The Cold Side Of Concrete

The Cold Side Of Concrete
There are many places having long cold season. Due to time constraints, many constructions inevitably do
concreting in winter. The cold injury of concrete are that flake peeling is caused by the freeze thaw damage
of concrete surface material and internal damage produced in the concrete may lead to concrete properties.
Prevention the cold damage of concrete in winter construction is important. According to the article,
"Energy–Efficient Approach to Cold–Weather Concreting", Barna, Seman, and Korhonen(2011) introduce a
new approach to cold–weather concreting which is antifreeze concrete. They thinks that traditional cold–
weather concreting method is expensive and energy in–efficient, because traditional method requires
artificial heating of the materials and needs to create a suitable environment for curing normal concrete.
This study compare the estimated annual cost in 1991 and in 2011 to show the antifreeze concrete result in
saving money and explains an initial laboratory tests to show that "antifreeze concrete mixtures are capable
of being workable, entraining air, and meeting the design freezing point." The authors also explains a
performance test to show that the strength gain of concrete cured at –4°C is same as cured at +5°C, and that
antifreeze mixtures made concrete be durable. Thus, they conclude that the antifreeze concrete doesn't need
artificial heating which results in saving time, money, and energy in constructing process. The article is
convincing. The
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Advantage And Disadvantage Of Schemopedia
Schemopedia.com is an online platform, for citizens to search the schemes as per their requirement and
apply them to avail the benefits. It is actually a technology based initiative started by 3 people to reduce the
asymmetry between Government and the citizens. These services can be availed by Individuals,
Enterprises, New startups, NGO's, Farmers, students, Academic Institutes. Founders of schemopedia.com
are,
1. Abhishek Rathi
2. Anand
3. Bhaumik Leveraging its online presence, schemopedia.com has partnered with many Enterprises, Non–
profit organizations to take up their development programs. So, one of the organizations is GUBBI
GROUP. Schemopedia is acting as a management consultants to the Gubbi group which is in Thane,
Mumbai.
Hence, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Applicable on sunk portion of bathrooms, toilets, balconies etc., base coat for terrace waterproofing,
underground and overhead water tanks, can be applied in moist conditions e.g. exteriors, terraces and
chajjas in wet spells of monsoon, underground and / or overhead water tanks almost immediately after
emptying.
Polyurethane waterproof coating: A single component modified polyurethane, liquid applied coating that is
composed of specially developed polymers, properly selected and graded fillers. Bonds strongly on cement
concrete, asbestos, mild steel, cement plastered applied surfaces, thermal stability, high elasticity and
resistance to chemical.
Waterproofing admixture: Integral waterproofing admixture for concrete & mortar. Applicable on concrete
structures exposed to water like terrace gardens, sunk portion of bathrooms, toilets, balconies, etc., external
plastering, basement concreting, sloped roof slab, flat roof slab, beams, columns, slabs etc.
Ready to use finishes:
Tile adhesive: A ready to use grey cement based non–shrink, self–curing, water resistance tile adhesive for
floor tiles and wall tiles

Concrete Slab Foundations
A home's foundation is the bottom–most layer that provides the support for a home. Depending on the part
of the country, the size of the home and when it was built, the type of foundation may vary. Concrete slab
foundations are the most common; some are built to sustain crawl spaces or basements. Other foundation
types are pier and beam, pile and spread foundations. Regardless of the type, all will require at some point
foundation repair. Signs of a foundation in need of repair include cracks in the walls, bricks, drywall, tile or
even the foundation itself. Other signs are sticky doorjambs and windows, sloping floors, cracking or
separating chimneys or fascia board. In some cases, mold may accumulate in the cracks. Whether too much
or not enough, water is the main culprit in foundation repair cases. Over–saturated soil expands pushing
into the home and foundation and over time loses stability, causing the foundation to again move and crack.
Dry soil on the other hand contracts, pulling away from the perimeter of the home, leaving little support for
the foundation, causing shifts and cracks. When foundation problems begin to appear it is crucial to repair
them as soon as possible. Early foundation repairs may prevent further problems down the road and save ...
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Interview foundation repair companies to find their area of expertise and to obtain bids. Based on your
research, then ask for referrals to obtain customer insight into the company and process. Ask the companies
about warranties, guarantees, how they handle unexpected findings that increase the initial bid and cost
estimate. Also ask them how they propose to repair the damaged foundation and what to expect about the
time of the project and any pre–project work you will need to do. Some repairs require that mantels and
walls are emptied or basements cleared

Home Vs. Concrete Wall Home
In truth, a concrete wall house is substantially warmer than stick–built construction. Advanced technology
ICF (Insulated Concrete Form) homes are actually much warmer than traditional stud wall construction, as
well as being far more energy efficient. Here are the facts. Thermographic tests done by the National
Association of Home Builders Research Center showed that a solid ICF wall (a wall without windows or
other penetrations) has fewer cold spots than a wood framed wall. This is because the thermal envelope –
the shield between outside and inside temperatures – is much more difficult to seal in conventional stud
wall construction, so that cold easily travels through thermal bridging to create uncomfortable cold spots
inside the house. ICF walls, by contrast, are tightly sealed so that thermal bridging is reduced, which makes
for even temperatures and fewer cold spots and drafts. Moreover, houses with ICF wall construction result
in a 50% decrease in the capacity of HVAC equipment as compared to wood framed wall construction
(which of course implies greatly reduced heating and cooling costs).
How does ICF construction accomplish this? Concrete form insulation is constructed of blocks of parallel
slabs of expanded polystyrene foam. These blocks are stacked up and snap together like children's Lego
toys. Steel rebar is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ICF construction is also four times more fire resistant than stick construction (ICF walls easily sustain four
hours of extreme fire temperatures, whereas wood frame walls don't exceed a one hour rating). Moreover,
ICF walls have much higher sound absorption than stick framed walls, which makes these homes much
quieter and more peaceful to live

