Over Time, Computers Have Evolved Tremendously Due To...

Over time, computers have evolved tremendously due to...
Over time, computers have evolved tremendously due to inventors working with different devices.
Even before history was recoded, people used handheld counting and computing aids. Today, with
our modern technology, people use computers called laptops and even other handheld devices such
as IPads and even a cell phone. Over history, computers have evolved in order to fulfill the needs of
today's society and better serve people. My paper will explore the creation and usage of each device,
beginning with Manual calculators, looking at mechanical calculators, computer prototypes,
generations of computers and ending with personal computers. Before history was recorded by pen
and paper, people used counting aids–like pebbles– to keep ... Show more content on
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Mechanical calculators came on the scene shortly after the slide rule was developed. Instead of
needing the operator to apply algorithms to perform calculations as was the case with manual
calculators, a mechanical calculator implemented algorithms autonomously. The operator entered
the numbers for the calculations and pulled a lever/turned a wheel and the calculation would be
carried out. Mechanical calculators were developed in 1623, one of them was called Shickard's
calculator, which contained a series of interlocking gears. It had ten spokes and each spoke on a gear
represented a digit. Each time that the gear made one complete revolution, it moved on to the next
gear which was one notch to the left in order to "carry the one". Moving on to 1642, Blaise Pascal
developed what was known as the pascaline. A pascaline was a mechanical device that was used for
both addition and subtraction as well as division and multiplication. Gottfried Whilhelm von Leibniz
created a similar calculator in 1673. In 1820, however, Thomas de Colmar's Arithmometer was the
first mass produced mechanical calculator. Soon, calculators wouldn't need human power in order to
operate. In 1822, Charles Babbage created plans for a device that would be called the "Difference
Engine" that would run only on steam power. It was made to rapidly and accurately calculate large
tables of numbers that were used for engineering and astronomical applications. The blueprints for
the Difference Engine
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The Innovative Rise And Effects Of Computer Corporations
THE INNOVATIVE RISE AND EFFECTS OF COMPUTER CORPORATIONS According to "The
History, Development, and Importance of Personal Computers" of Science and Its Times, in 2001,
estimates believed that "there will be 2 billion PCs in use worldwide as of 2014." Today, computers
have changed our modern society. Almost every human being is using a computer either by ordering
out a drive thru at a fast food restaurant or even just surfing the web. Computers allow the world to
be interconnected and people from all over the globe to communicate within seconds. To find the
foundation of computers, we must look at the creation of the first computer and the innovations that
led up to computer corporations. Next, we must examine the rise of large computer ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another essential element in creating a computer is the knowledge of how to use electricity
("History, Development, and Importance"). All computers eventually develop the same basic
components: a CPU, RAM, hard disk drive, input and output devices, and a constant power source
(Goldsmith and Jackson). The first computer became the foundation of all computer development
and innovations were created afterwards to support and improve upon it. According to the article
"ENIAC" from World of Inventions, the first computer that required the use of electricity was called
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) and it was designed by J. Presper Eckert
and John Mauchly during World War II ("ENIAC"). Eckert and Mauchly's ENIAC "contained
18,000 vacuum tubes and required 160,000 watts of power. It weighed thirty tons, and took up over
1,500 square feet" ("ENIAC"). In "The Development of Computer Assisted Mathematics" in
Science and Its Times, ENIAC was built to use numbers to describe the behavior of explosives, high
performance aircraft, and the weather ("Mathematics"). Even though ENIAC's main use was for
military purposes, it can also make meteorology calculations and help with nuclear weapons
research ("ENIAC"). According to Brian Overland, a professional programmer of the C family of
languages, "electronic . . . made it possible to use wires and vacuum tubes to stimulate logical
operations," and allowed for the use of wires and vacuum

