Chapter 14 Recap Assignment1. What the following clip and answe

Chapter 14: Recap Assignment
1. What the following clip and answer the questions below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-Pm5092a0c
Describe the difference between polygyny and polyandry. What
are the benefits of having multiple partners? What are the
disadvantages? Do you feel that polygamy should be legal in the
US?
2. Some researchers have argued that ‘singlism’(please read this
article to get a better understanding of the concept:
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/living-
single/201809/singlism-how-serious-is-it-really) is prevalent in
the US and around the world. What are your thoughts? Why
might someone be afraid of being single? How are singles
discriminated against in your culture? Does sex/gender and/or
age have anything to do with it?
3. How do each of the three sociological paradigms discussed in
class view family and relationships? Which one do you agree
with and why? Find a real-world example that supports the
theory that you chose (this could be a newspaper article,
scholarly journal, book, etc.) Include the citation for your
source using APA formatting.
INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY
Chapter 14: MARRIAGE AND FAMILY
COLLEGE PHYSICS
Chapter # Chapter Title

PowerPoint Image Slideshow
A Sociological Approach
to Family
Looks not at the behavior of individuals, but how family is
shaped by a society’s standard of living and technology
How patterns of family life are linked to income,
education, gender, and race
LOW-STAKES WRITING
What are some of the reasons why people decide to get married?
What is the ideal age to get married?
What do we expect from marriage? Do we expect too much out
of marriage?
How much is too much to spend on a wedding ceremony?
Forms of Cultural Pressure in Mate Selection
Endogamy
Expectation to select a marriage partner within one’s social
group
Exogamy
Pressure to marry outside the family group
Pool of eligibles
Population from which a person selects an appropriate mate
4

What is Marriage?
Marriage: a legally recognized social contract between two
people, traditionally based on a sexual relationship and
implying a permanence of the union.
Elements of Marriage
Legal contract
Emotional relationship
Sexual monogamy
Legal responsibility for children
Announcement/Ceremony
6
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M&F3 | CH1
Table
Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May
not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part.
7

‹#›
M&F3 | CH1
Table
Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May
not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part.
8
Types of Marriage
Polygamy: Involves more than two spouses
Polygyny: One husband and two or more wives
Polyandry: One wife and two or more husbands
Polyamory: Multiple emotional and sexual partners
May have an open relationship
Pantagamy: Group marriage
What are the benefits/disadvantages of having multiple spouses?
Should polygamy be legal?
9
Family
Group of two or more people related by blood, marriage, or
adoption
Family of origin: Family into which an individual is born or
reared
Known as family of orientation
Family of procreation: Family an individual creates by getting

married and having children
Nuclear family: Consists of:
Individual, spouse, and children
Individual and his or her parents and siblings
Civil union: Legal significance in terms of rights and privileges
given to pair-bonded relationships
Domestic partnership: Emotionally and financially
interdependent individuals who live together
10
Cohabitation
Two unrelated adults involved in an emotional and sexual
relationship
Sleep in the same residence at least four nights a week for three
months
11
Cohabitation
Types
Here and now
Testers
Engaged
Money savers
Pension partners
Alimony maintenance

Security blanket cohabiters
Rebellious cohabiters
Marriage never/cohabitants forever
12
Motives for Living Together
To remain marriage free
To avert risks
To boycott marriage
To dissent sexism
To live the American dream
To avoid economic disincentives
13
Living Together: Do We Need to Marry?
Critics of cohabitation
Less stable setting for raising children
Can put woman and children at risk
Men can lose legal right to raise their children
Supporters of cohabitation
Living together is a private matter
Meets the needs of a diverse society
Pattern of cohabitation
After 3 years, 40% of cohabiting couples marry, 32% continue
to cohabit, and 28% split up.
Cohabitation Effect and Living Apart Together

Cohabitation effect
Multiple cohabitation experiences has negative effect on a
subsequent marriage
Lower levels of happiness
Higher levels of divorce
Is Living together before marriage better?
LAT: Long-term committed couple who do not live in the same
dwelling
Criteria
Couple must define themselves to be committed
Others must define the partners as a couple
They must live in separate domiciles
Individuals who live together before getting married assume
that doing so will increase their chances of having a happy and
durable marriage relationship. The period of time while these
engaged couples are cohabiting is superior to the time spent by
couples who are not committed to the future.
Because people commonly have more than one cohabitation
experience, the term cohabitation effect applies. This means
that those who have multiple cohabitation experiences prior to
marriage are more likely to end up in marriages characterized
by lower levels of happiness and higher levels of divorce.
Cohabitants tend to be people who are willing to violate social
norms by living together before marriage. In some cases couples
may move forward toward marriage for reasons of constraint
rather than emotional desire.
Not all researchers have found negative effects of cohabitation
on relationships. Reinhold (2010) found that among more recent
cohabitant cohorts, the negative association between living

