurent
Lavoiser about
1776.
Nitrogen is a colorless, odorless tasteless, nontoxic gas. It can be condensed into a colorless liquid,
which can be compressed into a colorless, crystalline solid.
Nitrogen exists in two natural forms, and four radioactive forms (artificial). Nitrogen melts at –
210.01 degrees C, (–349.02 F), boils at –195.79 C
(320.42 F), and has a density of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nitrogen compresses about 4/5ths by volume of the atmosphere.
Nitrogen is inert and serves as a diluent for oxygen in burning and respiration processes. It is an
important element in plant nutrition; certain bacteria in the soil convert atmospheric nitrogen into a
form, such as nitrate, that can be absorbed by plants, a process called nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen in
the form of protein is an important constituent of animal tissue. The element occurs in the combined
state in minerals, of which saltpeter (KNO ) and Chile saltpeter (NaNO ) are commercially
important products.
Nitrogen combines with other elements only at very high temperatures of pressures. It is converted
to an active form by passing through an electronic discharge at low pressure. The nitrogen so
produced is very active, combining with alkali metals to form azides; with the vapor of zinc,
mercury cadmium, and arsenic to form nitrides; and with many hydrocarbons to form hydrocyanic
acid and cyanides, also known as nitriles. Activated nitrogen returns to ordinary nitrogen in about
one minute.
In the combined state nitrogen takes part in many reactions; it forms so many compounds that a
systematic scheme of compounds containing nitrogen in place of oxygen was created by the
American chemist Edward Franklin. In compounds nitrogen exists in all the valence states between
–3 and +5.
Ammonia, hydrazine, and hydroxylamine represent compounds

The Effects Of Natural Resources On The Environment
Since the Industrial Revolution, natural resources have been under increasing pressure. The
significant changes in the amount of natural resources we have left have led to many issues, such as
global public health and global development. Other areas affected include the loss of forest, water
and air pollution, decrease in fresh water supply and degradation of soil. Today we are currently
seeing dramatic increases in global population. As the world's population continues to rise, natural
resources will continue to dwindle as long as we remain the same. The one thing that I would say is
the most challenging for humans is being able to advance in life, but still not destroy the
environment. If you look at most developed countries, it is evident that they consume resources way
more rapidly than developing countries. The problem with this is that all of these countries are
consuming faster than they can produce. Places like Africa and Asia are experiencing population
momentum. These areas have a tendency for population growth that continues to grow because of
the high concentration of people having kids. Better living conditions are definitely needed in these
countries because of the limited amount of resources being consumed by these regions. The over
exploitation of these resources will eventually lead to problems for future uses. As population
increases, the need to expand becomes more evident. The huge consumption and need for more
food, land, water, and energy have

Quantitative Stoichiometric Reactions Lab
The quantitative stoichiometric relationships dealing with mass and amount will be studied using the
combustion reaction of magnesium metal. While heated in the crucible, magnesium reacts with
oxygen from the air, and the masses before and after the oxidation are measured. The resulting
masses are used to calculate the experimental empirical formula of magnesium oxide. With the
empirical formula, we can then compare it to the theoretical empirical formula. Using a crucible and
a Bunsen burner, the magnesium metal will be heated to a burning.
Simple combustion experiments conducted with crucibles, burners, and balances provide a great
deal of chemical knowledge. This experiment illustrates the law of conservation of mass and the law
of constant ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From the masses of magnesium and oxygen that combine, we can calculate the empirical formula of
magnesium oxide. We will weigh the magnesium before it combines with the oxygen, and we will
also weigh the product of the reaction, magnesium oxide. The final weighing is necessary because
we need to subtract the original weight of magnesium from the weight of this product. When
magnesium is heated in open air, its reaction with oxygen is quick and intense. The metal catches
fire, burning with an vivid white flame with the production of white smoke. We can slow down the
reaction by putting a cover on the crucible. Doing so limits the supply of oxygen that reaches the
magnesium. Magnesium is such an active metal that it reacts with the relatively inactive element
nitrogen: magnesium + nitrogen magnesium nitride. This occurs alongside the reaction of
magnesium with oxygen, so it is called a "side reaction." Fortunately it is possible to "undo" the
reaction in this way: magnesium nitride + water magnesium hydroxide + ammonia or magnesium
hydroxide magnesium oxide + water vapor. To get those last two reactions to occur, we add water to
the crucible contents at the end of the first heating period. We then heat again to speed up the
reactions to evaporate any excess