Computers Can Not Only Bring Us A Great Diversity Of Benefit
Introduction
After several decades of development, computers have changed a lot. Nowadays, it is quite hard to
work without any assistance of computers in most areas, even some traditional fields, such as
agriculture, tourism, education etc. A computer is defined as "a general–purpose device that can be
programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically" ("Computer,"
2015). In other words, it is a device which can solve some sort of problems through calculating data
or taking statistics.
The history of
Computers can not only bring us a great diversity of benefit. However, on the other hand, there are
still quite a few people insist some negative points that computers made our world more
complicated, or we ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, 7200 crystal diodes, 1500 relays, 70,000 resistors, 10,000
capacitors and approximately 5,000,000 hand–soldered joints. It weighed more than 30 short tons
(27 t), was roughly 2.4m × 0.9m × 30m (8 × 3 × 100 feet) in size, occupied 167m2 (1800 ft2) and
consumed 150 kW of electricity ("Computer," 2015). This computer can calculate more than 5000
simple addition or subtraction operations in one second. It means ENIAC was better than last
generation of computer one thousand times, or manual calculation two hundred thousand times.
Background
The idea of developing an electronic computer was generated during the World War II. At that time,
every country was busy with researching new strategic weapons and equipment. Therefore,
producing new types of airplanes and artilleries tended to be more and more significant and
necessary. For this reason, the Ordnance Department of US Army set up a "Ballistic Research
Laboratory" in Aberdeen, Maryland. The US military required that the lab needed to provide six
firing tables of Army artillery units daily in order to identify the development of missile technology.
Although it was just six firing tables, they needed a staggering amount of work. As a matter of fact,
each table must calculate hundreds of shooting ballistic, and each model of trajectory is a set of very
complex nonlinear equations. These equations are no way to find the exact solution, it can only be
calculated approximately by

Digital Technology, Is It a Curse or a Blessing for the...
Digital Technology, is it a curse or a blessing for the graphic designer?
Are you a Graphic Designer? Do you look forward to your next trip to the Apple Store? It 's safe to
say that Digital Technology has become an obsession in the world of design. Macbook 's, iPad 's,
digital camera 's and printer 's. All sounds pretty normal to us and most of the time we take our hi–
tech gadgets for granted. But around 100 years ago things were very different. Digital technology
hadn 't been invented and graphic designers had to use very different ways and methods of design.
So was it any easier then or as the digital technology of our world progressed has it became easier
for graphic designers?
Computers today are one of the most important pieces ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Just like the way a calculator gives you the ability to calculate a tangent it still does not make you
understand fully how geometry works. So therefore having the latest software on a PC doesn 't make
the person a design expert and knowing the ins and outs of design. Although it gives the illusion of
doing so.
The Macintosh computer was released in January of 1984.[7] (See Fig.6) As one of the first type
designers to exploit the potential of the Apple Macintosh in its pre–designer days, Zuzana Licko
transformed the pixel from low–resolution imitation to high–style original.[8] Rudy Vanderlans (See
Fig.7) was one of the other designers first to adopt the Macintosh as a tool for they 're designs. In an
interview with Vanderlans he had this to say "We were unhappy with our regular jobs, we saw an
opportunity to start our own company, and ran with it. It was a tediously slow process that would
make for some very boring reading when retold in detail. Let 's just say we were very naive, and we
worked very long days. And ultimately it was all propelled to a higher level by our early adoption of
the Macintosh computer as a design tool when it was first introduced."[9] They widely used the
macintosh computer as the main tool for the design of their magazine, Emigre. (See Fig.8)
Advantages of todays digital technology for design would include the usage of the internet for
research becoming much easier with internet