together and marital instability is weakening. She suggested that
it is the age at which individuals begin their lives together
(coresidence) which impacts divorce, not cohabitation per se.
15
Advantages of LAT
Provides space and privacy
Helps manage respective careers
Supports variable sleep needs and allergies
Makes time for variable social needs and blended family needs
Keeps the relationship exciting and helps avoid satiation
Provides space for self-expression and comfort
Helps maintain the desired level of cleanliness or orderliness
Helps in elder care and maintaining one’s lifetime residence
Allows partners to leave inheritances to children from previous
marriages
The benefits of LAT relationships include the following:
Space and privacy: have a separate space to read, watch TV,
talk on the phone, or whatever.
Career or work space: Some individuals work at home and need
a controlled quiet space to work on projects, talk on the phone,
and focus on their work without the presence of someone else.
Variable sleep needs: Although some partners enjoy going to
bed at the same time and sleeping in the same bed, others like to
go to bed at radically different times and to sleep in separate
beds or rooms.
Allergies: Individuals who have cat or dog allergies may need
to live in a separate antiseptic environment from their partner
who loves animals and would not live without them.

Variable social needs: Partners differ in terms of their need for
social contact with friends, siblings, and parents.
Blended family needs: LAT works particularly well with a
blended family in which remarried spouses live in separate
places with their children from previous relationships.
Keeping the relationship exciting: Zen Buddhists remind people
of the necessity to be in touch with polarities, to have a
perspective where we can see and appreciate the larger picture.
The term satiation is a well-established psychological
principle—a stimulus loses its value with repeated exposure or
people get tired of each other if they spend relentless amounts
of time with each other.
16
Categories of Singles
Singlehood: State of being unmarried
Never-married
Men are likely to be less educated and have lower incomes
Women tend to be poor, have mental/physical health issues, use
drugs, and have children with multiple partners
Divorced singles have a higher suicide risk
The widowed are associated with depressive symptoms
The term singlehood Single individuals are often young adults
seeking jobs/careers, adventure, and relationships. However,
there are three categories of single people: the never-married,
the divorced, and the widowed
Never-Married Singles: A disproportionate number of unmarried
individuals live in large cities—New York, DC, Los Angeles,
Atlanta, and Boston. These individuals are often young adults
seeking jobs/careers, adventure, and relationships.
Divorced Singles: There were 14.2 million divorced females and

10.7 million divorced males in the United States in 2012. While
some divorced singles may have ended the marriage, others
were terminated by their spouse. Hence, some are voluntarily
single again while others are forced into being single again.
The divorced have a higher suicide risk. Spouses are more
likely to be “connected” to intimates; this “connection” seems
to protect a person from suicide. Of course, intimate
connections can occur outside of marriage but marriage tends to
ensure these connections over time. Spouses look out for the
health of each other. Single people often have no one in their
life to nudge them toward regular health maintenance. 50% of
women remarry within 5 years and 75% within 10 years
Widowed Singles: Although divorced people often choose to
leave their spouses and be single again, the widowed are forced
into singlehood. The stereotype of the widow and widower is
utter loneliness, even though there are compensations (e.g.,
escape from an unhappy marriage, social security). Kamiya et
al. (2013) found that widowhood for men was associated with
depressive symptoms. 32% of US population are widowed.
17
Postponing Marriage
Men and women get married about six years later now than in
1950.
Women, 26.6 years old; men, 29.0 years old
Delaying marriage is a function of:
Spending more time in education
More women in labor force
Birth control technology and legal abortion
Economic conditions/uncertainty
Drop in overall childbearing
More freedom in forming relationships

Ways of Finding a Partner - Meeting Online
Pros
Highly efficient
Develops a relationship without visual distraction
Crowded, uncomfortable locations can be avoided
Can disappear quickly
Cons
Deceptive
Potential to fall in love too quickly
Cannot assess compatibility through computer screen
Cannot assess nonverbal behavior
Discussion: What are the advantages and disadvantages of
online dating?
Increasingly, individuals are using the Internet (and attendant
technology) to find partners for fun, companionship, and
marriage. Individuals also use Facebook to find a partner. Hall
(2014) compared spouses who had met on social networking
sites (e.g., Facebook) with those who met through other online
means—dating sites, online communities, and one on one
communication. Individuals who met through social networking
sites were younger and more likely to be African American.
“In the past 15 years, the rise of the Internet has partly
displaced not only family and school, but also neighborhood,
friends, and the workplace as venues for meeting partners. The
Internet increasingly allows individuals to meet and form
relationships with perfect strangers” (Rosenfeld & Thomas,
2012).
Internet Partners: The Upside

