Overcoming The Cold War Required Courage From The People

Overcoming The Cold War Required Courage From The People
Overcoming the Cold War required courage from the people of Central and Eastern Europe and
what was then the German Democratic Republic, but it also required the steadfastness of Western
partner over many decades when many had long lost hope of integration of the two Germanys and
Europe. (Angela Merkel– Read more at: https://
www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/a/angelamerk416808.html?src=t_cold_war.) But the Cold war
was between the Soviet Union and the United States and how once they was united and working
together, then split into two different worlds and also why the Cold War broke out. The Cold War, a
struggle between Communism and Democracy resulting families being split apart, injuries and
sickness, and even death. " ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It's sad how when these people do whatever it takes to stay with the ones they love. Also that they
would eve risk their lives for one another. It is estimated 22 million former, current military,
Department of Defense Civilian, Intelligence, Foreign Service, and United States employees
faithfully performed their Cold War duties and that aircraft that were shot down during the Cold
War. These are estimates of Cold War Casualties: 400,000 were exposed to toxins, and 59% died due
to exposure. A Department of Defense investigation reports 3,500+ United States Army personnel
died of gunshot wounds, fragmentation & rocket propelled grenades, car & truck bomb blasts
(1965–75; and numerous friendly fire incidents. Of 15 incidents involving U.S. Aircraft: 364
american pilots shot down, 187 recovered alive, 36 recovered dead, 123 pilots missing, 269 civilians
missing, and the U.S. Government has not revealed their fates to their next of kin. And people who
fought during the Cold War Era may have been exposed to a range of environmental and chemical
hazards that carried potential health risks. Cold War Era (1945–1991). "But due to the particularities
of polio, unique spaces of cooperation opened between antagonistic sides while Cold War concepts
simultaneously influenced policies and practices of diseases prevention and treatment." (The history
of vaccines
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Joyce Carol Oates's Novel Them: A Literary Analysis
The Harsh Reality of Joyce Carol Oates's Novel them
The World War II generation returned from battle filled with confidence and hope. Little did they
know they would experience violent times as hostilities emerged between social classes and racial
segregation. Current events greatly influence the framework of Joyce Carol Oates style of writing as
Oates brings the harsh reality of life to each of her multiple works of literature. This is clearly
evident in her groundbreaking story, them, which details how life events shape the characters in the
novel. The depth of violence experienced by the characters is impacted by social circumstances in
the United States. By exploring social classes through the thoughts of a working family in America,
Joyce ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In them, readers experience how ordinary people live the violence as part of a lower class family.
Joyce Carol Oates inserts key events from history to show how the pain felt by the Wendall family
mirrors that being felt by people in the United States. While reading this novel called them, one can
obviously see the inspiration behind the works. This novel represents the jarring reality of living in
Detroit, the social classes, and the different point of views. The three different point of views is
significant because sometimes, looking through a different lense can clarify the cause of some
actions. Joyce Carol Oates creates a unique representation of the late 1940's through the 1960s. The
harsh realism of them makes it a difficult piece to read, but serves also as an illustration of

How Did Khrushchev Improve The Arms Race
During the 1950s the arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union saw both nations to
developing massive stockpiles of nuclear weapons. Technological advancements increased the
destructive technology and range of these weapons, and each new breakthrough was met with
anxiety from the other side, as each nation sought to attain and hold a strategic advantage over the
other. It was a costly and dangerous game. Still, during this time, Nikita Khrushchev and Dwight
Eisenhower had managed to take definite and deliberate, though tentative and politically risky, steps
towards relaxing tensions and slowing the arms race. These steps culminated in Khrushchev's visit
to the US in 1959, an invitation for Eisenhower to visit the Soviet Union, ... Show more content on
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They were not only a provocation from the US, but a demonstration that America could penetrate
Soviet airspace at will, with the Soviet military unable to shoot them down or stop them. He
instructed the military to make it a priority to defend against the flights. Eisenhower pressures The
flights made Eisenhower uneasy as well. Many of his advisors felt that the vital information the
reconnaissance provided was worth their risk. Eisenhower was afraid that the flights were a
provocation, which could threaten the thawing relations with the USSR. Eisenhower faced criticism
at home from prominent members of the Democratic Party, the media, and from the right wing of
the Republican Party for being an absentee president (McDermott 122). He was stung by criticism
of allowing a "missile–gap" when the U–2 missions showed that none existed. Despite his
misgivings, he gave approval for the missions, although he ordered "no operation is to be carried out
after May 1, 1960", because the Paris summit was scheduled to begin two weeks after that (CIA).
Spyplane Incident and public

On The Dawn Of October 16Th, 1962, Began A 13-Day Standoff
On the dawn of October 16th, 1962, began a 13–day standoff that would be formally known to the
western world as the Cuban Missile Crisis. Growing tensions between the United States and the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) resulted in the closest the world has ever been to all–
out nuclear war. This essay will talk about the initial weaponization of nuclear power, the events that
led up to the missile crisis, the thirteen days the missile crisis took place and the measures taken to
stop nuclear war. On August 6th, 1945, the world got their first look at the sheer power and
destruction atomic weapons were capable of. Los Alamos, New Mexico was the birthplace of the
atomic bomb with Robert Oppenheimer as its father. The secretive ... Show more content on
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"The United States countered Soviet expansion and propaganda with a policy of containment,
initially with the Truman Doctrine of aid to Greece and Turkey in 1947, the Marshall Plan (1948) for
Europe's economic reconstruction the airlift (1948–49) to the blockaded city of Berlin, and the
creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949" (Nogee, 2005) When things
began to escalate, they escalated quickly, convinced the Soviet Union was the new worlds threat the
United States deployed Jupiter Missiles to Italy in April 1960 within striking distance of Moscow.
On May 1st, 1960, Francis Gary Powers is shot down by a Soviet 'Surface To Air Missile' (SAM)
while flying high above Russia and captured by Soviet forces. Powers was working for the CIA
flying a U2 spy plane. This incident will later be known as the U2 incident. Furthermore, this ended
up resulting in the cancelation of a scheduled meeting between Eisenhower and Khrushchev that
could have prevented the Cuban Missile Crisis. Powers was traded for two years later.
After the U–2 incident the Bay Of Pigs Invasion begins on April 7th, 1961, when CIA backed rebels
attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro and his government in Cuba. The invasion failed miserably and
the United States is left looking like the enemy. The failed Pay Of Pigs Invasion resulted in a
communist backed Cuba and provided the framework to

The Presidential Debates Between John F. Kennedy and...
The Presidential Debates Between John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon In the Presidential Election
of 1960 John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Richard Milhouse Nixon were in a series of debates that were
different from past debates. The three biggest national television networks arranged for the debate to
be televised on all three stations. The Democratic candidate, Senator Kennedy from Massachusetts,
and Vice President Nixon both agreed on the televised debates. Each debate was given a subject
matter that the candidates agreed to correspond their answers with the subject. The first debate was
for the issues concerning domestic questions, the second was centered around the area of foreign
policy, and the third and fourth debates ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"I believe in effective governmental action. And I think that's the only way the United States is
going to maintain its freedom. It's the only way that we're going to move ahead. I think we can do a
better job. I think we're going to have to do a better job if we are going to meet the responsibilities
which time and events have placed on us. We cannot turn the job over to anyone else. If the United
States fails then the whole cause of freedom fails." (The First Kennedy Nixon Debate, p.2) After
Kennedy was finished Smith announced for Vice President Nixon to give his opening statement.
Nixon agreed with Kennedy about the U.S. having to move. Nixon compared his thoughts on
Communism to a deadly competition, and that the U.S. was ahead and needed to stay that way. He
disagreed with Kennedy because Kennedy said that the U.S. had been standing still, and Nixon
pointed out that we had been moving. He stated that our gross national product was the highest in
the world, that more schools had been built, we had developed more hydroelectric power, and the
wages of people had gone up. Nixon said the programs he supported would give all Americans an
equal chance for education, better medical care for elders, and more housing. He quickly shot down
Kennedy's programs and said that with Kennedy the U.S. would quit moving and go stagnate. One
of Nixon's major points was the spending of each of the political platforms. He showed