Strengthening Of Reinforced Concrete Slabs With...
Flexural Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Slabs with Penetrations Using CFRP
A draft
By
Ehab Emad Fawzy
ABSTRACT
As the surveying techniques get more advanced day by day, new devices come out introducing more
advanced and easy–to–use technologies in the expanding GIS world. Hochschule für Tech–nik – Stuttgart
(HFT) has recently acquired the new ZEB1 scanner as a new mobile mapping device. This research will
discuss the possibilities of using the scanner as a solution for indoor mapping. The main objective is to
benefit from GIS capabilities and tools for processing point cloud data.A workflow model is provided for
georeferencing and registering point clouds in addition to mapping an indoor area of the school and
visualizing the results in 3D. The developed model is designed to achieve these objectives efficiently in one
environment with a user friendly interface.
Keywords: GIS, Indoor Mapping, ZEB1, Laser Scanner, Point Cloud, RANSAC, Python, Georeferencing,
Registration, 3D Model
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT II
TABLE OF CONTENTS III
TABLE OF FIGURES IV
TABLE OF TABLES V
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 BACKGROUND 3
2.1 Non–Civil Engineering Applications 3
2.2 Civil Engineering Applications 3
2.2.1 New Concrete Structures 3
2.2.2 Strengthening Existing Steel–Reinforced Concrete Structures 4
3 FRP MATERIALS 6
3.1 The Constituents 6
3.1.1 Fibers 6
3.1.2 Polymer Resins 8
3.2 Environmental Durability 9
4 INSTALLATION TECHNIQUES 10
4.1 Pre–manufactured Strips 10
4.2 Hand

Stamped Concrete Essay
If you are looking at redoing your driveway or patio, you are probably considering patio pavers versus
poured concrete. You may be thinking of going with stamped concrete with the idea that it is the best of
both worlds in terms of having low upfront costs and more attractive designs than just plain concrete.
But, not so fast. Let's first compare the two options.
The Big Picture
For most people, their home represents half or more of their retirement savings. It is also a haven from the
rest of the world. This puts a double burden on all home improvement decisions. They need to take good
care of the occupants of the home and also make sense financially.
Since a pleasant home will have higher resale value, there is no straight forward ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As temperatures change and as water levels change regularly over time due to precipitation, the land moves
a surprising amount.
Pavers can accommodate that movement. Concrete cannot.
In the face of these normal variations, concrete will develop cracks. It isn't a question of if. It is a question
of when.
Some designs can help hide hairline cracks. Such small cracks are largely a matter of aesthetics, so hiding
them is a good strategy. However, over time, they tend to get worse. As the cracks get larger and deeper,
they are no longer a matter of aesthetics. They become a safety hazard and need to be repaired.
When concrete is repaired, it is nearly impossible to match the original finish and design. The patch tends
to show. It also involves heavy equipment and is generally not a DIY job.
In contrast, replacing a damaged paver is easily handled as a DIY job. It can be done inexpensively and
take only minutes to resolve. If you buy a few extra pavers when the job is first done, fixing any damaged
pavers is a very minor nuisance that can be rapidly wrapped up on your day off as one of your jobs in the
"Honey Do" jar.
Safety
Safety should be one of your highest concerns when considering driveway or patio designs. This is
especially true if you have small kids, an elderly parent or are just not as young as you used to be.
Concrete tends to be slippery when

Building Structure And Envelope Of An Advanced Engineering...
This report will analyses the building structure and envelope of an advanced engineering building at UQ.
The report will examine the construction documentation, building configuration building element design
and building loading and load transfer to the foundation. From another perspective, the report will also
illustrate the project's sites structure which includes site conditions, material used, interfaces with pre–
existing structure/infrastructure. Basically, by using various of site or the whole building drawings,
significant building components can be recognized. These building components will be discussed and
analyzed specifically, which include their particular location in the drawing and how they function in the
building structure. building overview The building is located in Brisbane QLD; the area is about 18000.0
m2. The project was finished in 2013. The building has achieved certified 5 star green ratings representing
'Australian Excellence' in environmental initiatives. Also, to achieve the goal of energy efficiency, some
building service and feature have been improved. For example, the thermal labyrinth, VSD fans and pumps,
high performance double glazing and openable louvres and windows with cross –flow via the atrium.
Construction documentation The construction documentation consists of structural and architectural cover
sheets. The structural section can be found in document library. Structural cover sheet is numbered S001. In
the cover sheet, the

Innovative Building Materials
ABSTRACT
Latest innovations have developed new materials and better technologies in the field of construction. The
need of the hour is the replacement of costly and scarce conventional building materials by innovative, cost
effective and environment friendly alternate building materials. Here we see about the Insulating concrete
forms (ICF) Fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) Structural insulated panels (SIP)
By implementing these technologies gives birth to many sub level new engineering concepts. These
engineering conceptual methods now days become very important, latest practically applied fields in
innovative constructions. The major problem by the conventional structures due to various aspects can be
resolved by incorporating ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most forms have vertically oriented furring strips built into the forms on 6", 8", or 12" centres which are
used to secure interior and exterior finishes.
Different ICF systems also vary in the shape of the resulting concrete within the wall: "Flat" systems form
an even thickness of concrete throughout the walls, like a conventionally poured wall – 3rd Generation
ICF: most common "Waffle Grid" systems create a waffle pattern where the concrete is thicker at some
points than others – 2nd Generation ICF: somewhat lower structural strength & fire resistance "Post–and–
Beam" or "screen grid" systems form discrete horizontal and vertical columns of concrete – 1st Generation
ICF: least resistance to fires Benefits
Manufacturers commonly cite the following advantages compared to traditional building materials,
especially in residential and light commercial construction. It needs to be said, however, that it is
questionable what is meant by "traditional building materials"; this comparison apparently assumes
different worst–case alternatives for each point. Minimal, if any, air leaks, which improves comfort and less
heat loss compared with walls without an air barrier Thermal resistance (R–value) typically above 3 Km²/W
(in American customary units: R–17); this results in saving energy compared with uninsulated masonry.
High sound absorption, which helps produce peace and quiet compared with framed walls

Building Structure And Envelope Of An Advanced Engineering...
In this report, it will analyses the building structure and envelope of an advanced engineering building at
UQ. The report will put the emphasis on some aspects which include the construction documentation,
building configuration building element design and building loading and load transfer to the foundation.
From another perspective, the report will also illustrate the project's sites structure which includes site
conditions, material used, interfaces with pre–existing structure/infrastructure. Basically, by using various
of site or the whole building drawings, some significant building components can be recognized. These
building components will be discussed and analyzed specifically, which include their particular location in
the drawing and how they function in the building structure. Introduction of this building The building is
located in Brisbane QLD; the area is about 18000.0 m2. The project was finished in 2013. The building has
achieved certified 5 star green ratings representing 'Australian Excellence' in environmental initiatives.
Also, to achieve the goal of energy efficiency, some building service and feature have been improved. For
example, the thermal labyrinth to store cool overnight, VSD fans and pumps, high performance double
glazing and openable louvres and windows with cross –flow via the atrium. Construction documentation
The construction documentation is consisting of structural and architectural cover sheets. The structural
section can be