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Programming Language
I . Abstract
Programming Languages are important part of some peoples' life, but not all of programming
languages are needed to learn. In these days, programming languages very popular in the world, but
still have their specializations, and each language has its own advantages and disadvantages. We can
discuss comparison of programming languages in this project.
II . Introduction
Language programming language evolved to communicate design diet tips machines, in particular
computer. Programming languages may be used to create programs for controlling the behavior of
the machine or to express algorithms. Over thousands of different programming languages in the
field of information and more are created every year has been established, in particular. Vocabulary
and grammar proposal to instruct the computer to perform certain tasks. Firstly, we have to know
what is programming language? The term usually refers to programming languages, such as high
BASIC, C, C ++, COBOL, FORTRAN, Ada and Pascal. Every language has a unique set of
keywords (words that are used) and a special syntax for organizing the program instructions. Some
languages are defined in the specification (e.g., the C programming language defined ISO), while
other languages (such as Perl) dominant application is considered as a reference. ... Show more
Any other type of CPU has its own machine language.
Programming Language, to make the required calculations, to store the data obtained and input /
output devices to send data to / receive is the language used to make such transactions. A specific
syntax of the programming languages as in natural language (syntax) is. Programming languages not
only with applications that run on computers, electronic devices with applications running on other
processors and memory is

Brief History of Library Automation: 1930-1996
Brief History of Library Automation: 1930–1996
An automated library is one where a computer system is used to manage one or several of the
library's key functions such as acquisitions, serials control, cataloging, circulation and the public
access catalog. When exploring the history of library automation, it is possible to return to past
centuries when visionaries well before the computer age created devices to assist with their book
lending systems. Even as far back as 1588, the invention of the
French "Book Wheel" allowed scholars to rotate between books by stepping on a pedal that turned a
book table. Another interesting example was the "Book
Indicator", developed by Albert Cotgreave in 1863. It housed miniature books to
represent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ARPANET, a network established by the Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency in 1969 brought into existence the use of e–mail, telnet and ftp.
By 1980, a sub–net of ARPANET made MELVYL, the University of Californiaís on– line public
access catalog, available on a national level. ARPANET, would become the prototype for other
networks such as CSNET, BITNET, and EDUCOM. These networks have almost disappeared with
the evolution of ARPANET to NSFNET which has become the present day Internet. During the
1970's the inventions of the integrated computer chip and storage devices caused the use of
minicomputers and microcomputers to grow substantially. The use of commercial systems for
searching reference databases
(such as DIALOG) began. BALLOTS (Bibliographical Automation of Large Library
Operations) in the late 1970's was one of the first and later became the foundation for RLIN (the
Research Libraries Information Network). BALLOTS was designed to integrate closely with the
technical processing functions of the library and contained four main files: (1)MARC records from
LOC; (2) an in– process file containing information on items in the processing stage; (3) a catalog
data file containing an on–line record for each item; and (4) a reference file. Further, it contained a
wide search retrieval capability with the ability to search on truncated words, keywords, and LC
subject headings, for

Contributors to the Invention of the Digital Computer and...
During the mid–twentieth century many inventions were created in America. The 1900s included
important inventions such as the airplane and telephone. Along with this time of innovation and
invention came World War II, a large impetus to create something new. The digital computer was
just one of these many inventions. The digital computer was invented in around 1940, right within
the World War II time period. George Stibitz was recognized as the father of the invention although
there were many steps leading up to the digital computer. As a few of the many features, the digital
computer's ability to do multiple functions and to have greater programmability put it ahead of its
predecessors. World War II was just another incentive to improve the computer, allowing for faster
operations and more effective cryptanalysis. Digital computers were one of the most important
inventions within its time period due to its impact on history, the many people involved, and its
advancements compared to previous devices.
Before the invention of the digital computer came many predecessors and previous inventions that
impacted the functions of the computer. A basis for the programmability of the computer came from
the invention of binary. Binary is a code in which there are two states "0" and "1". The "0" state
represents off, while the "1" represents on. These two digits can be used to represent anything in a
compact and readable format for the computer. Charles Babbage is credited with the