U-2 Incident 1960
The U–2 Incident of 1960 was a turning point of the Cold War. This U–2 Incident came from a
Failed CIA mission involving a Lockheed U–2 spy plane. The U–2 incident of 1960 is important
because The Mission Failed, a CIA pilot was Captured, an American Cover–up and exposure, all
lead to a failed peace meeting to end the cold war.This U–2 Incident caused the Cold War to extend
longer than it needed to.
In July of 1958, American President Dwight D. Eisenhower, approved a plan to use High Altitude
U–2 Spy Planes to gather intelligence on Soviet Military Bases during the Cold War to prevent
another Pearl Harbor. He approved this after noticing the alarming rate of military development by
the USSR during the Cold War. The U–2 missions were run out of a recently set up CIA base in
Badaber, Pakistan. Pres. Eisenhower originally used British Pilots so that, in the case of capture, he
could deny any knowledge of the missions. After two successful missions flown by British Pilots,
Pres. Eisenhower decided to take the risk, and use American CIA Pilot Francis Gary Powers. Powers
First mission was a success ,and with the Four Powers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The event was hosted by the French. It was originally going to be a Peace meeting by the Soviet and
Western Powers of the World, but hopes of that were dashed by the U–2 incident between the US
and the USSR. The Summit basically ended before it started. Khrushchev comes out and says that
America took aggressive acts against the soviet Union. After that, he left. Eisenhower the comes out
and says that he did approve a spy mission over the soviet union for defensive purposes. He wanted
to prevent another possible Pearl Harbor. Well, anyhow, the Failed Summit meeting led to Rising
tensions between the Soviets and the Americans. It was clear that the cold war wasn't ending soon

Cold War
Cold War – The U2 Incident
After WWII, tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union began to increase. This period
of time is referred to as the Cold War which "begins in 1945 with the Yalta conference and ends in
1991 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union." The United States and the Soviet Union both greatly
distrusted the other and feared the nuclear power that they both had during this time. One incident
that illustrates this distrust is commonly referred to as the U–2 incident of May 1, 19960, in which
an American U–2 spy plane was shot down in Soviet controlled airspace and captured by the
Soviets. This single incident is said to have been a "disastrous setback to the reduction of
international tension." ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Approaching Sverdlovsk, site of an air base, Powers activated his cameras. As he flew over the
airfield, the plane suddenly bucked violently then went into a spin. Thrown sideways, Powers could
not reach his eject or destruct buttons so he bailed out. He was soon captured but did not swallow
the poison capsule with which he had been provided for use in the event of his being tortured –
which he was not.
Powers was imprisoned by the Soviets for a year and a half until he was exchanged for an important
Soviet spy, Rudolph Abel, and returned to his country.
The United States response began as a total cover–up and progressed through many versions of the
facts. After the plane was shot down, the United States' first announcement was that an "unarmed
weather research plane based at Adana, Turkey, and piloted by a civilian American" was missing.
First the government stated that the pilot was a civilian employee of the Lockheed corporation
flying a U–2 plane chartered by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. On May 7 the
State Department announced that the plane was an unarmed civilian U–2 collecting intelligence and
blamed the Soviet Union's "excessive secrecy" for our need to spy on them. In a news conference
statement by President Eisenhower on May 11, he lists four points: (1) intelligence–gathering
activities are needed; (2) intelligence

How Did The Cuban Missile Crisis Affect The World
In 1945, two atomic bombs were released by America in the midst of the final stage of World War II.
The Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were completely destroyed by the two nuclear
weapons. Although the two nuclear bombings remain the only use of nuclear weapons in the history
of warfare, in 1962, during the time of the cold war, the world was altered by the Cuban Missile
Crisis.Despite, the Cuban Missile Crisis not causing actual damage to the US and USSR, it created a
world of mutual fear and threat full of enemies. The confrontations permanently impacted the entire
world through the intense tension, internal damage, and the outcome that could have been. The U.S
being ta capitalistic and democratic beliefs communism was evil and aggressive. The USSR
believed communism would ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1960, John F. Kennedy challenged Richard Nixon for the presidency of the U.S, which took place
during the Cold War. In the election of Kennedy, President Eisenhower attempted to overthrow the
Castro regime in Cuba, known as the Bay of Pigs invasion. The Bay of Pigs invasion started with
1,400 American–trained Cubans who had fled their homes when Castro took over, and landed in
Cuba in hopes of provoking an uprising against Castro. However, the invasion did not go well.
invaders were badly outnumbered by Castro's troops, and they surrendered after less than 24 hours
of fighting. This incident lead to a huge embarrassment for President John F. Kennedy considering
the fact that he had only been in office for his fourth month. This resulted in Nikita Khrushchev
reaching a secret agreement with Cuban premier Fidel Castro to place Soviet

Essay on Supreme-Commander, Dwight David Ike Eisenhower
"The eyes of the world are upon you. The hopes and prayers of liberty–loving people everywhere
march with you... I have full confidence in your courage, devotion to duty and skill in battle. We
will accept nothing less than full Victory" (General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Supreme Commander,
Order of the Day, June 6, 1944, 2)! The quote above was a speech given to the soldiers from the
Allied Supreme–Commander, Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower, about the upcoming invasion of
Normandy, France on the date June 6th, 1944. Becoming the Supreme–Commander of the allies was
a goal in Eisenhowers life. This was a goal that he did not expect to achieve when he was young.
Unlike Dwight's brothers, he went to serve ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His father cleaned train engines. When Dwight was a year and a half old the family moved to
Abilene so his father could take a better job in a creamery. At the age of six in Abilene, Dwight's
three year old brother died of diphtheria. His brothers death really hurt him but didn't stop him from
having wonderful memories in Abilene. Ike always cherished his days playing Baseball and football
at Abilene High School. After high school, Ike joined his father and uncle at the Bell Spring
Creamery and he was also a fireman while he worked at the creamery. Eisenhower loved his little
brother Edgar. All the money he earned as a fireman and working at the creamery went to his
brothers tuition at the University of Michigan. The two brothers made a deal. After two years they
would switch places and Edgar would be paying for Ike's education. In the end, Edgar didn't live up
to his deal. In 1911, Dwight got an appointment at the USMA (United States Military Academy) in
West Point, New York, where attendance was free. Once again he was the football star of USMA,
but after a series of knee injuries he was forced to stop playing football. In 1915, Eisenhower
proudly graduated in the top of his class, and was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the army
(Dwight D. Eisenhower 1–3). Eisenhower's early life inspired him to achieve the American Dream.
The obstacles Eisenhower faced moved him to go from better achievements to achieve the American
Dream. An