What Are The Disadvantages Of Concrete
In 2005, H Azamirad et al published a paper "A criticism of Self–Compacting Concrete" which talks about
the problems in using SCC such as segregation and roles of different materials which affect it. It talks about
the economic problems too. Finally it says about some projects which are executed with SCC. This paper
helped in identifying the disadvantages of using SCC.
In 1990, T.H. Cooke wrote a book "Concrete Pumping and Spraying: A practical guide". This book is
related to pumping operations of concrete. A nomograph is suggested by this book which is used for
determining the working power required for conventional concrete and SCC so that costing can be done. It
explains the graph and tells the method of usage.
In 2014, CPWD published ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pumping operations will require less energy as it possesses flow able properties. Further due to its flowing
nature speed of construction will be increased. Rapid rate of concrete placement is possible decreasing the
placing time. Reduction in site manpower is achieved in various stages like faster pumping requires less
manpower hours, reduction of vibration needs negligible manpower, smooth surface obtained from SCC
needs less labor for finishing purposes, if SCC is placed properly then there are negligible bug–holes and
patches on surface thus reducing the manpower demand. The construction process becomes more
productive which is evident by the fact that the truck has to wait for less time for unloading of SCC and can
go early thus improving the productivity. Also the service life of vibration equipment and formwork will
increase. Due to elimination of vibration to consolidate the mixture, the forms used in the precast
operations will receive less wear and tear, decreasing the regular maintenance costs and costs of investing
in new forms. SCC also shows high early strength allowing early removal of formwork thus increasing

Foundation Types Essay
Types of Foundation
The foundation is the base for the constructed building and as such is required to carry out several functions
as follows:
0 The foundation should safely sustain and transmit to the ground the combined dead and imposed loads of
the building without resulting in any settlement or other movement of the building or any adjoining works.
1 Foundations should be deep enough or be constructed in such a way as to avoid damage by the swelling,
shrinkage or freezing of the subsoil.
2 The foundation should be capable of resisting attack by chemicals such as soluble salts or other
deleterious materials present in the subsoil.
Choice of Foundation
The designer is required to choose the most appropriate type ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Traditional strip foundation without trench timbering.
Strip foundation in firm ground, typical of most housing sites.
Strip foundation in firm ground, typical of most housing sites.
Strip foundation ready to receive brickwork. This foundation is for a two bedroom starter home.
Strip foundation ready to receive brickwork. This foundation is for a two bedroom starter home.
There are various methods of modifying the concept of strip foundations to allow its use in other situations,
for instance where some soil has a poor bearing capacity. This may be the case in wet ground, soft clay or
filled ground, where the width of the strip foundation can be extended to spread the load over a larger area
of soil. This will require the provision of reinforcement to the foundation in order to withstand tension and
spread the load over a wider area.
When a strip foundation is to be used on a sloping site the most economic solution is to use a stepped
foundation which will reduce the amount of excavation, construction under ground, backfill and trench
support. The provision of stepped foundations following the line of the ground requires each step to be
between 150 and 225millimetres in order to accommodate brick or block courses. The lap of concrete at the
step should be not less than the depth of the foundation concrete and never less than 300millimetres
whichever is the greater.
Deep Strip or Trench Fill Foundation

A further modification

Task 1 And 3 Combined
Assignment 1 –
Construction in Civil Engineering
Alex Dale
Task 1 + 3 – Describe and compare fundamental techniques, processes, plant and materials used in
groundworks, foundations and substructures.
Millau Viaduct
Millau Viaduct is the tallest bridge in the world, located in Southern France. The bridge reaches the height
of 343 meters and weighs in a 36,000 tonnes. The bridge was designed by the French structural engineer
Michel Virlogeux and British architect Norman Foster. The bridge opened in 2004 on 16th December after
costing around €400 million.
The Construction of the Millau came in three parts: the concrete, the steel and then the final construction.
The Viaduct used many different specialties in the field of civil ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This will help the bridge to sustain its good condition, and not fail, prolonging its life.
Plants
In order to construct the bridge, machinery like cranes etc. would have been used to produce the
foundations, piers and the bridge in general. To construct the seven foundations, plants would have been
used to produce different parts of the project e.g. foundations, piers, deck etc. For the foundation, an
excavator and a dumper truck would have

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Industrialised Building...
Introduction
Through globalization, technology has increased rapidly in not only in Malaysia but also other country. In
Malaysia, Industrialised Building System (IBS) is one of the technologies that has implemented by
government. It has started since 1960's. But however it becomes more popular in 1998 when government
recommends a Strategic Plan as the blueprint for whole construction sector.
IBS system has been promoting by CIDB. To increase the use of IBS, CIDB has taken the step of
formulating IBS Roadmap. The main reason for implementing IBS system in Malaysia is to increase the
productivity, waste of construction material, time and reduce the use foreign labors.
However, implementation of IBS has not found popular from local construction industry. There is very low
profile of construction sector using IBS as their main building construction.
Hence, in this assignment has discussed the definition of IBS, types, characteristics, advantages and
disadvantages of IBS. IBS is being proposed to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This technique of construction is a friendly and controlled environment, transported, positioned and
assembled into a formation with least additional site work needed. Besides, industrialized building system
(IBS) can be defined where all slab, wall, beam, column, and staircase are mass produced either in factory
or at site factory with strict quality control according to Warswaski (1999). It can be defined by
industrialized process which every building components are planning, prefabricated, conceived, transported
and erected on site. (Thanoon & W. A. M., Peng, L, 2003). Hence, in simple form of definition of IBS is a
construction system that built using prefabricated components based on Rahman and Omar (2006). This
IBS system can be made using machine, formworks and other machinery

Construction Design And Management Regulations
General requirements CDM REGULATIONS The Construction Design and Management Regulations 2007
are the responsibility of the client. The Regulations must be followed when any work exceeds more than
500 man hours or takes longer than 30 days to complete. There must be a Planning Supervisor for all
projects that fall under the CDM Regulation criteria. PARTY WALL ACT The Party Wall Act 1996 is the
responsibility of the client. The process set out in the Party Wall Act must be followed for any work to be
carried. This process will need to be complied with for any properties that fall within criteria set out. A
Party Wall Agreement with the affected neighbouring properties will need to be completed before any work
commences. THERMAL BRIDGING Where possible thermal bridging should be prevented between the
insulation layers, e.g. around structural openings. Measures need to be in place to reduce any unplanned air
leakage through the new structure. GENERAL SPECIFICATION All plan dimensions are in millimetres.
Do not scale any dimensions from this drawing. The appointed contractor is required to check all sizes and
dimensions before commencing work on site. No responsibility will be taken for any mistakes in this
drawing until all the dimension have been checked prior to commencement on site. If any issues are
identified within the drawing they must be highlighted before work commences. Any elements of the
existing structure that have new and altered loads are to be exposed