The Invention of Computer and Its Significance in Human...
The Invention of Computer and its Significance in Human History
Abstract: In human history, there are lots of great inventions which made great effects to our life; we
can even say, they dominated the development of human culture. This paper would say something
about an effective invention which is fast developing and have the greatest influence on human
society–computer and its history and significance. The writer believes, before people see computer
as a convenient and useful tool even can't leave it, it's necessary to review its history of development
and knowing its significance would make a good effect to the development in the future.
Key words: Computer; Development; IBM
Webster's Dictionary defines "computer" as any programmable ... Show more content on
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Hopper would revise this concept over the next twenty years and her ideas would become an
integral part of all modern computers. CBS uses one of the 46 UNIVAC computers produced to
predict the outcome of the 1952 Presidential Election. They do not air the prediction for 3 hours
because they do not trust the machine.
IBM introduces the 701 the following year. It is the first commercially successful computer. In 1956
FORTRAN is introduced(proposed 1954, it takes nearly 3 years to develop the compiler). Two
additional languages, LISP and COBOL, are added in 1957 and 1958. Other early languages include
ALGOL and BASIC. Although never widely used, ALGOL is the basis for many of today's
languages.
With the introduction of Control Data's CDC1604 in 1958, the first transistor powered computer, a
new age dawns. Brilliant scientist Seymour Cray heads the development team. This year integrated
circuits are introduced by two men, Jack Kilby and John Noyce, working independently. The second
network is developed at MIT. Over the next three years computers begin affecting the day–to–day
lives of most Americans. The addition of MICR characters at the bottom of checks is common.
In 1961 Fairchild Semiconductor introduces the integrated circuit. Within ten years all computers
use these instead of the transistor. Formally building sized computers are now room–sized, and are
considerably more

Essay On Technology At Its Roots
Technology at Its Roots Everyday we continue to invent new things to help technology march
forward and evolve into something better. Computers need to be quicker, phones need more
features, pictures need more clarity, and calls need to be clearer. No matter what the subject, if
technology is involved, someone always desires to reinvent it and make it better. This idea is true
when it comes to all forms of technology. We constantly want to improve our devices so they may
fulfill our needs with more efficiency. However, where did it all start? What caused our rapid
explosion of technology and our constant need to improve on the latest model? Simple, it all started
with the computer. The first computer was very primitive when compared to ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Instead, the ENIAC was put to use performing calculations for the hydrogen bomb, weather
predictions, cosmic–ray analysis, thermal ignition, random number generation and wind–tunnel
design ("Computing" 28). The ENIAC was the first multi–use computer that inspired thousands to
think of new ways to invent and use these electric behemoths. Operating the ENIAC was no easy
feat either! In order for the ENIAC to run all these tasks, it had to be "programmed" to do so. Input
was made possible from an IBM card reader, where punched cards would be fed into the reader and
the machine would interpret the data and get to work ("Computering" 28). Once that data entered the
ENIAC, there was no interface or software to interact with like today's computers have, all it had
was wiring and switches (Sobel 28). So in order to get answers to many complex calculations, six
operators configured the 18,000 vacuum tubes and 3,000 switches to "program" the device so that
they may compute the correct answer (Sobel 28). Without these "programmers" operating the
ENIAC, not a single calculation would have occurred. Also from Eckert and Mauchly came the first
commercially used computer, the Universal Automatic Computer, or the UNIVAC for short.
Invented in 1951, the UNIVAC was still huge when compared to today's standard for computers. It
had 5,000 vacuum tubes and took up about a 25– by 50–ft. room (Betts 20). The key difference
between the UNIVAC and the ENIAC is that the UNIVAC was

How Technology Has Changed Our Lives
In today's society, technology has increasingly become more present in our lives. Grow–ing up,
what I remember most was whenever I was a home, the one place anybody could be sure to find me
was in my bedroom, sitting behind my Sony laptop doing random things. For many people,
including myself, who grew up around computers and technology, it is really hard to imagine living
in a world without them by our sides since we are so used to having them around. So where did
computers and laptop even come from?
The first computer idea came from an English mathematician named Charles Babbage, in 1822, who
intended to come up with a solution to change and make a manual time–table organization machine
that could calculate various problems efficiently for the government. He came up with an idea of
two different products: one which would produce efficient time–tables, calculate basic math
equations, and be able to print out the results; and another one which would be able to calculate any
specific equation that was programed it to solved. Though the engines he created were both
unsuccessful, it did spark a flame towards creating computers in the future (Campbell–Kelly,
Martin).
In the early 1940s, two professors from the University of Pennsylvania, John Mauchly and J.
Presper Eckert, released the first functional computer called the ENIAC. It "occupied about 1,800
square feet and used about 18,000 vacuum tubes, weighing about almost 50 tons" (When Was the
First Computer Invented).