Surveillance Technology And The Cold War
Zach Bemben
Literature of War
Mrs. Rozema
11/6/17
Surveillance Technology and the Cold War
Introduction and Thesis
Hook: "In 1945, one major war ended and another began."(Ushistory.org)
Thesis: In the Cold War through the creation and improvement of surveillance technology such as
satellite surveillance, nuclear submarines, and surveillance aircraft to give superior intelligence
while being totally undetected or invulnerable from the enemy.
Background paragraph
"There were no direct military campaigns between the two main antagonists (in the cold war), the
United States and the Soviet Union. Yet billions of dollars and millions of lives were lost in the
fight."(Ushistory.org)
Previous spying techniques included flying B–52 bombers over ... Show more content on
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The top speed for the A–12 was mach 3.35 @85,000 ft. In addition, because of its tremendus speeds,
it could reach a maximum operational ceiling of up to 95,000 ft blowing the U2 out of the park. It
had an unrefueled range of 2500 mi and maximum sensor payload of 2500 lbs.
A–12 vs SR–71
The SR–71 was later developed with slightly less aggressive stats than the A–12 however it gave an
additional 1000 lbs of sensor payload and an increase of 750 mi of unrefueled range making it a
more practical choice in most situations. (Barnes)
Nuclear submarines helped to aid in the "cold" aspect of the war
Definition of a "cold war"
"intense economic, political, military, and ideological rivalry between nations, short of military
conflict; sustained hostile political policies and an atmosphere of strain between opposed countries"
(Dictionary.com)
Gave the ability to not rely on land based ICBMs but a much more mobile and undetectable source.
"Submarine design was revolutionized between 1945 and 1960. Far–reaching changes in hull
design, electronic sensors, power plants, and weapons transformed the World War II submarine, a
surface craft that could submerge briefly underwater, into the Cold War submarine, a fast, long–
range underwater boat that rarely needed to surface at all."(Boyne)
"The threat of nuclear annihilation restrained

Vilyam Genrikhovich Fisher
All countries have spies. Sometimes the opposing country may capture them. This may lead to an
exchange of two hostages. The most famous spy exchange was the first national power spy
exchange between Vilyam Genrikhovich Fisher and Francis Gary Powers. Vilyam Genrikhovich
Fisher (Rudolf Abel) was born on July 11, 1903, in Benwell, United Kingdom. Fisher became
interested in radio operation after high school. Fisher trained as a radio operator he later served in
the Red Army. Fisher became head of a school that specialized in training radio operators destined
for duty as a spy. Fisher took part in Operation Scherhorn which was one of the most successful
radio deceptions of the war. Fisher was rewarded with the most prestigious posting ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the age of 18, he began flying. By the time he was 31 years old, he had been incorporated in the
American U–2 "Dragon Lady" spy plane operation. The U–2 operation was an effect of the growing
concern of Russian nuclear capability. On May 1, 1960, during a flyby mission over Soviet Airspace
he was shot down. 8 soviet missiles were fired. The first hit the U–2 on the left wing, immediately
crippling the plane. All U–2 planes are built with a fail–safe self–destruct so that no other country
would be able to recreate the one of a kind high–flying spy plane. Due to the planes injury, Powers
had to eject and was unable to activate the fail safe. He was immediately detained and interrogated.
He was interrogated by Russian prosecutor Roman Rudenko. His interrogation ended on June 30, 19
and he was convicted of espionage. He was sentenced to 3 years in prison and 7 years of hard labor
to atone for his crimes. He was admitted and held at Vladimir Central Prison 150 miles east of
Moscow, Russia on September 9, 1960. He was held in a cell with a Latvian political prisoner,
Zigurd Kruminish. He was not tortured but he was forcefully sleep deprived and received death
threats constantly. During his detainment, Powers was able to keep a secret diary that he hid in a rug
the he had woven. In the diary, Powers kept he mentioned that he was tempted to use the suicide
device ( a poison lace pin)

Drones In War Research Paper
"If we continue to develop our technology without wisdom or prudence, our servant may prove to be
our executioner." Theses dark and foreboding words from U.S. Army General Omar Bradley serve
as solemn reminder of the impact that modern technology has had on war and how we wage it. But
Bradley was referring to the controversy revolving around nuclear weapons in the nineteen–fifties.
In world of today; however, the controversy lies in the use of drones. These remotely controlled
planes can be used to spy and, most questionably, to kill. Some argue that these drones save
American lives by separating the soldier from the battlefield. Others say that this separation will
lead to an unrealistic view of war and its consequences. Regardless of how they shape the world,
new technologies like the drone will continue to mold the concept of war in the modern era. Even
though the actual implementation of drones in war is relatively new, the idea behind it is not. It all
began with Nikola Tesla's 1898 demonstration of a remotely controlled boat on a pond in Madison
Square Garden. It was the first time in history that radio waves had been used in ... Show more
denounced Israel's targeted killing of Palestinian terrorists. The American ambassador to Israel is
quoted as saying, "The United States government is very clearly on record as against targeted
assassination... They are extrajudicial killings and we do not support that." A year later and with a
completely different mind–set, the United States did exactly what it spoke against and killed without
due process. Though this failure would soon be forgotten as in November of the same year, a
Predator strike would kill Qaed Salim Sinan, a suspect in the 2000 bombing of the U.S.S. Cole
(Mayer). With these strikes and the Bush administrations classification of terrorism as an act of war
rather than a crime, the United States took its first steps into the dark world of drone

George Kistiakowsky
Not many Ukrainian–Americans are easily recognizable to the average American. They may identify
some actors, such as Mila Kunis or Milla Jovovich, but many do not realize the significant impact
they've had on the American way of life or the world as a whole. George Kistiakowsky is a great
example of an important Ukrainian–American who has influenced everyone's life. Kistiakowsky
was a physical chemistry professor at Harvard, worked on the Manhattan Project, and was President
Eisenhower's Science Advisor. His work could have possibly saved the modern world as we know it.
Kistiakowsky began working at Harvard University in 1930, became a citizen in 1933, and during
World War II he joined the Manhattan Project in 1943. His team's role in the Manhattan Project was
to activate the Plutonium within the bomb through a controlled implosion. His success in the
creation of the implosion was shown in the first detonation of an atomic bomb, the Trinity test. A
few weeks later, the Far Man, an implosion type weapon, was dropped on Nagasaki. This can be ...
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He was assigned as the President's Science Advisory Committee from 1957 to 1959 and was then
positioned as director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy from 1959–1961. Under
Eisenhower, he suggested that inspection of foreign militaries was not enough to control their
nuclear weapons. Under arms control planning and negotiation, he suggested the threshold concept.
If put in place, all nuclear tests above seismic detection technology would be banned. The U.S.
suggested the threshold concept to the soviet union at Geneva, it was taken well and the Soviets
countered with banning tests over a certain seismic level. Talks were going until the U–2 incident in
1960. This caused talks to break down. Kistiakowsky was almost able to limit arms testing, almost
providing increased safety in a time of great tension, if it wasn't for the

What Are The Significant Events In The 1960s
Harper Lee's novel To Kill a Mockingbird was publicized in 1960, the beginning of a wild period for
the United States (Exploring novels). Although there is not much that had happened in this time
period, there were a few significant events. In 1960 there was an incident that involved four African
American college students in Greensboro, they refused to move from a segregated lunch counter
(Exploring Novels). A second historical event involved a CIA spy plane. Exploring Novels stated
this about the incident, "U–2 occurrence, wherein a CIA U–2 spy plane was shot down while flying
an exploration mission over Soviet Union territory" (Exploring Novels, 1). The next events in 1960
were; the National Front for the Liberation of Vietnam formed and