Design Of Precast Structural Elements
CHAPTER 6
DESIGN OF PRECAST STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
6.1 Preamble
The precast structural components are manufactured off or on the sites, transported to the site and with
suitable handling and erection procedures, they are assembled so as to form a structural system. The design
should cater to the conditions encountered during the various stages of construction. The Different types of
precast elements manufactured are listed below. Floor and Roof units: Hollow core slabs, Double T, Single
T, and Precast Planks. Precast Beam & Girders: can be rectangular, L, inverted T, I and U shapes. They are
usually prestressed with projecting stirrups. Precast Decked Slab Beams: Reduce number of beams,
eliminate cast–in–place concrete, rapid installation, Shallow superstructure. Precast concrete columns: may
be single or multiple storey height Precast wall panels: Non–load–bearing panel (cladding), Load–bearing
panel: Solid, Hollow core, Ribbed, Sandwich
In this study design of a few precast elements such as Hollow core floor units, RC load bearing solid wall,
columns with corbels are considered. The designs are automated using semi–automation tools available in
EXCEL. These are presented in the following sections.
6.2 Design of Hollow Core Units
This is a precast and prestressed concrete elements with continuous voids to reduce the self–weight. They
are immensely used as roof o floor deck systems. They are used as spandrel members, bridge deck and wall
panels units. Slabs are

Concrete Paper
CONCRETE ASSIGNMNET 1
Concrete Project Report
Introduction
We were requested to write a report for a client that are looking to build a new parking garage in the
Bloemfontein area. The client also requsted from us to not just advise him/her on what type of concrete to
be used, but also to give him/her a broad understanding of the different types of concrete. Some of the
aspects that will be discussed in this report are as follows:
1. Special concrete and its application
2. Admixtures
3. Types of extenders
This report will also contain our detailed recommendation in the form of foundation, floor slabs, columns
and beams. It is important to look at the soil conditions and weather conditions for example temperature
and other factors that could have an negative effect on the concrete. Before doing the design and classifying
the concrete to be used a site investigation should be done and testes required should be carried out. The
design has a massive impact on the concrete that would be used. For the purpose of this report I would
assume a site with good soil and no clayed partials were found.
Before we start we should get a better understanding of what concrete is its positives and negatives its
strengths and its weaknesses.
Strength of concrete is dependent on a number of factors; one of the most important factors is the cement
water ratio. The lower the ratio is, the higher the final strength of the concrete would be. Typical values for
this ratio

A Brief Note On Nanoparticles And Its Effect On The...
2.3.4.3 Nanomaterials
Nanoparticles (NPs) have recently received special attention because of their better performance when
compared with traditional mineral additions. The addition of NPs can improve the properties of concrete
due to the effect that the increased surface area has on reactivity and through ﬁlling the NPs of the cement
paste. Some of these nano particles include Silicon dioxide, Copper oxide, Zinc peroxide, Titanium dioxide.
The addition of silicon dioxide or titanium dioxide NPs improves the consistency of SCC mixes. Less
bleeding and segregation are also observed in the SCC mixes containing these NPs. Also the addition of
silicon dioxide or titanium dioxide NPs lead to a higher T50 time, which can be expected to improve the
segregation resistance. Jalal et al. (2012, 2013). The incorporation of silicon dioxide NPs increases the V–
funnel times of SCC mixes. Madandoust et al. (2011).
2.3.5 Production of SCC
The production of self–consolidating concrete consists of limiting the coarse aggregate content to about 50
% or less of the solid volume, limiting its maximum size to 20mm and using lower water to powder ratios
together with appropriate superplasticizers. (Okamura and Ouchi, 2003).
2.3.5.1 Mix Design Methods for SCC
Self–consolidating concrete mixes can be designed and used in concrete elements with both normal and
dense reinforcement. The coarse aggregate size for reinforced concrete generally varies from 10 mm to 20
mm. For a mix to qualify as

Proposed Four Storey Car Park Building Project During The...
The purpose of the construction plan is to identify and address all issues relating to the proposed four–
storey car park building project during the construction stage.
1.2 Procedure
The construction work will be discussed in terms of methodology (including resourcing?), quality control,
site safety and environmental protection. Each part will be discussed by dividing it into different
construction phases to deal with problems associated with this phase separately. Finally, the most cost–
efficient practice for each part is recommended in section RECOMMENDATION with Method statement,
Inspection and Testing Plan, Task analysis, and Environmental Plan in APPENDIX.
1.3 Background
With the rise of population level in Auckland and increasing new student enrolment at Unitec over years, it
is becoming essential to find a viable alternative to the current open car parks on campus to improve
parking capacity near Entry 3 and Entry 4.
The aim of this project is to construct a four–storey reinforced concrete car park building on time, on
budget, to required standards, with minimal adverse effects on the surrounding environment and without
compromising the health and safety of the workers and the general public.
2 ESTABLISHMENT
The purpose is to ensure establishing the site rapidly and efficiently, to provide plant, materials and the
onsite works maximum security, to facilitate the contractors' staff and the Client when they are working or
visiting site, and to prioritize the

Concrete Construction Research Paper
One of the first thing a person notices in a new neighborhood is the quality of the concrete. Clean, level,
and well–maintained driveways and walkways look reputable, while broken concrete puts people off. So if
you're thinking of reclaiming your curb appeal through serious property modifications, new concrete will
go a long way. C M C Concrete Construction has been serving North Ridgeville, OH with concrete services
for over 20 years, and can add beauty to your home or office by building or repairing your concrete,
including the following structures:
Driveways & Walkways: If your old driveway is starting to deteriorate, C M C Concrete Construction can
either repair it or replace it with something new. Popular concrete driveways include slab

Use Of Load Bearing Test For An Energy Efficient Model Essay
(a)The existing walk–in cooler inside FCI food service is more than 70 years old. The R– Value insulation
on the walls are very poor, parts are not available due to the age for repairs. Needs to be replaced with an
energy efficient model.
(b) Due to the age, steam and condensate lines inside the buried utility tunnel are leaking, flooding the
channel, cracking up the concrete sidewalks and toilets inside the CMS building. This buried tunnel feeds
steam from the Unicor building to the CMS. It is affecting the CMS heat. These lines need to be replaced
(c) Due to the age, the condensate return pump for the Roll call room is not working, creating steam and
condensate leak in the room. No parts are available to repair the pump. The pump needs to be replaced.
(d) The concrete ceiling slabs inside the tunnel, underneath the AW Complex/ Work Gate area (20 'Lx10
'W) is found weak. Load bearing test has been conducted by a structural engineer, recommended to chip the
broken concrete and apply new concrete. He also suggests shoring up this area with iron beams/plates and
supports
(e) The condensate pumping system underneath the Unicor factory is more than 25 years old, not working.
Parts are not available for repairs. This complete unit should be replaced (including the tank, pumps and
accessories) to save energy.
This project will replace the cooler in the Food Service, will replace the steam lines, Condensate pumps
with tank and reinforce the tunnel. Five buildings will involve in