Development of Personal Computers
The Development of Personal Computers
The history of the computer goes back hundreds of years. From the abacus through the modern era
the evolution of computers has involved many innovative individuals. It was out of this desire to
innovate many fascinating tabulating machines developed. The modern computer, therefore, evolved
from an amalgamation of the genius of many individuals over a long period of history. Many people
shaped the world by making the efforts to develop technology.
An early counting machine (and relative of the computer) can be traced back to 3000 BC. This
device is known as the abacus. Although ancient, the abacus is not archaic. It is still used in math
education and in some businesses for making ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She was among the only female mathematicians of her time ("Computer"). Her suggestion that
punched cards be used as a type of simple programming for the Analytical Engine earned her the
title " the first computer programmer" (Long and Long 35C). In addition, the United States
Department of Defense honored Byron by naming its high–level security program "Ada", in 1977
("Byron").
In 1890 a man named Herman Hollerith devised a machine to speed up census taking (Long and
Long 35C). Hollerith was born in 1860 in Buffalo, New York, and was educated at Columbia
University ("Hollerith, Herman"). With the aid of a professor he got a job helping with tabulation of
the 1880 census, a process that took eight years (Long and Long 35C).
After experiencing the 1880 census Herman devised a "Tabulating Machine" in order to speed the
1890 census. This machine used cards encoded with data in the form of punched holes. The machine
read the punched holes after they were passed through electrical contacts ("Hollerith, Herman").
"Closed circuits, which indicated hole positions, could then be selected and counted" (qtd. in
"Hollerith, Herman"). "Hollerith's Tabulating Machine" cut the time it took to do the census to under
three years and saved the Census Bureau 5 million dollars (Long and Long 35C). In addition, the
machine represents the first use of punched cards as a set of operation instructions, an idea
originating with Jaquard and perpetuated by the

Brief History Of Computers Essay
The history of computers is a long and fascinating one. The computer was initially born out of
necessity, not just for entertainment, which is more or less how much people utilize computers these
days. In fact, computers were born out of a need to solve a serious number–crunching crisis. By
1880, the U.S. population had grown so large that it took more than seven years to tabulate the U.S.
Census results. The government sought a faster way to get the job done, giving rise to punch–card
based computers that took up entire rooms. (Zimmermann) Today, we carry more computing power
on our smartphones than was available in these early models. The following brief history of
computing is a timeline of how computers evolved from their humble beginnings to the machines of
today that surf the Internet, play games and stream multimedia in addition to crunching numbers.
(Zimmermann) 1801: In France, Joseph Marie Jacquard invents a loom that uses punched wooden
cards to automatically weave fabric designs. Early computers would use similar punch cards. 1822:
English mathematician Charles Babbage conceives of a steam–driven calculating machine that
would be able to compute tables of numbers. The project, funded by the English government, is a
failure. More than a century later, however, the world's first computer was actually built. 1890:
Herman Hollerith designs a punch card system to calculate the 1880 census, accomplishing the task
in just three years and saving the government $5