Area 51 Research Paper
I. The F–117 Nighthawk is one of the known stealth aircraft said to be tested in Area 51. Located
about eighty miles northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada, Area 51 is a military base and airfield for the
United States. The base was originally used as a bombing range and later used to test government
aircraft such as the U–2 spy plane and the SR–71 Blackbird. Although it has been disclosed as being
a military base, many have suspicions that it is correlated with extraterrestrial beings. Rumored to be
associated with aliens, Area 51 has a unique history of public speculation and government use. II.
Clarence "Kelly" Johnson founded the Area 51 military base on April 12, 1955.
A. On April 12, 1955, Lockheed designer Clarence "Kelly" Johnson, Richard ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
"I watch the lights every morning", one resident of Rachel claims. "I know they are here".
F. Area 51 is guarded heavily.
2. No one is allowed to take photographs near it.
G. People began to see stranger objects in a remote area of Nevada during the 1950's. They claimed
to see UFP's in the sky as well as strange lights.
2. Many of these people thought that these sightings had a reaction to a near–by U.S. military base
called Groom Lake (present day Area 51).
b. Area 51 is known by many different names, including: Groom Lake, Dreamland, The Box,
Homey Airport, and Watertown Strip.
H. Astronauts were sent to space to take photos of the Earth's surface and were specifically ordered
not to take pictures of the land containing Area 51.
2. The astronauts accidentally captured photos of Area 51. The CIA had these pictures classified.
I. Another popular theory is that alien bodies are kept and tested on at Area 51.
2. Some people believe that several aliens survived the Roswell crash.
J. Several odd–shaped objects, sonic booms, and unusual lights were seen and heard around Area
51, which has caused speculation.
2. The government was forced to admit Area 51 was a real place, but avoided releasing any
information about the activities

Gary Powers Failure
Overflight 24: Intelligence Failures of the Gary Powers U–2 Flight There are few events in history
that people can and definitively point to and say, "this changed history." For example, the death of
Archduke Ferdinand sparked World War I, but it was a series of failed negotiations that brought the
world to war. The Holocaust was not one mass killing of innocents, but a series of events that led to
six million deaths. Other events are more definite like the assassination of John F. Kennedy, and the
Terrorist Attacks of 9/11. One such event is the May 1960 downing of a U–2 spy plane as it flew
over the Soviet Union. The recovered plane, and its pilot Gary Powers, single handedly led to the
failure of the Four Powers Summit. The Summit, which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His successor would have to carry out any long standing deal for de–escalation. The1960
Presidential race was between then current Vice President Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy.
Kennedy's main argument against Nixon was Eisenhower's (and thereby Nixon's) inability to close
the missile gap. (Beschloss, 1986) Without the mythic missile gap, there is a strong indication that
Nixon would be president. Yet there is nothing to say that Nixon would be able to continue the work
started by Eisenhower. Either way, Khrushchev was not impressed with either candidate; he called
Nixon's campaign a total disaster and thought Kennedy too young. (Beschloss, 1986) To further
complicate matters, Khrushchev was receiving massive pressure from the Kremlin. His dissolution
of a million soldiers did not sit well with the military. In real life Khrushchev was ultimately ejected
by the Soviet Supreme in 1964 partially because of this reason. (Taubman, 2003) There is nothing to
say that, given the further softening of Soviet forces, the Soviet Supreme would fire Khrushchev
sooner. Speculation aside, history has shown us that both the CIA and the intelligence community as
a whole learned its

Key Events In Ww2
A. Key Events and Issues:
1. Pearl Harbor– The surprise attack on the United States, which took place on December 7, 1941,
shocked the American public and led to its entry into WWII. Support for non–intervention, which
was high before the attack, disappeared.
2. Tehran Conference– The first meeting of the "Big Three" (the United States, the United Kingdom,
and the Soviet Union), the Tehran Conference was held to discuss opening a second front against
Nazi Germany, relations with Iran and Turkey, operations in Yugoslavia, and post–war
reorganization.
3. Yalta Conference– The second meeting of the "Big Three," the Yalta Conference was held to
discuss plans for a future Germany and the reorganization of post–war Europe.
B. Key Foreign Policies: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Key Foreign Policies:
1. Truman Doctrine– The purpose of the Truman Doctrine was to lend support to countries which
were fighting against the expansion of the Soviet Union. Many historians consider the Truman
Doctrine to be the start of the Cold War. The Truman Doctrine became a defining part of American
foreign policy and eventually led to the formation of NATO, to the displeasure of the Soviet Union.
2. Marshall Plan– The Marshall Plan was a major aid package allocated to re–build Western Europe
following the end of WWII. The main objectives of the Marshall Plan besides rebuilding war–torn
Europe were decreasing interstate barriers and regulations, and encouraging increases in
productivity, trade union membership, and adopting modern business practices.
C. Positive Achievements:
1. Leadership– President Truman is considered a great president because of his leadership skills. I
personally admire his policy of containment, borrowed from George Kennan. I believe his
leadership during the Cold War was impressive and smart. Truman could have used military force
with the Soviet Union, but instead chose to protect democracy by "containing" communism, a policy
that I believe is a more realistic and responsible

The United States During The Cold War
The U.S. needed Soviet information so they decided that the best way on gaining information was
using a Utility Plane from great heights. On May 1, 1960 Soviets shot down an American U–2 spy
plane that ended the rumors of the U.S. and Soviet Union allying to conquer the space race. This
attack caused many disagreements and fights which led up to the Cold War. The U–2 spy plane
incident which sparked great anger was the climax of the Cold War. The U.S. took pictures of their
army which included weapons, planes, and boats. The Soviets also made a threat that they could be
in a nuclear war so the United States wanted to confirm this statement. Along with spying on their
army they kept tract of their missile technology progress to have an upper hand. They took pictures
of flight vicinities and building grounds. Thirdly, they took some images of their cities During the
flight that was taken down Gary Francis Powers was pilot. Powers was an experienced pilot that
worked with the U.S. Intelligence Agency for a while prior to the crash. During this period
Eisenhower was president of the United States. Eisenhower had a good reputation and was well
liked by many people. In the Soviet Union Khrushchev was the premier. This incident wasn't just a
onetime occurrence; the United States was doing it for years. The flights were first approved by
Eisenhower first approved the plan on building and spying in 1954. The United States built planes
that could fly to altitudes of over

The Pros And Cons Of Nuclear Testing
For decades, states seeking to limit nuclear weapons have called for a CTBT in the conviction that a
comprehensive test ban would foreclose the ability to develop new and more powerful types of
nuclear arms and would be an important stepping stone to the objective of ultimately eliminating all
nuclear weapons. Historically, the nuclear powers have depended on nuclear testing to develop new
types of nuclear weapons and to a far lesser extent, to confirm the reliability of their arsenals. The
United States and other countries concerned about nuclear proliferation also have supported a CTBT
as a means for slowing the spread of advanced nuclear weapon capabilities to additional countries.
They have argued that although a state seeking to develop nuclear weapons may not need to conduct
a test to build a simple fission bomb, such tests would be necessary to develop more complex and
powerful thermonuclear weapons. Some argue that testing would also be necessary for a new
nuclear state to develop small warheads for ballistic or cruise missiles. ... Show more content on
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Nonetheless, important limits on nuclear testing were adopted during the 46–year hiatus between
Nehru's initiative and the conclusion of a CTBT in 1996. Negotiations between the United States,
the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union were first started in 1958 following Premier
Khrushchev's announcement of a unilateral test ban and President Eisenhower's subsequent proposal
for test–ban negotiations. Efforts receded in the wake of the May 1960 U–2 incident in which a U.S.
reconnaissance plane was shot down over the USSR leading to the souring of U.S.–Soviet

Dwight D. Eisenhower: A War Hero
Had Dwight David Eisenhower died in 1940, he would have been merely remembered in American
history. However, Eisenhower, fortunately, lived until well into his 70s and had the honor of serving
as the thirty–fourth president of the United States from 1953 to 1961. He rose from humble
beginnings to become Supreme Allied Commander, General of the Army, and ultimately
Commander–in–Chief. "Ike", President Eisenhower's popular nickname, was born in 1890 and grew
up in Abilene, Kansas with his large, poor family. Despite his family being at an economic
disadvantage, his parents instilled a great ethic of discipline and yearning for education.
Eisenhower's morals and virtues destined him to a path of success in his life. Even though he wanted
to seek ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Part of his ideology mentioned cutting the national debt and distributing the federal budget in the
most effective way possible. Along with the Democrats in Congress, the President increased the
minimum wage of workers and expanded the access to Social Security welfares. In 1956, the year of
his re–election, Eisenhower and the federal government started the most significant federal project
in the United States, the Interstate Highway System. The development turn out to be more than a
military and commercial necessity; the highways transformed the country. Such an immense project
connected the country, made towns prosper into cities, allowed for creation of new jobs, and stirred
the