An Project For The Construction Of Engineering
1.1) Introduction
I did my Bachelor of Engineering in Civil from Lalbhai Dalpatbhai College of Engineering (LDCE) which
is affiliated to Gujarat Technological University in Ahmedabad, India. In my last semester, I had taken up a
subject called Repairs and Rehabilitation of Structure which was mainly about investigating the causes for
damage to structures and working out the most efficient method to repair them. This subject required me to
undertake a project to analyse cracking in real life structure.
1.2) Background
The aim of the project for the subject Repairs and Rehabilitation of Structures was to assess damage to a
building stricture and, find out the underlying cause and suggest ways to prevent similar damage. Every
student was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3) With logical argument, arrive at a conclusion for the most likely type of crack for the eater tank.
4) Present calculation to back up my argument if required
5) Suggest prevention methods for this type of crack.
1.3) Personal Engineering Activity
At the site and from the photographs I assessed the cracks. The cracks originated from the base till halfway
to the height of the wall and were in vertical direction. The cracks were wider near the base and narrowed
as it went upwards. Most of the cracks were through formwork tie holes. The construction schedule and
daily progress reports revealed the following data:
22nd October
Tank Base poured
27th November
North wall and half of East and West wall poured. (Temperature min 17.4 C, max 30.6 C)
1st December
Formwork stripped (first sign of cracking through formwork tie bars)
12th December
South wall and half of East and West wall poured.(Temperature min 14.1 C, max 22.5 C)
15th December
Formwork stripped (similar cracks to first pour noticed)
17th January
Water testing commenced and leakages detected.
After visually assessing the cracks and going through the construction data thoroughly I prepared the below
analysis of the reasons which may have caused the cracks in the water tank given in question.
Type of crack Occurrence time Pattern of crack Position of crack Effect of restraint Effect of temperature
Given data
Cracks given

Concrete and Following Statements
1. Which of the following statements regarding fire–retardant treatment of wood is MOST accurate?
A. the fire retardant is intended to occur at temperatures lower than those developed in fires.
B. the fire retardant is intended to occur at temperatures higher than those developed in fires
C. all chemicals used as fire retardants can be used for exterior applications
D. fire retardant treatment of wood increases its strength
2. Most fire–retardant chemicals operate by:
A. accelerating the absorption of moisture toe extinguish flame spread
B. combining chemicals with air to eliminate the air supply
C. accelerating the formation of charring in the wood
D. increasing the formation of volatile gases
3. Wood structures are usually ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A. if concrete is unsatisfactory, it will not settle during the slump test
B. the sag test checks the amount of aggregate in the cement
C. the compression test is very costly if the results are unsatisfactory
D. the density test is preferred over the slump test because of its convenience
16. Which of the following is an extremely light cast–in–place framing system?
A. flat–slab
B. waffle
C. slab and beam
D. flat plate
17. Which of the following statements regarding quality control of precast concrete is MOST accurate?
A. precasting forms are located in areas exposed to weather
B. mixing and pouring of precast concrete can be more mechanized than cast–in–place concrete
C. mixing and pouring precast concrete is less efficient than mixing and pouring cast–in–place concrete
D. quality control tests done onsite provide a higher degree of quality control than precast concrete
18. Which of the following statements regarding the heat–sink effect is MOST accurate?
A. the heat–sink effect can make conditions uncomfortable, but cannot reignite combustibles
B. the heat–sink effect can cause deadly reignition of combustibles during overhaul
C. the heat–sink effect causes concrete to release retained heat quickly
D. the heat–sink effect does not apply to newer concrete
19. Which of the following statements regarding SPALLING is MOST accurate?
A. concrete has significant resistance to tension
B. spalling

Concrete Pillars Of Concrete Granite
Concrete slab is above Earth foundation type with a single layer of concrete with thickness of typically
about 4 inches to 6 inches and sometimes reinforce with steel rods. Steel rods or rebar have a function to
make the slab extremely strong and capable of bearing the load. The edges of the foundation are usually
thicker as to allow for more strength around the load in this case, the live load and static load of rainwater
tank. This type of foundation also may be used with the base soil of low bearing capacity or weak subsoils
that might be presents on site. In fact, sandy soil which known with its low bearing capacity cover a large
proportion of the landscape of Cambodia is appropriate for reinforced concrete slab to be used as the base
for the rainwater tank. In term of amount of material, more material will be used as the area covered must
be larger than the rainwater tank with minimum of 100mm from the edge of rainwater tank compared to
concrete ring wall foundation. However, the concrete slab foundation can be considered cheap and
economically viable for small tanks in which less than 6 m due to its ease construction processes. The
processes have several steps including pouring the slab into the formwork and spreading with a shovel so
all spaces of the formwork are completely filled. Next, the slab surface is flatten and curing before
formwork can be carefully removed after 24 hours (CementAustralia, 2014).
One of the advantages of concrete slab foundation is time

Designing A More Productive Manner During Construction...
In order to perform any task in a more productive manner during construction, equipment must be used.
Depending on the scope of work and the size of the job more than one piece of machinery may be used; the
model, size, and people operating the equipment will differ too. The equipment, personnel, area, and project
factors may be different for every job but they all share a common factor, risk. This factor aids contractors
to determine the type of equipment to choose and the supplier to provide the equipment for the project as
well.
Choosing the right equipment for the project is a major risk the contractor must be able to handle. They
must analysis and completely understand the project; such as understanding the type of soil to be ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each specific area in construction uses various types of equipment, every piece of equipment has a different
purpose. The contractor must determine for each project and the scope of work assign what equipment to
use, and whether to buy or rent the equipment. For example, if a contractor specializes in concrete work
and it is a job that they perform regularly, it would benefit them owning the necessary equipment; such as
mixer and pump. This allows them to have the availability of the equipment when it is required. However
they are responsible for all the maintenance on the equipment and inspecting it frequently, in order to keep
it operating properly (pg90). If these services are not performed regularly the contractor risk the equipment
being damaged or not performing to the norm.They also must be aware of the operating cost and
depreciation value of the vehicle; in order to receive funds from some of the equipments retained market
value (pg 92) . Now in a job that requires a special type of equipment, one not familiar with the contractor,
renting may be the best option. In renting the risk factor is also there, the supplier may not have the
equipment available for the time being requested or may be too far of a distance from the job site.
Thus location of the project site also has some effects to the project, it can determine the delivery and
mobilization risk factors. Not only can location affect the time of the availability of the equipment, but as
well the