In regard to advantages, online dating services have become
clear in their mission—to provide a place where people go to
“shop” for potential romantic partners and to “sell” themselves
in hopes of creating a successful romantic relationship.
A primary attraction of meeting someone online is efficiency.
On the Internet, one can spend a short period of time and
literally scan hundreds of profiles of potential partners. For
noncollege people who are busy in their job or career, the
Internet offers the chance to meet someone outside their
immediate social circle. Another advantage of looking for a
partner online is that it removes emotion/chemistry/first
meeting magic from the mating equation so that individuals can
focus on finding someone with common interests, background,
values, and goals.
Internet Partners: The Downside
There are also downsides to meeting on the Internet. Lying
occurs in Internet dating (as it does in non-Internet dating).
Some online users also lie about being single. They are married,
older, and divorced more times than they reveal.
It is important to be cautious of meeting someone online.
Although the Internet is a good place to meet new people, it
also allows people who have been rejected or an old lover to
monitor one’s online behavior. Some people also use the
Internet to try on new identities.
Other disadvantages of online meeting include the potential to
fall in love too quickly as a result of intense mutual disclosure;
not being able to assess “chemistry” or how a person interacts
with one’s friends or family; the tendency to move too quickly
(from texting to phone to meeting to first date) to marriage,
without spending much time to get to know each other and not

being able to observe nonverbal behavior.
Another disadvantage of using the Internet to find a partner is
that having an unlimited number of options sometimes results in
not looking carefully at the options one has. It is also important
to use Internet dating sites safely, including not giving out
home or business phone numbers or addresses, always meeting
the person in one’s own town with a friend, and not posting
photos that are “too revealing,” as these can be copied and
posted elsewhere.
Apps
Online dating is moving from websites to apps on mobile
devices. Seven percent of smartphone users say they have used
a dating app on their phone. Tinder.com (on the basis of a
photo) allows one to identify and connect with someone (who
also selected their photo) in the area.
19
Total number of single people in the U.S.54,250,000
Total number of people in the U.S. who have tried online
dating49,250,000
Total eHarmony members16,500,000
Total Match.com members23,575,000
Number of questions to fill out on eHarmony survey400
Annual revenue from the online dating industry$1,749,000,000
Average spent by dating site customer per year$243
Average length of courtship for marriages that met online 18.5

Months
Average length of courtship for marriages that met offline42
Months
Percent of users who leave within the first 3 months10 %
Percent of male online dating users52.4 %
Percent of female online dating users47.6 %
Percent who say common interests are the most important
factor64 %
Percent who say physical characteristics are the most important
factor49 %
Percent of marriages in the last year in which the couple met on
a dating site17 %
Percent of current committed relationships that began online20
%
Percent of people who believe in love at first sight71 %
Percent of women who have sex on the first online dating
encounter33 %
Percent of people who say they have dated more than one
person simultaneously53 %
Percent of sex offenders who use online dating to meet people10
%
Men lie most about; Age, Height, IncomeWomen lie most about:
Weight, Physical Build, Age
20
If you haven’t found quite what you’re looking for on an online
dating site, you aren’t alone. Two thirds of online daters—
66%—tell us that they have gone on a date with someone they
met through a dating site or dating app. That is a substantial
increase from the 43% of online daters who had actually
progressed to the date stage when we first asked this question in

2005. But it still means that one-third of online daters have not
yet met up in real life with someone they initially found on an
online dating site.
Many online daters enlist their friends in an effort to put their
best digital foot forward. Some 22% of online daters have asked
someone to help them create or review their profile. Women are
especially likely to enlist a friend in helping them craft the
perfect profile—30% of female online daters have done this,
compared with 16% of men.
21
Dishonesty, Lying, and Cheating
Catfishing: Making up an online identity and an entire social
facade
Purpose - To trick a person into becoming involved in an
emotional relationship
Infidelity can be both sexual and nonsexual
Access to many ‘suitors’
Developing technologies that make it easier to cheat
Ways in which we can confirm the identity of individuals?
Dishonesty
Dishonesty and deception take various forms. One is a direct
lie—saying something that is not true. Not correcting an
assumption is another form of dishonesty.
5-6b Lying in American Society
Lying, a deliberate attempt to mislead, is pervasive. The price
of lying is high—distrust and alienation.
Catfishing refers to a process whereby a person makes up an