The Cold War Essay examples
The Cold War
When World War II in Europe finally came to an end on May 7, 1945, a new war was just
beginning. The Cold War: denoting the open yet restricted rivalry that developed between the United
States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, a war fought on political, economic, and
propaganda fronts, with limited recourse to weapons, largely because of fear of a nuclear
holocaust.1 This term, The Cold War, was first used by presidential advisor Bernard Baruch during a
congressional debate in 1947.
Intelligence operations dominating this war have been conducted by the
Soviet State Security Service (KGB) and the Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA), representing the two power blocs, East and West respectively, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This organization had fallen into the disfavor of many involved in the federal administration at this
time. This included the director of the
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), J. Edgar Hoover, who did not like competition from a rival
intelligence organization. With the death of
Roosevelt in April of 1945, the OSS was disbanded under Truman and departments were either
relocated or completely dissolved. Soviet intelligence began with the formation of the Cheka, secret
police, under
Feliks Dzerzhinsky at the time of the revolution. By 1946, this agency had evolved into the Ministry
of Internal Affairs (MVD), and the Ministry of
State Security (MGB) both ruled by Lavrenti Beria. This man was undoubtedly the most powerful
man in the Soviet Union with a vast empire of prison camps, and informants to crush any traces of
dissent. Of considerable importance to Beria was the race for the atomic bomb. The Soviet Union
and the United States both plundered the German V–2 rocket sites for materials and personnel. In
1946 the MVD was responsible for the rounding up of 6000 scientists from the Soviet zone of
Germany and taking them and their dependents to the Soviet Union.2 The political conflicts of the
1930's and
World War II left many educated people with the impression that only communism could combat
economic depression and fascism. It was easy for
Soviet agents to recruit men who would

John F. Kennedy's Foreign Policy
On Friday, January 20, 1961 John F. Kennedy was inaugurated into office as the United States 35th
president. Prior to President Kennedy taking office, President Eisenhower had ordered the CIA to
overthrow Fidel Castro and to ultimately rid him from power in Cuba. During the 1961 election, a
series of debates took place in which Kennedy was able to express his views on foreign policy. The
debate on hand regarded Cuba and it's new ruler, Fidel Castro, whom had overthrown the Cuban
dictator, Fulgencio Batista. During the debate, Kennedy's opponent Richard Nixon argued that the
island was not "lost" to the United States, but Kennedy disagreed. Kennedy argued, "Cuba is lost for
freedom." Shortly after taking office, Kennedy was briefed on a plan ... Show more content on
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In an effort to keep his knowledge of the missile sites a secret, President Kennedy convened the
Executive Committee of the National Security Council (Excomm) including his top military and
diplomatic advisors to resolve how the United States should react to the missile sites. Soon after,
President Kennedy proposed a naval blockade, which would ultimately lead to the prevention of the
Soviets from bringing in more military supplies. A cautious president who was all too familiar of the
results from an aggressive invasion or attack made this notion. President Kennedy then wrote to
Chairman Nikita Khrushchev, demanding the destruction and removal of the missiles and sites. In
President Kennedy's letter he declared, "I have not assumed that you or any other sane man would,
in this nuclear age, deliberately plunge the world into war which it is crystal clear no country could
win and which could only result in catastrophic consequences to the whole world, including the
aggressor."5 In a letter written back to President Kennedy from Khrushchev, on October 26, 1960,
Khrushchev express the same idea of reaching an agreement and ultimately reaching peace.
Khrushchev begins the letter with commending President Kennedy's noble and cautious attitude
towards the situation and using the prior situation, The Bay of Pigs, as the reason. In his letter
chairman Khrushchev advocates for peace among all peoples, both communists and capitalists, but
he is not hesitant to include that he would accept a challenge of war if it were to be put into place.
To conclude his letter, Chairman Khrushchev affirms "If there is no intention to tighten that knot and
thereby to doom the world to the catastrophe of thermonuclear war, then let us not only relax the
forces pulling on the ends of the rope, let us take measures to untie that

The Evolution and Importance of Reconnaissance Satellites...
After the U–2 incident of 1960, more emphasis was placed on safer methods of acquiring
reconnaissance imagery. The first photographic reconnaissance satellite program was the codenamed
Discovery. These first satellites could see objects as small as 35–40 feet and once they ejected their
film capsule, the satellites were forced to reenter and burn up in the atmosphere. The latest
declassified satellite is from the late 1970s and can focus on objects as small as 5.5 inches. Instead
of using a film canister, the KH–11 series of satellites uses a digital sensor and communications
satellites. Because of the classified nature of these satellites, little is known about the latest
generations of satellites. However, from what the public does ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
CORONA, the codename for program for the first generations of satellites, allowed the United
States to have relatively recent imagery of any place on the globe. From 1960 to 1972, some form of
the CORONA system was in orbit. In 1962, the fourth generation was given the name KH–4 (Key
Hole, like looking through to see), and the previous generations were retroactively given the
preceding numbers. KH–1 through KH–4B flew 144 missions, returning usable film 102 times. The
retrieval method was one that we would call unorthodox today, but without a way to transmit the
data easily back to earth a different system would need to be developed. After the several thousand
foot roll of film was shot, it was ejected from the satellite in a reentry vehicle. The capsule would
reenter the atmosphere and deploy a parachute. This would then ideally be caught by a special plane.
If the plane was unable to recover the capsule, a military ship was waiting to retrieve it. The next
generation of satellites would start to bring the military and intelligence community the high quality
imagery it desired. This series was codenamed GAMBIT. The first, KH–7 was essentially the same
as CORONA, but with a better a camera. It featured the same single capsule ejection/recovery
system. The great leap forward was when an improved version of this camera was paired with a new
satellite design. The KH–8 featured two or three return capsules, solar panels, and more fuel. This
allowed these

On The Dawn Of October 16Th 1962 Began A 13 Day Standoff
On the dawn of October 16th 1962 began a 13 day standoff that would be formally known to the
western world as the Cuban Missile Crisis. Growing tensions between the United States and the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) resulted in the closest the world has ever been to all–
out nuclear war. This essay will talk about the initial weaponization of nuclear power, the events that
led up to the missile crisis, the thirteen days the missile crisis took place and the measures taken to
stop nuclear war. On August 6th 1945 the world got their first look at the sheer power and
destruction atomic weapons were capable of. Los Alamos, New Mexico was the birthplace of the
atomic bomb with Robert Oppenheimer as its father. The secretive ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
"The United States countered Soviet expansion and propaganda with a policy of containment,
initially with the Truman Doctrine of aid to Greece and Turkey in 1947, the Marshall Plan (1948) for
Europe's economic reconstruction the airlift (1948–49) to the blockaded city of Berlin, and the
creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949" (Nogee, 2005) When things
began to escalate, they escalated quickly, convinced the Soviet Union was the new worlds threat the
United States deployed Jupiter Missiles to Italy in April 1960 within striking distance of Moscow.
On May 1st, 1960, Francis Gary Powers in shot down by a Soviet Surface To Air Missile (SAM)
while flying high above Russia and captured by Soviet forces. Powers was working for the CIA
flying a U2 spy plane. This incident will later be known as the U2 incident. This ended up resulting
in the cancelation of a scheduled meeting between Eisenhower and Khrushchev that could have
prevented the Cuban Missile Crisis. Powers was traded for two years later.
After the U–2 incident the Bay Of Pigs Invasion begins on April 7th 1961 when CIA backed rebels
attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro and his government in Cuba. The invasion failed miserably and
the United States is left looking like the enemy. The failed Pay Of Pigs Invasion resulted in a
communist backed Cuba and provided the framework to the Cuban Missile