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Rc
CONTENTS
Basics of Construction Practises
The Planning Group
Surveying
Construction Services
Ready Mix Concreting (RMC)
Advantages of RMC over site mix concreting and Disadvantages of RMC
Advancements in latest concrete technology
GRIHA site directives
General green building norms and practises
Rating system of GRIHA
Advancements in Latest Concrete Technology
Decorative Concrete
White cement is the key ingredient in decorative concrete. New coloring agents and admixtures help create
beautiful structures and landscapes.
Adding optical fibers to a concrete mix generates translucent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The topsoil, which is rich in organic content and essential for new vegetation, should be stripped to a depth
of 20 cm from the areas proposed for buildings, roads, paved areas, and external services. It should be
stockpiled to a height of 40 cm in designated areas and reapplied during plantation of the proposed
vegetation. The topsoil should be separated from the subsoil debris and stones larger than 50 mm in
diameter. The stored topsoil may be used as finished grade for planting areas.
Sedimentation Basin
Sedimentation basin, a temporary basin at the lowest convenient point of the site should be constructed for
collecting, trapping, and storing sediment produced by the construction activities. A flow–detention facility
must also be constructed for reducing peak run–off rates. This would allow most of the sediments to settle
before the run–off are directed towards the outfall. Sample Photograph Of Sedimentary Basin On

Construction Structure Essay
Having classified the site and selected the footing and wall types based on the topography and house
design, the footing system requirements can be obtained from the figures referred to in AS 2870 Clause 3.1
and 3.2. This includes the slab and beam dimensions, beam spacing and reinforcement requirements.
According to Cement Concrete & Aggregates Australia (2003) "A stiffened raft consists of a concrete slab
on ground stiffened by integral edge beams and a grid of internal beams. The floor slab is placed at the
same time as the external and internal beams all of which are reinforced. Internal beams are not required on
stable sites while for more–reactive sites the beam sizes and quantity of reinforcement are increased to suit
foundation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lay the drainage pipes remembering that any penetration of the slab or beams needs to pass through the
middle third and be sleeved using close–cell polyethylene lagging to protect them from any movements of
the expansive soil, install white ant collar around any pipe penetrating the slab or beams. 6. Lay the
polythene vapour barrier 200um thick to underlay the slab and the beams and to extend out to ground level,
allowing 200mm underlapping at all joints. All penetrations should be taped and sealed. 7. Place the 3–
L11TM mesh at the bottom of the beams ensuring they maintain the same level along beams this is
achieved by the use of bar chair with a height of 50mm and spaced at no more than 800mm. The mesh
(SL82) at the top of the slab should be place with a concrete cover of 20mm.Trench mesh should be lapped
500 mm in accordance with AS2870 Clause 5.3.2. 8. Place bottom plate anchor bolts in position prior
pouring the concrete slab. All drain pipes should be cover to avoid the entry of any concrete material and
possible blockage. Prepare to pour the concrete. 9. Pour and spread the concrete making sure is level across
the slab and that is covering all cavities, paying special attention to the edges of the slab. Compact the
concrete in beams, footings and slab with a vibrator to remove air voids. 10. Screed the concrete ensuring a
smooth surface free of any ripples or honey combing. Once the concrete has reach strength, it is floated and
trowelled with

Residential Landscaping Considerations
There are a surprising number of options to consider before making a decision about the hardscaping of
your patio, pathway, or pool area. Safety, cost, and upkeep are key factors in assessing your best material,
and the residential landscaping experts at Lawns By Design say that in many ways, paver stones offer
distinct advantages over concrete options.
Safety:
Concrete blocks can be very slippery when wet, but pavers are designed to be non–skidding surfaces, which
makes them an excellent choice around pools, on patios, and in walkways... or really anywhere a human
may be walking.
Cost:
At up to 15 percent less than paver stones, poured concrete slabs may look good on a calculator. However,
as soon as you start looking at stamped concrete,

Sample Resume : Concrete Materials Essay
Contents
Introduction
Aim
Background
Equipment
Results...................................................................................................................................................................
Discussion for fresh concrete............................................................................................................................
Testing for harden concrete..............................................................................................................................
Discussion for harden concrete.....................................................................................................................
Graph for harden concrete strength................................................................................................................
Graph of 28 hard concrete VS acual w/c ratio................................................................................................
Disscusion for harden concrete.........................................................................................................................
Conclusion............................................................................................................................................................
Introduction
Mixture of water, cement and aggregates forms concrete which can be further moulded in the different
shapes according to the requirements.
Aim
To observe the strength of the concrete when kept under different conditions and work on to make the
concrete better as according to standard of New Zealand.
Background
Concrete samples are considered over different time period for example the fresh concrete,7 days as well as
28 days and tested after keeping those specimens under different weather conditions. In lab, samples were
kept under different conditions as follows:–
Outside room
In oven and heated
In freezer at very low temperature
Inside room in plastic bag
Equipment

2.2 Explain How To Manage A Site Drainage
2.1 How to manage the site drainage and its importance.
Site drainage management is aim to safeguard the house inhabitants and protect the house from several
damage cause by surface water and both internal and external inappropriate moisture (Master builders,
2009).
Site drainage management is a very important part of the design of footing system. It is because the site
drainage could influence the success of the footing system, the maintenance of the site drainage influencing
the economic life of the building and the site drainage plan is required to be documented (AS2870, 2011).
In the AS2870, there is a detailed drainage requirement helping owner–builders to know how to manage
drainage and the several factors influencing the site drainage. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are several soil results might happen after the tree removal in this case, from limited influence to
significant damage. As this case just mentioned the site soil classification of this reclaimed land is H1 but
not mention the soil type. If it's sandy area, removal trees might cause less damage to the soil because sand
does not swell or shrink with changes in moisture (Victorian building authority, 2015). However, if these
trees are used to take more moisture from the underground water system in clay soil land, the tree removal
land will become more wet or dry due to the different surrounding agricultural situation. For example, if
there are heavy rainy after the tree removal and there are no other trees or shrubs around the site, too much
accumulated water will stay on the hole and change the clay soils to be more reactive. On the other hand, if
there are other big trees and shrubs around the site, the extra moisture will be absorbed by these trees and
the site soil is going to be dry. Thus, the classification of the soil will be changed and it lead to change the
footing construction system as well. All in all, tree conditions should be considered before the removal and
a more careful site filling and cleaning jobs should be