Computers And Its Impact On Modern Society Essay
Computers
In between 1943 and 1946, ENIAC was designed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at
University of Pennsylvania, U.S. ENIAC was a modular computer, collected of separate panels to
perform different functions. Twenty of these parts were accumulators, which could not only add and
subtract but hold a ten–digit decimal number in memory. Numbers were passed between these units
across several general–purpose buses. In order to achieve its high speed, the panels had to send and
receive numbers, save the answer and produce the next operation, all without any moving parts. Key
to its usefulness was the ability to branch; it could produce different operations, depending on the
sign of a computed result. ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, 7200 crystal diodes, 1500 relays,
70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors and about 5,000,000 hand–soldered joints. It weighed more than
30 tons, was roughly 2.4m × 0.9m × 30m in size, and consumed 150 kW of electricity. This power
requirement led to the rumour that whenever the computer was switched on, lights in Philadelphia
dimmed.
UNIVAC I MAINFRAME COMPUTER
UNIVAC I mainframe computer of 1951, which became known for predicting the outcome of the
U.S. presidential election the following year. This incident is particularly important because the
computer predicted an Eisenhower landslide when traditional pollsters all called it for Adlai
Stevenson. The numbers were so skewed that CBS 's news boss in New York, Mickelson, decided
the

Von Neumann Research Paper
THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS 1945–2013
What is machine before year 1935, it was an individual who do the number juggling estimations.
Between year of 1935– 1945, definition alluded to machine, as opposed to an individual. The
machine is focused around von Neumann's idea where gadget can accessto information, forms
information, saves information, and produces output.it has experienced from vacuum tube to
transistor, to the microchip.microchip starts conversing with modem. Nowdays we trade content,
sound, photographs and films in a nature's turf.
Machines additionally has an exceptionally essential influence in our lives and with such a large
number of late innovations, no one can claim to have sole obligation regarding their ... Show more
Von Neumann planned the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) in 1945 with
a memory to hold both a put away program and in addition information. This "put away memory"
strategy and also the "restrictive control exchange," that permitted the workstation to be halted
sometime or another and afterward continued, took into account more amazing adaptability in
machine programming. The key component to the von Neumann construction modeling was the
focal transforming unit, which permitted all machine capacities to be facilitated through a solitary
source. In 1951, the UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer), manufactured by Remington
Rand, turned into one of the first monetarily accessible machines to exploit these developments.
Both the U.s. Statistics Bureau and General Electric claimed Univacs. One of UNIVAC's amazing
early accomplishments was foreseeing the victor of the 1952 presidential decision, Dwight D.
Eisenhower.
1946: Mauchly and Presper leave the University of Pennsylvania and get financing from the Census
Bureau to manufacture the UNIVAC, the first business workstation for business and government
applications.eniac – World's first electronic, expansive scale, universally useful machine,
constructed by Mauchly and Eckert, and initiated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1946. ENIAC
reproduced on an advanced machine chip. See a clarification of ENIAC on a Chip by the Moore
School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania.

History of Internet
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS AND THE INTERNET
OUTLINE
1B
MODULE
Steps Toward Modern Computing 31 First Steps: Calculators 31 The Technological Edge:
Electronics 31 Putting It All Together: The ENIAC 36 The Stored–Program Concept 36 The
Computer's Family Tree 37 The First Generation (1950s) 37 The Second Generation (Early 1960s)
38 The Third Generation (Mid–1960s to Mid–1970s) 39 The Fourth Generation (1975 to the
Present) 41 A Fifth Generation? 44 The Internet Revolution 45 Lessons Learned 48
WHAT YOU'LL LEARN . . .
After reading this module, you will be able to: 1. Define the term "electronics" and describe some
early electronic devices that helped launch the computer industry. 2. Discuss the role that the stored–
program concept ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A calculator is a machine that can perform arithmetic functions with numbers, including addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division.
The Technological Edge: Electronics
Today's computers are automatic, in that they can perform most tasks without the need for human
intervention. They require a type of technology that was unimaginable in the nineteenth century. As
Figure 1B.1 shows, nineteenth–century inventor Charles Babbage came up with the first design for a
Figure
1B.1
Steps Toward Modern Computing: A Timeline
quipa (15th and 16th centuries) At the height of their empire, the Incas used complex chains of
knotted twine to represent a variety of data, including tribute payments, lists of arms and troops, and
notable dates in the kingdom's chronicles.