online identity and an entire social facade to trick a person into
becoming involved in an emotional relationship. The catfish is
the lonely person on the Internet who is susceptible to being
seduced into this fake relationship.
5-6c Lying and Cheating in Romantic Relationships
Lying is epidemic in college student romantic relationships.
Cheating may be defined as having sex with someone else while
involved in a relationship with a romantic partner. Even in
monogamous relationships, there is considerable cheating.
People most likely to cheat in these monogamous relationships
were men over the age of 20, those who were binge drinkers,
members of a fraternity, male NCAA athletes, and those who
reported that they were nonreligious.
Strickler and Hans (2010) conceptualized infidelity (cheating)
as both sexual and nonsexual. Sexual cheating was intercourse,
oral sex, and kissing. Nonsexual cheating could be interpersonal
(secret time together, flirting), electronic (text messaging,
emailing), or solitary (sexual fantasies, pornography,
masturbation).
22
Gay and Lesbian Families
2004: Massachusetts is first state to allow gay marriage
2013 Census data:
640,000 same-sex couples, 190,000 of which are married
couples
1 in 4 couples are parents raising children
Same-sex marriage extends legal rights
hospital visitation, health insurance, child custody

Same-Sex Marriage
Recognized by the federal government
Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)
Legislation passed by Congress in 1996, denied federal
recognition of homosexual marriage
Allowed states to ignore same-sex marriages licensed by other
states
Promotes relationship stability among gay and lesbian couples
Some states have broader measures banning other forms of
partner recognition.
Student Projects and Classroom Activities
Legality of Homosexuality Cross-Culturally
Ask students to research the laws regarding homosexuality in
the United States and in one other country. Instruct the students
to compare the laws in the two countries and explain why they
think the similarities and differences between the two countries
exist.
State Laws Regarding Homosexuality
Ask students to research the laws regarding LGBT rights in the
state in which their college is located. In a classroom
discussion, argue the effects of these laws on LGBT people and
whether these laws should be changed
24
SAME-SEX PARENTING
More than 1/3 of people who identify as LGBT have had a child
at some point.
6 million U.S. children have an LGBT parent

Public opinion divided on gays raising children
Research shows little difference in parenting effectiveness
Problems due more to stigma than from family form itself
25
LGBT Parenting
Hetero-gay family: Heterosexual mother and a gay father
conceive and raise a child together but reside separately
Lesbian mothers tend to have high levels of shared decision
making, parenting, and family work
Gay fathers are more likely to coparent equally and compatibly
than fathers in heterosexual relationships
While both gay females and gay males report increases in
individual happiness during the first year of having a
baby/adopting a child, relationship happiness decreases
(Goldberg et al., 2010).
This drop in relationship satisfaction after a child arrives in the
gay relationship is the same as what happens in heterosexual
relationships.
26
LGBT Parenting
Act of becoming a father has a positive outcome on gay men’s
sense of self-worth
Children seem to benefit when there are two parents in the
household
Gender of the parents is irrelevant
Children raised by same-sex parents fare equally well

Discussion: What are the concerns about gays and lesbians as
parents?
27
LGBT PARENTING
Gay parents are sensitive to potential stigmatization
Seek gay-friendly neighborhoods to rear their children
Children with gay parents felt less pressure to conform to
gender stereotypes
Children of transgender parents struggle with new definitions of
who their parents are and how this affects them
28
COMING OUT
Being open and honest about one’s sexual orientation and
identity
Risks
Parental and family members’ reactions
‘Transparent Closet’ ‘Family Closet’
Harassment and discrimination at school or the workplace
Hate crime victimization
Death of Lawrence King
Some of the risks involved in coming out include disapproval

and rejection by parents and other family members, harassment
and discrimination at school, discrimination and harassment in
the workplace, and hate crime victimization.
Parental and family members’ reactions
Svab and Kuhar (2014) identified the concept of the
“transparent closet” to describe a situation in which parents are
informed about a child’s homosexuality but do not talk about
it... a form of rejection.
The “family closet” refers to the wider kinship system having
knowledge of a child’s homosexuality but “keeping it quiet” (a
form of rejection).
Padilla et al. (2010) found that parental reaction to a son or
daughter coming out had a major effect on the development of
their child.
Parental rejection of GLBT individuals is related to suicide
ideation and suicide attempts.
Harassment and discrimination at school
LGBT students are more vulnerable to being bullied, harassed,
and discriminated against.
The negative effects are predictable including “a wide range of
health and mental health concerns, including sexual health risk,
substance abuse, and suicide, compared with their heterosexual
peers.”
Hate crime victimization
Another risk of coming out is being victimized by antigay hate
crimes against individuals or their property that are based on
bias against the victim because of his/her perceived sexual
orientation.
Such crimes include verbal threats and intimidation, vandalism,
sexual assault and rape, physical assault, and murder.