Outline Of Experimental Work / Investigations
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 General In this chapter salient details of experimental
work/investigations done by various research scholars on synthetic fibre reinforced concrete and on recycle
aggregate concrete was furnished. 2.1 Studies related to concrete with synthetic fibre reinforcement:
Michael L.Albert et.al (2001) experimental program showed that externally applied fibre reinforced
polymers is effective in increasing the load–carrying capacity of un–reinforced masonry walls that are
subjected to out–of–plane flexural loads. In his experiments ten walls with a height of 4m were used to
conduct 13 tests in two series. Both undamaged and slightly damaged wall were tested. The following
experimental parameters were Investigated (1) type of fibre reinforcement; (2) amount of fibre
reinforcement ;( 3) layout of fibre reinforcement ;( 4) effects of moderate compressive axial load: and (5)
cyclic behavior. And he concludes that the overall results show that the strength and ductility of the
specimens is increased significantly when strengthened with fibre–reinforced polymers. The fibre
reinforcement is easy to handle and apply. The use of fibre reinforced polymers for strengthening un–
reinforced masonry walls appears to be a promising alternative to conventional rehabilitation methods. The
over all behaviour of the specimens was similar. And the type and amount of fibre reinforced used affects
the overall stiffness of specimen. Khan A .et al. (1993) has made an

Yield Line Theory Is A Productive Method For Deciding The...
Yield line theory is a productive method for deciding the breakdown heap of strengthened concrete slabs.
The yield–line hypothesis is an adaptable outline strategy, particularly when orthotropic and
inhomogeneous properties, gaps and unique bolster conditions, must be considered. In the 1960s yield line
hypothesis was the subject of extensive enthusiasm for the UK, as prove by a whirlwind of papers and
monographs, including an uncommon distribution issued by Magazine of Concrete Research. In the event
that the tomahawks of turn for two slab parts are not at the same profundity measured from the section
surface, the relative relocation intermittence is no more opposite to the yield line. One disputable and
minimal comprehended part of Johansen 's yield line hypothesis is the idea of nodal forces. It uses Yield
Line Theory to investigate failure mechanisms at the ultimate limit state. Thus, work done in yield lines
rotating means work done in loads moving. Yield Line Design leads to slabs that are quick and easy to
design, and are quick and easy to construct.
Key words: Yield line, design, slab, concrete structures.
Introduction:
Yield line theory is a productive method for deciding the breakdown heap of strengthened concrete slabs,
and it pre–dates limit examination. The term 'yield line ' (in Danish: 'brudlinie ', truly signifying 'line of
crack ') was authored in 1921 by Ingerslev to depict lines in the slabs along which the twisting minute is
steady [1]. In 1931 K W

Advantages And Disadvantages Of HDPE Plastic
and HDPE. HDPE plastic is manufactured from petroleum and is considerably to be a lot stronger than
LDPE plastic. HDPE plastic can also be welded and these plastics are often found in larger plastic items,
because of its great strength and durability. One of the first items that HDPE was used to make was the hula
hoop. HDPE plastic can be found in tables and chairs, storage sheds, snowboard rails and boxes. Thicker
pieces of HDPE plastic are used for plumbing, automotive fittings and storage containers. HDPE plastic
can also be recycled but, like LDPE plastic it will also lose some of its quality the second time it is used.
Polyethylene plastic was accidently discovered through experiments many years ago and it can now be
found in about everything we use in the modern life today. It is the most popular plastic in the world today.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The plastic is also resistant to non–volatile oxidants and reduction agents. Polyethylene plastic fibres will
burn with a blueish flame and a yellowish flame tip that gives off an odour that smells like paraffin.
Polyethylene usually can be melted at high temperatures and in aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene or
xylene or in chlorinated form like trichloroethane1or1trichlorobenzene. Low Density Polyethylene plastic
is resistant to the following chemicals: Diluted Acid Diluted Alkalis Oils and Greases Aliphatic

Concrete Patio Vs Wood Deck Research Paper
Why A Concrete Patio May Be Better Than A Wood Deck
Before you install a deck in your backyard, be sure to compare the advantages of going with a concrete
patio instead. Concrete is affordable, versatile, and best of all, it needs very little maintenance. Here's why a
concrete patio may be a better choice for you than a wood deck.
Concrete Is Durable
A concrete patio should last as long as your house. A wood deck will gradually decompose over time. Plus,
wood is subject to rotting, insect damage, and splintering. It's nearly impossible to damage concrete. You
can drag furniture across it, and even set a fire pit right on it. It's the ideal surface if you want an outdoor
kitchen or fireplace on your patio since you won't have to worry about

Tilt-Up Panel Construction
Tilt–Up Panel Construction
Building Technology 245 – Assignment 1
Nicholas Perry
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction 2.0 Background 3.1 Current Use 3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 3.0 Construction 4.3
Casting Process 4.4 Installation/Tilt–Up Process 4.5 Connections 4.6.1 Panel–To–Panel 4.6.2 Panel–To–
Slab 4.6.3 Panel–To–Suspended Slab 4.0 Design Considerations 5.6 Materials (Concrete) 5.7
Reinforcement 5.8 Specialised Hardware 5.9 Rigging 5.10 Finishes 5.11 Design Documentation 5.0 Rules
and Regulations 6.12 Australian Standards 6.13 Occupational Health and Safety 6.0 Conclusion 7.0 ...
In most cases, they are created on location, but the decision is influenced by the size and nature of the
project, taking into account the restrictions of the site.
3.1 Casting Process Prior to the panels being cast to size, a concrete slab is poured to use as a base for the
tilt–up panels to be cast onto.
An engineer is then required to set out boundaries and help in the set up of formwork, which is then erected
in the shape of the panels. This includes making space for openings such as doors and windows within the
design. Formwork is positioned for all panels, in a jigsaw–like formation on the slab, as to allow for steady
project flow. Formwork is to be created to such a height as to allow for multiple castings to be made on top
of each other.
The slab is then coated within formwork with a bond breaker as to allow for the most comfort when
'tilting–up' the panels.
As in regular concrete construction, reinforcing is positioned where necessary.
Once everything is positioned as required, concrete is then ready to be poured. When the concrete has been
poured, manual labour is required to trowel for a smooth finish, either by hand or machine trowel. This can
leave a smooth finish, or textured, but must be compliant with designs for consistency.
With the removal of formwork, and last minute detailing to the panels, they are ready to be lifted into place.
3.2 Installation/Tilt–Up Process
Due to