Psychological Effects Of The Cold War
The Cold War began the use of space for war advantages. At the end of World War II, the dropping
of the two atomic bombs changed the way war was fought forever. The Cold War brought the need
for gathering intelligence on enemy countries driving the Cold War into the space race developing
artificial intelligence, satellites, which would be used for military use including spying and
reconnaissance. Many government agencies were formed and created the Corona Satellite having
the most effect on the Cold War intelligence gathering. Without the use of satellites during the Cold
War and agencies formed for foreign surveillance, the satellites used daily for television, GPS,
photography, reconnaissance, and space exploration would not exist. Satellites ... Show more
The United States took initiative and started surveillance on the Soviets by using U–2 spy planes.
After the incident of Gary Powers being killed when flying, the push for spying in space would
allow for intelligence on other countries above Earth's atmosphere and unnoticeable. Many
government agencies developed the Corona satellite having a major impact on the Cold War. This
imagery allowed for the ability to verify missiles and weapons which gave the United States
confidence and a strategy when fighting or signing treaties. This satellite allowed for the collapsing
of the Berlin Wall and ending the war against Communism. Today Satellites are launched and used
from many countries all across the world. These satellites allow for television, communication,
weather, GPS navigation, spying, space exploration, and so much more. The Corona Satellite
opened the gates of all the new technology advantages for space satellites which will continue into
the future as technology advances and circumstances encourage new

Area 51 Conspiracy Essay
Why do people believe in conspiracy theories? A conspiracy theory is the belief that some covert but
influential organization is responsible for a circumstance or event (Webster Dictionary). Area 51 is
one of the most world renown conspiracy theories. The origin of the name "Area 51" is unclear and
has not been found, although many people believe it comes from some kind of nuclear weapon
coding. Conspiracies have always captured people because they give many different scenarios to an
event that occurred. The conspiracy on Area 51 has been rumored since the early 1960s; there are
many witnesses including the military, police, and people who live in Nevada. After looking further
into this conspiracy, one can find that there are a lot of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After the U–2 many other spy planes and bombs have been developed. Another interest is the
Nevada Test Site. This is where all the new equipment is tested, like bombs and military equipment
(Chaisson, Np). All the new techniques and military ideas are more than likely from Area 51. The
entire Nevada Test Site goes over 5,200 square miles. It covers 1,600 square miles of contaminated
air from radiation caused by testing nuclear bombs (Chaisson, Np). Area 51 is a major sight used for
keeping new ideas because of the great location. In the summer of 1947, a strange, round object
crashed on a ranch in Roswell, New Mexico. The military came to recover the debris and on July 8,
1947, officer Lt. Walter Haut issued a press release that stated they had recovered a flying saucer.
The next day another press release was issued from a general, stating it was a weather balloon. This
was the start of rumors and conspiracy theories about UFO visitations and the military covering
things up. In the following years, talk of the Roswell Incident fell quiet until the early 1980's. The
military and government officials did not speak about it so that it would not get any more attention.
In the 1980s a UFO researcher, Stanton Freidman, came across the story and started to research and
look for witnesses. He found Lt. Walter Haut who still lived in Roswell and gave him information
about the 1947 press release. His research led to

Analysis Of The Bay Of Pigs Invasion
Critical Reasoning/Thinking is defined as the mental process of analyzing or evaluating information.
To reason is the capacity for rational thought, or to think logically
(http://www.essentiallifeskills.net/). The Butterfly effect is the sensitive dependence on initial
conditions in which a small change in one state of a deterministic nonlinear system can result in
large differences in a later state (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_effect). This paper will
attempt to analysis the Bay of Pigs invasion that occurred 17 April 1961, to use the Butterfly effect
and to introduce Intelligence Platforms not utilized before and during the invasion, to suggest a
alternate outcome to the invasion if these factors were applied properly or if other events never
happened. The Bay of Pigs resulted in the failure to remove Fidel Castro from
Power. If the CIA used Human Intelligence properly and if the U–2 Spy Plane program was not
revealed to the World, the invasion may have been successful. If these 2 Intelligence platforms were
utilized properly, the Bay of Pigs forces would have removed Fidel Castro from power. By
removing him from power, Cuba would once again hold free Democratic elections and be a free and
independent nation, not a communist nation or a strong Alley of Communist Soviet Union.
Therefore U.S and Russia would not bring the world to the brink of war, nor would the U.S sever all
trade and diplomatic relations with Cuba. On April

Cuban Missile Crisis: The Brink of Global Nuclear War Essay
Cuban Missile Crisis: The Brink of Global Nuclear War The Cuban Missile Crisis had a huge impact
on society even years after it was resolved because the incident had brought our nation and the
world so close to the brink of nuclear war. Before the Cuban Missile Crisis had occurred, many
other factors had been piling up and building undesirable tensions between many countries. Along
the way new allies and enemies were made causing more stress to the Cold War. The new bonds that
formed after Cuba was taken over by Fidel Castro pushed nuclear war to the very edge. Many
changes in Cuba caused tensions to mount between the United States, Cuba, and Russia. At the time
before the Bay of Pigs incident, Cuba had a corrupt ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On April 15, 1961 the Bay of Pigs invasion began to invade Cuba and remove Castro from the
leadership. The unsuccessful invasion was stopped two days later. Now Castro needed the strong
arm of the Soviets even more. With the Cold War arms race in effect, Castro knew that the Soviets
could protect him from future invasions from the United States. Soviet leader Krushchev quickly
agreed to protect Cuba. Cuba was in a strategic location to place missile launch sites that could
strike nearly all of the continental United States. During the Cold War the United States had many
missile launch sites placed all over the world and pointed at the Soviet Union. The United States
was allied with Turkey, so the American military had a base there to work their U–2 from and many
missile sites pointed at the Soviet Union. These missiles in Turkey made Krushchev want to build
surface to air missile sites on Cuba to balance the power and show his force. Krushchev would soon
start sending ships and submarines loaded with equipment to start building medium and
intermediate range ballistic missiles. In May 1962, Krushchev wrote in his memoirs: "This will be a
means of protecting Cuba from another U.S. Invasion of Cuba like the Bay of Pigs in 1961, also to
counter the U.S. emerging lead of deploying strategic missiles." In October 1962, a United States
U–2 plane took photographs of Cuba. The photographs showed

Cause And Effect Of The Cold War Essay
Francis Gary Powers had been on a top secret mission. He was told to fly over Soviet
territory and to photograph the denied territory from his U2 spy plane deep inside the territories
of Russia. Francis Powers' fate and the fate of the entire U2 program committee stayed a mystery
for many days. The story of the U2 incident, its preface, and its aftermath revealed one of the
most fascinating stories of the cold war. It paved the way for chaos and more problems that were
yet to come. The U–2 incident was the shooting of an American spy plane that was shot down by
the Soviets. This event resulted in the contriving of the Cold War. This incident not only caused a
terrible mess, but it caused more tension between the Americans and ... Show more content on
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The issues that were discussed included Belin's status and
where they lied in this matter and the control of the nuclear arms. As the meeting began,
Khrushchev launched into an attack against Eisenhower and the United States. He then stormed
out of the meeting in anger. The meeting was a disaster. It was chaotic and unprofessional. The
meeting collapsed immediately and the conference was called off. Eisenhower attended the Paris
Summit only long enough to walk out when Eisenhower chose not to apologize for the terrible
incident. No treaty was signed, only the presence of anger and disappointment was the
atmosphere of the room. He considered the "stupid U–2 mess" one of the worst downfalls of his
presidency. Francis Gary Powers, the pilot, was later released in 1962 in exchange for a captured
Soviet spy (American U–2 Spy).