29
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
Give congruent messages
Share power
Power: Ability to impose one’s will on one’s partner and to
avoid being influenced by the partner
Principle of least interest: Person who has the least interest in a
relationship controls it
Keep the process of communication going
30
Challenges Families Face: Having Children Evaluation of
Lifestyle Changes
Daily living routines will be focused around children’s needs
Living arrangements have to be made
Work schedule has to be changed to allow parents to be home
more
Food shopping and menus change
Loss of freedom of activity and flexibility in one’s personal
schedule
Financial obligations of parents increase
Challenges Families Face: Having Children
Pronatalism: Cultural attitude which encourages having children
Family, friends, and religion encourage childbearing
Government

Tax structure supports parenthood
Cultural observances
Special days are identified to celebrate parenthood
Discussion: Who pressures young couples to have children?
32
Challenges Families Face: Having Children
Antinatalism: Opposition to children
Reasons to remain childfree
Great current life/relationship satisfaction
Freedom and independence
Avoidance of the responsibility for rearing a child
No maternal/paternal instinct
Accomplishment of career and travel goals
Discussion: How do you feel about other people’s children?
Is remaining childless a selfish act?
Have students write an opinion piece addressing the question
above. After students turn in their papers break them into 2
groups and have a debate about the question.
33
Individual Motivations for Having Children
Desire to love and to be loved by one’s own child
Companionship
Personal fulfilment

To recapture one’s own childhood and youth
To avoid career tracking
To gain the acceptance and approval of parents and peers
Discussion: What are some of the personal reasons people want
babies?
34
Brave New Families:
High-Tech Reproduction
In vitro fertilization: uniting egg and sperm in a laboratory
Expensive; only 176,000 couples a year
Ethical and moral questions related to selection of physical and
perhaps mental traits
Surrogate motherhood: One woman carries and bears a child for
another
Legal questions over child support
Cultural Lag: scientific discoveries advance more quickly than
our ideas about the acceptable ways to use them
Adoption
Routes
Public and private agencies
Independent adoption
Kinship and stepparent
Motives
Inability to have a biological child
Desire to give an unwanted child a permanent loving home
To avoid contributing to overpopulation

36
ADOPTION
Least expensive forms of adoption
Adopting from the U.S. foster care system
Stepparent and kinship adoptions
Open adoption
Biological parent can stay involved in the child’s life
Open adoption benefits:
Adoptees learn early that they are adopted and who their
biological parents are.
Birth parents are more likely to avoid regret and to be able to
stay in contact with their child.
Adoptive parents have information about the genetic
background of their adopted child.
37
Problems of Internet Adoption
Potential fraud
Exploitation
Lack of professional consideration of the child’s best interest
Rehoming
Parents who have adopted a child use the Internet to place
unwanted adopted children in new families
Child Care
Most married mothers are working mothers:
54% of those with infants
60% of those with preschoolers

70% of those with school-age children
Figures are higher for single mothers
Child care options depend on income
4.5 million “latchkey children”
U.S. government support for child care is the income tax
deduction
Types of Parenting Styles
High on responsiveness and low on demandingness
Permissive
High on demandingness and low in responsiveness
Authoritarian
Both demanding and responsive
Authoritative
Low in responsiveness and demandingness
Uninvolved
McKinney and Renk (2008) identified the differences between
maternal and paternal parenting styles, with mothers tending to
be authoritative and fathers tending to be authoritarian.
Mothers and fathers also use different parenting styles for their
sons and daughters, with fathers being more permissive with
their sons than with their daughters.
Discussion: Which type of parenting is best for most children?
40
Money and Relationships
Money is associated with power, control, and dominance
Effects of poverty on families
Poorer physical and mental health
Lower personal and relationship satisfaction, and death at
younger ages

Relationship conflict
Negative effect on parenting
In 2014, a two-person household with an income below $15,370
was defined as living in poverty.
Poverty is the lack of resources necessary for material well -
being.
Making Ends Meet
Students will need to balance a budget for a family. Provide
half the class with a family of 4 (2 adults, 2 children under 18
one needing daycare) and a family of 3 (1 adult, 2 children
under 18 one needing daycare).
a. Students should create a monthly family budget for each
family. This includes housing, utilities, food, clothing,
toiletries, insurance/medical, daycare, transportation,
entertainment.
b. How much money would the family need to make per year to
live on the budget?
c. Next, tell the students the working members of the family
work full-time, but on minimum wage. Can the budget be met?
Create a new minimum wage budget.
d. Students should think about what they would do in this
situation. Before taking government assistance into account,
how would they make ends meet? What are the consequences of
any actions taken to make ends meet?
Students are often surprised that it is difficult to meet a budget
on a minimum wage job. For students who have little to no
expenses, they are shocked when the budget is created.