The Hydrologic Cycle : The Causes And Effects Of The...
The biogeological cycle is defined as the movements of matter between and within ecosystems that
include the chemical, biological, and geological processes. Their movements are kept track of by
pools and the process in which pools move are in flows. Since all of Earth relies on the hydrogen,
nitrogen, carbon, phosphorous, sulfur, and carbon cycles, humans have managed to change it at least
one way. Human interaction within these cycles causes destruction to Earth and can destroy the
systems if nothing is done to stop it.
The hydrologic cycle is the movement of water within the biosphere. Earth is a closed system,
meaning that water can never leave Earth. Due to human interaction, humans have managed to hurt
and alter the water cycle. Water that falls on the land does one of three things : evapotranspiration,
evaporation and transpiration, be absorbed by the soil and go down into the groundwater, or move as
a runoff into rivers and streams and reach the ocean where the water evaporates the cycle starts over
again. Humans harm the hydrologic cycle by cutting down trees. By reducing evapotranspiration
and its biomass, it causes runoff and percolation to increase. An increase in runoff leads to erosion
and flooding. Humans harm the cycle by covering land resources due to paving roads. This
decreases the amount of percolation in a specific area and leads to more evaporation and runoff.
Humans have the ability to change the water cycle by moving water from area to another for

Reducing Acid Rain Through Mining And Smelting Industries
Tarlin Saini
Ms.McCuaig
SCH3U1–01
24 November 2014
Reducing Acid Rain through Mining and Smelting Industries http://miningandacidrain.weebly.com
What is Acid Rain?
Acid rain is rain that has been made acidic by certain pollutants in the air and has low pH levels that
can harm the environment. It is a type of acid deposition that can appear in many forms such as, wet
deposition, which can be rain, sleet snow or fog that is more acidic than normal, and dry deposition,
where gases and dust particles become acidic. (Epa.gov) Acid deposition in wet and dry forms, falls
on buildings, cars and trees and makes lakes acidic, which then leads to the danger of plant and
animal life. Dry acid deposition though, can be inhaled by humans, which can then cause health
problems. (Epa.gov)
How is Acid Rain Created?
When fossil fuels are burned to create electricity pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen
oxides are released into the air. They then mix with oxygen and water in the air to form acid rain.
These chemicals can travel long distances in the rain before being deposited. (Epa.gov)
There are several different pollutants that can lead to acid rain such as SO2, SO3, NO2, and CO2.
These pollutants react with water to create acids as shown below.
Sulfur dioxide + water  sulfurous acid
Sulfur trioxide + water  sulfuric acid
Nitrogen dioxide + water  nitric acid + nitrous acid
Carbon dioxide + water  carbonic acid
Although Mining does not directly create acid rain, it does lead

Acid Rain
INTRODUCTION: The dictionary definition of acid rain is "'rainfall made so acidic by atmospheric
pollution that it causes environmental harm, chiefly to forests and lakes. The main cause is the
industrial burning of coal and other fossil fuels, the waste gases from which contain sulphur and
nitrogen oxides which combine with atmospheric water to form acids." In Northern Europe and
North America millions of trees have died because of the causes of acid rain. Some lakes contain so
much acid that all the fish have died and the birds that relied on this fish for food have left. Acid rain
also speeds up the rusting of iron and building made of marble, limestone and concrete have been
severely affected. It is because of these reasons that acid ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
For example, the sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere reduces the amount of
methane in the air. Some new studies show that the sulphur dioxide in acid rain counteracts with the
natural productions of methane gas and therefore reducing the amount of methane in the air by 30%
and this is because of 'sulphur–eating bacteria' that live in wetlands (where most methane is
produced) which outcompete with methane emitting bacteria. PERSONAL OPINION: In my
opinion I think that acid rain is a huge problem. Even though it is not a problem in Australia but in
Europe and North America there have been records of acid rain in Sydney. The fact that acid rain is
killing our plant and animal life because of what WE have emitted into the atmosphere is not good
enough. We are a part of the cause just as much as we can be a part of the solution. This goes for
global warming as well. If we can buckle down and try to stop producing so much excess gases in
our factories than we will significantly reduce the amount of acid rain falling in our environment.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: 2014, G. (2012). The negative and positive aspects of acid rain | Publish with
Glogster!. [online] Glogster. Available at: http://www.glogster.com/wei2912/the–negative–and–
positive–aspects–of–acid–rain/g–6llh7hclkj80qc3cvbfi7a0 [Accessed 30 May. 2014]. Amanda
Briney, C. (2014). How Much Should You

Factors That Affect Ceramic Membrane Performance

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Erin Moore

More from Erin Moore (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Factors That Affect Ceramic Membrane Performance