The U–2 Incident was very tragic. A high altitude airplane was shot down while flying a
spy mission over the Soviet Union. The likeliness to end the Cold War collapsed when President
Dwight Eisenhower authorized the U–2 spy plane mission over Soviet airspace which was
eventually shot down. Because of the U–2 incident, the end of the Cold War was not

What Were The Causes Of The Korean War
After World War II, while the Soviet Union celebrated victory over the fascist regime in the west,
their country was in shambles. Roads were crumbled, buildings were leveled, homes destroyed, the
entire western front of Russia was nothing but the remnants of the whirlwinds of harsh battles.
Millions of Soviets were killed in battle, leaving broken families for themselves. Millions of citizens
also suffered during the war. Widespread famine and lack of supplies brought many to their
unfortunate deaths as a result of supplying the war effort. The economy was destroyed, and
industries were also left to rot. Agriculture dropped off marginally, as well as manufacturing.
Luckily, they were able to obtain aid from foreign nations to assist in rebuilding ... Show more
At this point in time, the US and Soviet Union were in sort of a stalemate. This was known as the
Cold War. The US and USSR watched each other's every move. One way of doing this was through
air surveillance. The U–2 Spy plane, introduced in 1957, was at the peak of stealth and imagery
from the air. In fact, the U–2 is still in service today. "On May 1, 1960, a U–2 spy plane, piloted by
Francis Gary Powers, was shot down while on an intelligence–gathering mission over Soviet
airspace (Frankel, 1960). Powers was unable to activate a destruction device within the surveillance
camera before evacuating the aircraft. The Soviets captured the pilot and collected undamaged
portions of the plane (''Excerpts,'' 1960). The incident was particularly debilitating to U.S.=Soviet
relations in the wake of a summit that was scheduled to take place in Paris on May 16th between the
United States, the Soviet Union, France, and Britain." (Stein 2008, p. 20). This event was a pivotal
point in the Cold War. This could have very well been considered an act of war. The Russian
military used a surface to air missile to shoot down an American military aircraft. "The incident also
posed some interesting rhetorical challenges for those involved. In his discursive attack, Khrushchev
deliberately withheld information regarding the status of the plane and the pilot so that the U.S.
government would continue to offer its account involving a

Dwight D. Eisenhower's Domino Theory
Dwight D. Eisenhower once said, "A people that values its privileges above its principles soon loses
both". During Eisenhower's 2 terms as president, he himself tried to live by that standard. Dwight D.
Eisenhower, born in 1890 just outside of Dallas, Texas, spent his young adulthood serving at West
Point, before getting married and serving as chief of staff in World War Two. Becoming president in
1952 headed off 8 years of below average command due to his principles which were a bit out of
whack, which were all explained in Dwight D. Eisenhower: The American Presidents Series by Tom
Wicker. Eisenhower's work in Korea, the Eisenhower Doctrine and his domino theory were positive,
but these positives were overshadowed by his refusal to support

Ideological Differences During The Cold War
IDEOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES SPARKED THE COLD WAR
Stage 2 Modern History – Year 12
It has been proven through historical research that the Cold War occurred because of ideological
differences between two major nations. The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World
War II between two major powers in the Eastern and Western Bloc. The tension between the United
States of America (USA) and the Soviet Union (USSR), was a result of ideological preferences and
their personal beliefs. However, during the Cold War there was a desire between them for a balance
of power, which led to constant wars that took over the majority of the twentieth century. Three
events which led to the destructive rivalry between USA and the USSR was the U2 ... Show more
USA was considered as the dominant world of power I the early 1950s, after the U–2 spy plane
confirmed that the US intelligence held the advantage in nuclear capability. This was counteracted
by the USSR by training two to three times as many scientists as USA to increase the chances of
advanced technology. The Space Race of technology, set the aim of the first country to explore
space, this resulted in Sputnik being sent into orbit on October 4th, 1957. This achievement was
aimed in setting a political and ideological example to the opposing nation. This led to the Sputnik
crisis where for a period of time, the Western nations were in a state of fear and anxiety as they
perceived the technological gap between USA and the USSR. This led to America creating The
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to keep up with the fast adapting
communist country. Through evidence and facts, it can be concluded that the sputnik satellite was an
attempt by the Soviet government to gain ideological superiority over the United

The Impact Of The Sputnik Crisis
The Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States was in the early stages during World
War II as the Soviets were unhappy that U.S. troops did not arrive to form a second military front
against the German army until 1944. This was just the first blip on the radar so to speak in the
troubled relations the two countries would have with each other for the next 45 years.
American citizens had always felt in the first decade of the Cold War that the U.S. had a
technological superiority over the communist country of Russia. But that all changed in the fall of
1957 when the Soviets launched a satellite named Sputnik into orbit around the earth. "America's
concerns about Communist infiltration had always been tempered by an assumption of technological
superiority. Sputnik destroyed that." (DeGroot, 2007)
Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev was quick to fuel the American fear, making comments about the
launch of Sputnik publicly saying "Now we not only have a rocket that can fly to other countries but
we have a satellite that flies around the world." (DeGroot, 2007) United States newspapers of course
added to the fear by pointing out Soviet missiles would soon be able to strike as well.
Among the responses to the Sputnik crisis the United States leaders and people achieved were to set
forth an effort to launch a U.S. satellite as quickly as possible. Also the development of the National
Defense Education Act of 1958 to counter the unsubstantiated opinion that since the

The United States Air Force
In May of 1960, one botched Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) mission changed the espionage era
forever, as the planet anxiously awaited if the nuclear apocalyptic was approaching. American and
Soviet doctrines were oil and water, their militaries an unstoppable force and immoveable object.
The tension surrounding these two powers was known as the Cold War, and one incident spiraled the
bloodless war to the brink of full scale nuclear war as some thought the strained relationship was at
a point of no return. This paper analyzes how the different perspectives through newspapers articles
reporting the downing of the U–2 spy plane by the USSR's domestic surface–to–air missile, and
how these fluctuations serve specific geological regions.
As ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
plane may have strayed over a Soviet island in the far east last week. The pilot has reported that he
was flying a directed course well outside Soviet territorial limits but encountered severe winds
during this nighttime flight and may therefore have overflown the southern tip of Sakhalin, a
Russian island
The U.S. note to the Soviets acknowledged that a USAF patrol craft may have been blown off
course into an unintentional violation of Soviet airspace north of Japan (Averhill).
The article stresses key words like, "accidently", "patrol craft", "unintentional", and "may have" to
effectively diminish this humiliating plunder in order to keep Americans to believe that the U.S. is
still superior to the USSR. Moreover, this article's purpose is indicative of the geological region as
it's an article published in a very urban city in the U.S.
A newspaper with a different approach was published by a Russian newspaper company and later
translated by the Los Angeles Times. The title of the article read, "On Khrushchev's Orders:
'Remarkable Rocket' Destroyed U.S. Plane". Just by the heading of the newspaper article, the
message was clear what the Soviets were trying to get across the table. A Soviet official said that the
"rocket forces such as that have become the main component of our armed forces" (Moscow Times).
Using the key words as "main component" was a gesture just to scare Americans, for it was later
revealed that the Soviets