This could be a classroom activity or a project. As a classroom
activity provide students with average amounts of some of the
items (rent, transportation, etc.). As a project, have students
research each item. Remind them of taxes being taken out as
well!
41
Single-Parent Family and Household
Single-parent family: Includes only one parent
Other parent is completely out of the child’s life through death,
sperm donation, or abandonment
No contact is made with the other parent
Single-parent household: One parent has primary custody of the
child/ children
Other parent lives outside of the house, but is part of the child’s
life
Known as binuclear family
Challenges Faced by Single Parents
Responding to the demands of parenting with limited help
Resolving the issue of adult sexual needs
Coping with lack of money
Ensuring guardianship
Obtaining prenatal care
Coping with the absence of a father
Avoiding negative life outcomes for the child
Perpetuating a single-family structure
Negative stereotyping

Positive Outcomes of Single-Parenting
Stronger bonding experience with children
Sense of pride and self-esteem for being independent
Being a strong role model for offspring
Internet Exercises
A Single Parents Network—Support and Resources
http://singleparentsnetwork.com/
What support and resource services are available to single
parents?
44
Violence and abuse
The frequency of violence among families is difficult to
determine because many cases go unreported.
Domestic Violence:
Situational and Intimate Terrorism
Intimate partner violence (IPV)
Women are the primary victims of IPV
Often starts as emotional abuse
Black women have higher rates of IPV than white women
Abuse may be reported by a third party.
Female victims of IPV are more likely to abuse alcohol or
drugs, suffer from eating disorders and attempt suicide.

TYPES OF RELATIONSHIP ABUSE – VIOLENCE
Forms of murder in families
Filicide: Murder of an offspring by a parent
Parricide: Murder of a parent by an offspring
Siblicide: Murder of a sibling
Victims of same-sex relationship abuse lack legal protections
and services
Over the last three decades U.S. parents have committed filicide
about 500 times every year.
70% of the children killed were age 6 or younger, 15% were
infants and about 10 % were those between ages 7 and 18. Male
children were more likely to be killed than female children,
about 11% were stepchildren
47
Types of Relationship Abuse - Emotional Abuse
Nonphysical behavior designed to:
Denigrate the partner
Reduce the partner’s status
Make the partner feel vulnerable to being controlled by the
partner
Known as psychological abuse, verbal abuse, or symbolic
aggression can be just as bad sexual/physical abuse.
Emotionally abusive behaviors
Making personal decisions for the partner
Criticizing/belittling

48
Types of Relationship Abuse - Emotional Abuse (continued)
Refusing to talk to the partner as a way of punishing the partner
Throwing a temper tantrum and breaking things
Acting jealous when the partner was observed talking or texting
a potential romantic partner
Revenge porn: Posting nude photos of ex-partner
Legislation action is being considered by some states
28 states have revenge porn laws
49
Reasons for Violence and Abuse in Relationships
Cultural factors
Violence in the media
Acceptance of corporal punishment
Corporal punishment: Use of physical force on a child to correct
or control his/her behavior
Community factors
Social isolation and poverty
Inaccessible or unaffordable community services
50
Reasons for Violence and Abuse in Relationships (continued 1)
Individual factors
Dependency and jealousy
Need to control

Unhappiness and dissatisfaction
Jekyll-and-Hyde personality - Sudden mood changes
History of aggressiveness
Quick involvement
Blaming others for problems
Isolation
Individual factors associated with domestic violence and abuse
include psychopathology, personality characteristics, and
alcohol or substance abuse. A number of personality
characteristics have also been associated with people who are
abusive in their intimate relationships. Some of these
characteristics follow:
Dependency—therapists who work with batterers have observed
that they are overly dependent on their partners. Because the
thought of being left by their partners induces panic and
abandonment anxiety, batterers use physical aggression and
threats of suicide to keep their partners with them.
Jealousy—along with dependence, batterers exhibit jealousy,
possessiveness, and suspicion.
Need to control—abusive partners have an excessive need to
exercise power over their partners and to control them.
Unhappiness and dissatisfaction—abusive partners often report
being unhappy and dissatisfied with their lives, both at home
and at work. They may take out their frustration with life on
their partner.
History of aggressiveness—abusers often have a history of
interpersonal aggressive behavior. They have poor impulse
control and can become instantly enraged and lash out at the
partner.
Quick involvement—because of feelings of insecurity, the
potential batterer will rush his partner quickly into a committed
relationship. If the woman tries to break off the relationship, the