Types Of Formwork : Objectages And Disadvantages Of Formwork?
Traditional timber formwork: The formwork is built on site out of timber and plywood or moisture–
resistant particleboard. It is easy to produce but time–consuming for larger structures, and the plywood
facing has a relatively short lifespan. It is still used extensively where the labour costs are lower than the
costs for procuring reusable formwork. It is also the most flexible type of formwork, so even where other
systems are in use, complicated sections may use it.
Engineered Formwork System: This formwork is built out of prefabricated modules with a metal frame
(usually steel or aluminium) and covered on the application (concrete) side with material having the wanted
surface structure (steel, aluminium, timber, etc.). The two major advantages of formwork systems,
compared to traditional timber formwork, are speed of construction (modular systems pin, clip, or screw
together quickly) and lower life–cycle costs (barring major force, the frame is almost indestructible, while
the covering if made of wood; may have to be replaced after a few – or a few dozen – uses, but if the
covering is made with steel or aluminium the form can achieve up to two thousand uses depending on care
and the applications).
Re–usable plastic formwork: These interlocking and modular systems are used to build widely variable, but
relatively simple, concrete structures. The panels are lightweight and very robust. They are especially suited
for similar structure projects and low–cost, mass housing

The And Strength Of Reinforced Concrete Slabs With Lap...
Performance of R.C. slabs with lap splices using headed bars
Ahmed M. Tarabia1*, Zaki I. Mahmoud1, Mohie S. Shoukry1, Amhmed A. Abudina2
1Department of Structural Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
2 Former graduate student, 1Department of Structural Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria,
Egypt.
*amtarabia@gmail.com
__________________________________________________________
Abstract – This paper presents an experimental investigation on the behavior and strength of reinforced
concrete slabs with lap splice of tension reinforcement using headed bars. Nine simply supported concrete
one–way slabs were tested to study the effect of lap splices length, confinement at the splice zone,
debonding of bars in the splice zone, and applying repeated gradually increasing cyclic loading. It was
found that implementation of lap splice length as stated by ACI 318–14 for headed bars, but without adding
confinement in the splice zone, and using cut–off ratio equal to 100%, resulted in a brittle failure of the slab
and the ductility was reduced. When the tested slabs were provided with confinement in the splice zone, the
strength of slabs was improved and ductility of these slabs was remarkably increased. Additionally, the
integrity of the lap joint was preserved when subjected to repeated gradually increasing cyclic loading.
Keywords: Concrete slab, Headed bars, Lap splice, and Ductility. Introduction The use of bar splices in
reinforced concrete

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Building System
1.0 Introduction
Human beings have long been using the activity of building construction. Take the Arabian region for
example, the pyramids in Egypt are one of the most shocking and astonishing wonders in the world.
Pyramids were built using a well–organized building system which nobody still seems to know, yet
everyone recognizes and admits that it is so well built that it lasted for over 2000 years. Humans for ages
have been building shelters and buildings using different types of building systems. For centuries, the
traditional building system has been used for almost all types of buildings. The mechanized building system
was later introduced and adopted in many developing countries. Nowadays, countries are tending to lean
into a far more developed system due to the many advantages it offers; that building system is the
industrialized building system. But what exactly differentiates the industrialized building system from the
other two systems and what advantages does it offer? This paper will briefly introduce the traditional and
mechanized building systems to compare them later with the industrialized building construction system
and show the reasoning behind countries adapting this system.
1.1 General terms in building systems
To introduce the mentioned systems, a brief definition of a building system is needed. Merritt and Ricketts
(2000) defined a building as "an assemblage that is firmly attached to the ground and that provides total or
nearly total shelter for machines, processing equipment, performance of human activities, storage of human
possessions, or any combination of these." Merritt and Ricketts (2000) expressed building design as the
process of providing the information required for the construction of a building that meets the owner's ...
2.1 Traditional building

Assignment 1
HLM
HLM CONSULTANTS LTD
HLM File No.: ARBE3100_A1_2014
April 2014
Basement Construction
Prepared for:
DreamHome Furniture Group
ARBE3100 – Construction Technology 3
The University of Newcastle
Callaghan NSW
2308
Prepared by:
HLM Consultants Ltd
HLM
Assignment 1
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................ 3
1.0 | INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................... 4
2.0 | SITE INVESTIGATION / CONSTRAINTS........................................................................ ... Show
The report compares and contrasts the advantages and disadvantages of a variety of methods and
technologies for constructing basements.
A basement, for the basis of this report, is part of a building partly or wholly extends below ground level. It
is essential basements are well planned, designed and constructed to ensure that for the life of the building
it functions effectively and efficiently. A common concern of basement construction is the effects of
groundwater. These issues are considered and the areas where these issues could potentially occur are
identified. Additional cumulative effects of basements have also been considered.
Finally the report sets out recommendations on the appropriate approach to the design and construction of

the basement and details the steps which should be taken in the construction of the chosen design and
construction.
April 2014
Page | 3
HLM
Assignment 1
1.0 | INTRODUCTION
In general, basements provide an effective internal space within a building without compromising the site
area. Basements commonly are used as utility space for building including but not limited to car parking,
plant equipment, amenities and storage.
The project brief provides that the commercial building is intended to be a precedent development which
reflects "a successful professional company". The project involves the construction of a new

Post Tension Concrete Essay
Post tension concrete is an advanced technique in the construction industry. It promotes higher loading
concentrations, longer spans, thinner slabs, lighter structures and rapid constructions. The seventh sense
apartment project in Colombo 7 is one of the first ongoing post tension constructions in Sri Lanka at the
moment. I wish to observe this technique and intend to identify the setbacks in the system to check the
suitability of such a technology in this environment. Currently they are constructing a transfer plate slab
which is said to be the first if its nature due to the complexity of the structural design.
Research Context
Concrete is the oldest and most common material used in the construction industry. It consists of ... Show
It also enables us to construct on impossible soil types. to have a better control of deflection, water –
tightness. it also enhances seismic resistivity due to its lower mass.
There are many differences that play a major role between reinforced concrete and post tensioned concrete.
The reinforced concrete is a very time consuming system. Each and every steel bar has to be individually
placed and tied together. Whereas in the post tension system is not as time consuming. Due to the tendons
taking most of the load, the steel quantity is cut down by more than half (usually).
Proposed Methodology
The seventh sense project is currently under construction, so it is the chance for me to observe the
construction of such a technology. Since the construction is taking place step by step, it will be easier for
me to observe and identify the difficulties of the technology in Sri Lanka.
The post tension procedure is divided into main categories:
Placing of bottom reinforcement
Laying of Post Tension Tendons
Placing of top reinforcement
Concreting of slab
Stressing of tendons
Grouting of ducts (1)
Nowadays engineers are more worried about the safety aspects of a construction. This site has more safety
measures than any other site in Sri Lanka due to the nature of its construction.
During the concreting and curing the strands will be protruding at the end, so they should be

The Cold Side Of Concrete

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