America During The Cold War
Throughout World War II, the perception of fear prompted Allied forces to emerge victorious from
the bloody battlefields. Subsequently, Europe faced the struggles of political and economic
fragmentation, while the remaining world–powers were the United States of America and the Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics. Adhering to two highly contrasting ideologies, capitalism and
communism, fear for the other's supremacy initiated "war" once again.
The Cold War, of 1945 to 1991, was a lengthy era of diplomatic tension involving the "rapid build–
up of political, economic, and military strength in the free world." This rivalry to become the
predominant global–power led to numerous discoveries through aerial, space, and technological
exploration. Events, including those of espionage, the Arms Race, and the Space Race, led to
American–Soviet encounters and exchanges, contributing to major advancements in the fields of
both science and technology.
Following World War II, America, and its allies, closely observed the USSR's expansion movements
in Eastern Europe, fearful of a Soviet scheme to take command through the influence of
communism. This mass hysteria, leading to enduring actions committed by the American society
and government, became ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The United States had developed the world's deadliest super–weapon, the atom bomb, while the
Soviets possessed the largest military, the Red Army. When Joseph Stalin, premier of the USSR, was
informed of the bombing on Hiroshima, he was aghast. "This was a New Fact in the world's power
politics, that the bomb constituted a threat to Russia," wrote one British reporter. The Soviets had no
knowledge regarding the quantity of this "new weapon of unusual destructive force," as President
Harry S. Truman described it. In response to this dismay, the Soviet Union sought to diffuse their
ideologies and place top priority on their own bomb

History, Final Notes
Review Questions for Wyoming History Final Exam, December 6, 2011, 10:15 a.m. The exam will
consist of three parts: PART I: Short Identifications (50 points total) You will asked to select FIVE
names/terms from a list of eight or nine choices. You will write a paragraph identifying the
name/term and provide additional information about the significance of the name/term to Wyoming
history. Some possible terms are listed under questions in Part III (below). PART II: Two Book
Questions (25 points total) One question on each of the two books–– Davis, John W. Wyoming
Range War: The Infamous Invasion of Johnson County. Western, Sam. Pushed Off the Mountain,
Sold Down the River: Wyoming's Search for Its Soul. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rockefeller, Sr. Salt Creek oil field Cy Iba Standard Oil Refinery (Casper) Capt. B. L. E. Bonneville
and oil Big Muddy oilfield and UW U. S. S. Wyoming Harry Sinclair John B. Kendrick Warren G.
Harding Edward Doheny Albert Fall Leslie Miller 6. What was "Project Wagonwheel"? Who were
the major participants in the controversy? What sides of the issue did each represent? What was the
final result? Atomic Energy Commission Wagonwheel Information Committee El Paso Natural Gas
Company nuclear explosions WILDERNESS 7. Identify the three "ideological positions" in
environmentalism. Describe the primary principles of each. Also, in reference to each, identify and
describe the following: Preservation Conservation Development a). at least one specific federal
agency identified with each position b). at least one specific individual in history identified with
each position c). at least one specific "identifiable groups" possibly associated with each position
(HINT: This refers to "conservation," "preservation" and "development). Nathaniel

The War Of The Cold War
Feelings Do Matter
At the close of World War Two in 1945, the United States entered another kind of war, the Cold War,
which did not involve two adversaries in open battle fields using bullets against the Soviet Union.
Throughout the Cold War, incidents fueled feelings of anxiety, mistrust and pride.
Often pride is defined as "a feeling that you are more important or better than other people" (Pride).
Mistrust on the other hand is the "feeling that someone is not honest and cannot be trusted", which
still holds true to this day in regards to American and Russian relations (Mistrust). A meaning of
anxiety is the "fear or nervousness about what might happen" (Anxiety). This feeling was definitely
present during the Cold War.
In fact, much anxiety existed during the Cold War, in part due to American fear that the Soviet
Union would use Nuclear weapons against them. The Soviets shared a similar feeling that nuclear
weapons would be used against them. Due to this mutual fear, missiles placed within range of
American soil would create a crisis.
As a result, when it was discovered the Soviet Union was building a missile inventory on the island
of Cuba, the Cuban Missile Crisis unfolded October 16 to 28, 1962. In response to this discovery,
"the United States took forceful military steps for a potential invasion of Cuba" by staging troops off
the coast of Florida and using vessels to to form a blockade around Cuba (Kross). The Soviet Union
placed "over 42,000 troops on the

The Causes Of The Vietnam War
Officially fought between November 1955 and April 1975 between the North Vietnamese, aided by
the Soviet Union, China and various Soviet Allies, and the South Vietnamese, supported by the
United States and other anti–communist nations. After the introduction of American military forces
into French Indochina in 1960 between 1960 and 1961 under the leadership of John F. Kennedy,
American military forces tripled. American intervention escalated drastically following the Gulf of
Tonkin Incident in 1964 in which the original report detailed the North Vietnamese as the ones to
blame, however it was revealed after much controversy, that the USS Maddox, after firing warning
shots and then attacked the North Vietnamese ship. The second incident involved what became
known as Tonkin ghosts, rather than North Vietnamese ships, there were false radar images. These
two incidences were not only the start of substantial American military involvement but the federal
deceit that surrounded the Vietnam War during the Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations. The
Vietnam War was controversial from the start of American intervention. While the majority
American believed that intervention and American military involvement began in the late 1950s, this
was not the case. Participation in the Vietnam War was heavily promoted as a war against
communism, and at a time where McCarthyism and the Second Red Scare was prominent in
people's minds, Americans were initially accepting of the war effort.

Cuban Missile Crisis Research Paper
Cuban Missile Crisis "During the Cuban Missile Crisis, decisions made by President John F.
Kennedy and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev could have plunged both countries into
thermonuclear war (Kessler)." The Cuban Missile Crisis lasted thirteen days ("Cuban Missile
Crisis"). This is the closest this world has ever came to a nuclear war.
The Soviet Union was the complete opposite of the United States. Therefore, this caused some
disagreement. The United States was trying to stop the spread of communism. Meanwhile, the
Soviet Union is trying to help the spread of communism. The Soviet Union is also known as the
USSR or Union of Soviet Socialist Republic ("Union of Soviet Socialist"). The Soviet Union was
founded in 1917 after the people of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Cuban Missile Crisis was the most terrifying thirteen days in the history of American. The
Cuban Missile Crisis is the closest that the world has ever came to the nuclear war (Boyd). On
October 15, 1962, a U–2 found the missiles in Cuba ("Cuban Missile Crisis Timeline"). On October
16, 1962, more photos were shown that proves Cuba has long ranging missiles from the Soviet
Union. Robert Kennedy meets with Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko. Gromyko explains to
Robert Kennedy that the Soviet Union is helping Cuba in advancing their agriculture. Gromyko also
explains to Robert Kennedy that the nuclear weapons are for protection ("Cuban Missile Crisis
Timeline"). Since Cuba is closer than the Soviet Union to America, it makes more sense for the
Soviet Union to keep their nuclear weapons in Cuba. If the Soviet Union had missiles that could
launch from the Soviet Union to America, why else would they have them in the Soviet Union.
Therefore, the Soviet Union put their nuclear weapon into Cuba. America's weapons were strong
enough to launch from America into the Soviet Union from America. Therefore, America was
farther ahead in the arms race than the Soviet Union (Boyd). In the Excomm meeting on October 19,
1962, they member suggest to send ships from the United States to Cuba to stop the Soviet Union
("Cuban Missile Crisis Timeline"). They called this act a quarantine instead of a blockade. Since a
blockade in used as a war tactic, the Excomm members did not want to call the quarantine a
blockade to give people the wrong idea. A simple mistake, like that, could have been enough to start
another war ("Cuban Missile Crisis Timeline"). In this Excomm meeting President John F. Kennedy
was not able to attend. When President John F. Kennedy finds out what the Excomm suggest, he
heads back to Washington to deal with the Cuban Missile Crisis ("Cuban Missile Crisis

Overcoming The Cold War Required Courage From The People

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