man will often try to make her feel guilty for not giving him and
the relationship a chance.
Blaming others for problems—abusers take little responsibility
for their problems and blame everyone else.
Jekyll-and-Hyde personality—abusers have sudden mood
changes so that a partner is continually confused. Explosiveness
and moodiness are the norm.
Isolation—an abusive person will try to cut off a partner from
all family, friends, and activities. Isolation may reach the point
at which an abuser tries to stop the victim from going to school,
church, or work.
Alcohol and other drug use—whether alcohol reduces one’s
inhibitions to display violence, allows one to avoid
responsibility for being violent, or increases one’s aggression, it
is associated with violence and abuse (even if the partner is
pregnant).
Criminal/psychiatric background—Eke et al. (2011) examined
the characteristics of 146 men who murdered or attempted to
murder their intimate partner. Of these, 42% had prior criminal
charges, 15% had a psychiatric history, and 18% had both.
Shorey et al. (2012) identified the mental health problems in
men arrested for domestic violence and found high rates of
PTSD, depression, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic
disorder, and social phobia.
Impulsive—Miller et al. (2012) identified one of the most
prominent personality characteristics associated with
aggression/abuse.
51
Child Abuse
Forms of child abuse:
Neglect
Physical abuse
Sexual abuse

Psychological maltreatment
Medical neglect
Infants are the most likely victims of child abuse.
Shaken-baby syndrome
Poor economy, unemployment and general dissatisfaction with
life
All socioeconomic and education levels experience abuse.
Younger parents, drug/alcohol users are more likely to abuse
children.
Can lead to long-term effects: physical, mental, emotional
effects.
Effects of Abuse
On victims
Violence is associated with symptoms of PTSD
Loss of interest in activities/life
Feeling detached from others
Inability to sleep
Irritability
Intimate partner violence increases:
Risk for unintended pregnancy/multiple abortions
Levels of anxiety and drug abuse
The Rape of Mr. Smith
A reason many victims of rape did not come forward was lack
of institutional support. Have students read “The Rape of Mr.
Smith” (can be found on the Internet) and discuss. This story
speaks of stranger rape, why would intimate partner violence or
rape be even more difficult to reveal?
53

Challenges Families Face
Divorce and Remarriage
In 1960, divorce was generally uncommon, (9.1/1000)
Dramatic increase after the 1960’s due to liberalization of
divorce laws, women increasingly entering the workforce.
Decrease now attributed to increased age at which people get
married and increased level of education.
Divorce is cyclical
Remarriage
Vast majority occur after divorce, not death of a spouse
Most people remarry within 5 years of divorce
Lack many of the classic courtship rituals of first marriage
Macro Factors Contributing to Divorce
Increased economic independence of women
Changing family functions and structure
Liberal divorce laws/social acceptance
No-fault divorce: Neither party is identified as the guilty party
or the cause of the divorce
Prenuptial agreements and the Internet
Debate: Yes or No?
Should no-fault divorce laws be allowed?
Divide the class in two, with each side (Yes versus No) sitting
on opposite sides of the room. If the class is large, assign a
small group of students come up to the front of the class and
debate the issue, while the rest of the class watches. Open up
the class for discussion after 10 minutes of
points/counterpoints. Debates work well if the students are
given time to research their assigned perspective for

presentation (i.e., homework).
55
Macro Factors Contributing to Divorce (continued 1)
Fewer moral and religious sanctions
More divorce models
Mobility and anonymity
Social class, ethnicity, and culture
Discussion: How many divorces are socially acceptable for one
individual?
56
Micro Factors Contributing to Divorce
Growing apart/differences
Falling out of love
Limited time together
Low frequency of positive behavior
Having an affair
Poor conflict resolution skills
Changing values
Onset of satiation
Having the perception that one would be happier if divorced
Consequences of Divorce for Spouses and Parents
Payment of child support and alimony
Depends on prenuptial or postnuptial agreements
Postnuptial agreement: Agreement made after the wedding with
regard to the division of money after divorce

Fathers’ are separated from their children
Physical custody: Distribution of parenting time between
divorced spouses
Litigation of Divorce and Child Custody Issues
Find out when the local court tries domestic cases. Ask students
to go to court when domestic cases are being heard and write a
description of the tactics used by attorneys and their general
impressions of the proceedings.
58
Consequences of Divorce for Spouses and Parents (continued)
Alienation of children from the other parent
Parental alienation syndrome: Children are preoccupied with
deprecation and/or criticism of a parent
Denigration is unjustified and/or exaggerated
Parental alienation: Estrangement of a child from a parent due
to one parent turning the child against the other
The most telling sign that children have been alienated from a
parent is the irrational behavior of the children, who for no
properly explained reason say that they want nothing further to
do with one of the parents. Indeed, such children have a lack of
ambivalence toward the alienation, lack of guilt or remorse
about the alienation, and always take the alienating parent’s
side in the conflict.
Children who are alienated from one parent are sometimes

unable to see through the alienation process and regard their
negative feelings as natural. Such children are similar to those
who have been brainwashed by cult leaders to view outsiders
negatively.
59
Effects of Divorce on Children
Positive effects
Compassion and tolerance
Exposure to different family values, tradition, and lifestyles
Less reliance on parents for making decisions
Quality time with parents
Improved relationship with father and/or mother
Greater appreciation for siblings and friends
60
Effects of Divorce on Children (continued)
Negative effects
Lower psychological well-being
Low grades, dropping out of college
Earlier sexual behavior
Higher rates of alcohol/marijuana use
Exhibition of depressive symptoms or antisocial behavior
Less commitment in romantic relationships
Discussion: What are the best interests of the child?
Minimizing Negative Effects of Divorce on Children

