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1. JOINTS OF THE
SKELETON

2. JOINTS
• A joint, or articulation, is the place where two bones come together.
• Although we normally associate joints with movement, not all joints in our body
allow movements.
Examples:
• Fibrous- Immovable: connect bones, no movement. (skull and pelvis).
• Cartilaginous- slightly movable, bones are attached by cartilage, a little movement
(spine or ribs).
• Synovial- freely movable, much more movement than cartilaginous joints. Cavities
between bones are filled with synovial fluid. This fluid helps lubricate and protect the
bones. (limbs and jaw)

3. STRUCTURE OF A FREELY MOVABLE
JOINTS
• A good example is:
-the joints of the elbow between the humerus and the ulna, which allows to bend arms.
l The Synovial Joint

4. • Ligaments
– a tough piece of tissue in our body that holds bones together or keeps an organ in
place
-it is also arranged to completely encase and support the joint but allow it to bend
freely.

5. TYPES OF FREELY MOVABLE JOINTS
• There are 6 types of freely movable:
-Hinge joint
-ball-and-socket joint
-pivot joint
-ellipsoid joint
-gliding joint
-saddle joint

6. 1. Hinge joints
-allows extension and retraction of an appendage. (Elbow, Knee)
2.Ball-and-socket joints
-most freely movable joints in the body. (Hips and Shoulder)
3. Pivot joints
-an interesting type of joints that allows only rotating movement
-it also allows the radius to rotate as you twist the forearm.(b/n the atlas and axis of the neck)
4.Ellipsoid joints(condyloid joints)
-joints between the metacarpals and phalanges, which allow us to move our fingers up, down,
left, and right.
-it consists of a bone with a convex(bulged) surface that fits into a concave(intended) portion of
another bone.
-allow movements in two planes but do not permit the bone to rotate in place.

7. 5. Gliding joints
-simplest types of joints in which one bone merely slides across the surface of another.
-it is found between the carpal of the wrist, allowing these bones to slide over each other as we flex
our wrist.
-it also found between the projections of the vertebrae, between vertebrae and ribs, and between
the clavicle and sternum.
6. Saddle joints
- This type of joint occurs when the touching surfaces of two bones have
both concave and convex regions with the shapes of the two bones
complementing one other and allowing a wide range of movement. (Thumb)
-allows motion in 2 plains allowing to hold thumbs against the side of the hand, to stretch out to the side, and to
rotate thumb out in front of the palm in order to gasp something.

8. PROBLEMS OF THE JOINTS
1. Degenerative Conditions
-common degenerative condition is arthritis, or inflammation of the joints.
*common form of arthritis is:
Osteoarthritis
-a condition in which years of wear and tear on a joints cause the articular cartilage in
the joint to deteriorate.
-it is common among aged but its severity varies greatly;

9. • Rheumatoid arthritis
-occurs when the body’s immune system attacks the tissue of a joint.
JOINTS INJURIES
• Sprain - the injury near a joint and involves a ligament
-occurs when the ligaments of a joint are overstressed, causing them to become
tender and inflamed
• Dislocation – occurs when a joint is overstressed to the extent that a bone pops out of
alignment and must be relocated.