Do this activity before assigning Chapter 14. Divide students
into small groups (four to six students per group). Ask each
group to assign someone to be the note taker and spokesperson
for the group. Give students the following directions:
Suppose a good friend or sibling was going through a divorce
and came to you for advice on how to minimize the negative
effects of the divorce on the children. What advice would one
offer?
Allow 15 minutes for the small groups to work together on this
activity. Ask the spokesperson from each group to share the
advice given in their group. The instructor may write in
abbreviated fashion each piece of advice on the board. Use
students’ advice to generate class discussion.
61
Reasons for Remarriage
Love and companionship
Emotional and financial security
Help in rearing children
Desire to provide social father or mother for one’s children
Escape from the stigma associated with the label and legal
threats regarding the custody of children
Religion
Using Film in the Classroom
Popular Entertainment Films:
Le Divorce (2003)
Content: This is a story of two sisters, one of whom is going
through a divorce.

Assignment: Discuss how a divorce can sometimes focus on the
acquisition of a specific object in the marriage and how this
conflict is symptomatic of the larger issue of not being able to
negotiate differences.
62
Child Support
In comparing only non-custodial parents, women are less likely
to make support
Function of women earning less than men
1998: Deadbeat Parents Punishment Act
Felony to refuse to provide support payments to a child living in
another state
Remarriage: Problems of
Blended Families
3 out of 4 people who divorce remarry, most within four years
More than 1/3 of all marriages are remarriages for at least one
partner
Blended families: Families in which children live with some
combination of biological parents and stepparents
Stability in Remarriages
Remarriages are more likely than first marriages to end in
divorce in the early years
Men and women report significant difficulties in roles
Lower marital satisfaction is reported in remarriages
Spouses are likely to remain married because they want to and
not because they fear divorce
Fox and Shriner (2014) studied remarried couples involved in
premarital education and found that they feared another marital

failure, which in conjunction with stepfamily formation,
promoted attachment insecurities.
Remarriage
Have students interview someone they know who has been
remarried about their second marriage. Was the ceremony as
elaborate? Was it a remarriage for both partners? If not, did that
cause conflict at the beginning? Do they refer to their spouse as
their “second” (or “third”, etc.) husband/wife? What conflict
could this cause?
65
Remarriage: Problems of
Blended Families
Blended family problems
Children learn a new social environment
Parent and sibling relationships
Managing relationship with ex-spouse
Stepparent families have high rate of physical and sexual abuse
Greater likelihood for divorce than for couples in first
marriages
Theoretical perspectives on marriage/family: Functionalist
Functionalists: Families play a key role in stabilizing society,
perform certain functions that allow society to prosper/develop.
Functions of families
Replenish society with socialized members
Promote emotional stability of spouses
Provide economic support
Physical care

Regulate sexual behavior
Status placement
Social control
Murdock: sexual, reproductive, educational, economic
Theoretical perspectives on marriage/family: Functionalist
Conflict: Highlight the role of power in the family structure.
Household division of labor
Views individuals in relationships to be competing for resources
Regards conflict to be necessary for the change and growth of
individuals, marriages, and families
Helps understand choices with regard to mate selection and
jealousy
Symbolic Interactionism: Views family as a symbol, something
that is not objective but something that is defined/developed
subjectively.
Member give meaning to each other’s behavior
Feminist Framework: Views family as contexts of inequality
and oppression for women
Stages of Family Life
Duvall’s Stage Theory
Stage Family Type Children
1 Marriage Family Childless
2 Procreation Family Children ages 0 to 2.5
3 Preschooler Family Children ages 2.5 to 6
4 School-age Family Children ages 6–13
5 Teenage Family Children ages 13–20
6 Launching Family Children begin to leave home

7 Empty Nest Family “Empty nest”; adult children have left
home
Family Life Course
Residency and Lines of Descent
Bilateral Descent: pattern of tracing kinship (one’s traceable
ancestry based on blood, marriage or adoption)
Unilateral descent: tracing kinship through one parent only
Patrilineal (father), matrilineal (mother)
Patrilocal residence: newly married couples move in with, or
near to, the husband’s relatives/family
Matrilocal residence: newly married couples move in with or
neat to the wife’s relatives/family
70

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