( abacus (4000 years ago to 1975) Used by merchants throughout the ancient world. Beads represent
figures (data); by moving the beads according to rules, the user can add, subtract, multiply, or
divide. The abacus remained in use until a worldwide deluge of cheap pocket calculators put the
abacus out of work, after being used for thousands of years.
(
(
Jacquard 's loom (1804) French weaver Joseph–Marie Jacquard creates an automatic, programmable
weaving machine that creates fabrics with richly detailed patterns. It is controlled by means of
punched cards. Pascal's calculator (1642) French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal, the
son of an accountant, invents

Essay On How Computer Has Changed Business
Business existed in the world since human beings were born. Back to Paleolithic Age, our ancestors
were doing business by trading goods with each other and we call this "Barter". They traded goods
whatever they needed. They could use food trade with furniture or they could use tools trade with
clothes. But then the problems were coming, sometimes, our ancestors found that the prices of
goods were not always consistent, and it was very inconvenient to carry heavy goods around.
Therefore, people decided to use rare metals (such as bronze, silver and gold) as currencies. Later,
coins were introduced as money around 700 B.C . The first paper currency in record appeared in
early China around 806AD and we call that "JiaoZi" . The paper ... Show more content on
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However, nothing could stop Charles's unswervingly spirit at that time, in 1837, he proposed the
first general mechanical computer, the Analytical Engine. The Analytical Engine contained an
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), basic flow control, punch cards (inspired by the Jacquard Loom), and
integrated memory. It was the first general–purpose computer concept. Then in 1936, the Turing
Machine was invented by Alan Turing, it was a machine that printed symbols on paper tape in a
manner that emulated a person following a series of logical instructions. The theory of Turing
Machine laid the foundation about computing and computers. Since there, the computer industry's
development started an explosive growth. In 1943, J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly began
constructing the first functional and digital computer called "ENIAC" until 1946 when the computer
was complete. The appearance of ENIAC marked the beginning of a new era in not only computer's
history but also in human's history. The theories and ideas in ENIAC promoted the Third
Revolution. In fact, I believe the Third Revolution started from here. The world was no longer the
same as before, it changed by those great and intelligent scientists, and I call it the "G–World".
b) Chapter 2 If computer's appearance represents the beginning of the Third Revolution, then the
Internet must be the fuse. Today's internet is more like a media which connects all the computer
devices

Machines And The Internet
Machine is determined from a Latin word "computare" which signifies "to compute", "to check", "to
aggregate up" or "to think together". "A Computer is an electronic machine that can take care of
distinctive issues, process information, store and recover information and perform figurings quicker
and effectively than people". Thus, all the more unequivocally the statement machine implies a
"gadget that performs calculation". "A Computer is modified gadget with a set of directions to
perform particular errands and create results at a fast". The main computerized machines were
produced between 1940 to 1945. Machines are great method for instruction on the grounds that it
helps understudy work on composing, learning and perusing. It bails us ... Show more content on
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Organizations today need workers who have the capacity use machine on the grounds that all
organizations use machine with a specific end goal to interface with different organizations.
Simple ascertaining gadgets initially showed up in olden times and mechanical computing helps
were created in the seventeenth century. The initially recorded utilization of the expression
"machine" is likewise from the seventeenth century, connected to human machines, individuals who
performed counts, frequently as vocation. The main machine gadgets were thought about in the
nineteenth century, and just rose in their current structure in the 1940s. The primary advanced
machines were produced between 1940 to 1945. Charles Babbage is the Father of the Computer. In
1941 Konrad Zuse, created "Z3", the first current registering machine. Konrad Zuse is viewed as
"the innovator of machines". ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator & Computer) was the first
US–fabricated electronic machine. ENIAC was created by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. The
world 's initially put away program machine was "Manchester Baby" created in 1948 (Misenbergas,
K.2008). The "Manchester Baby" was a little scale trial machine created in Victoria college of
Manchester. In the first era of machines, Computers were assembled with vacuum tubes. In 1957,
FORTRAN (Formula Translator) was presented. Machines were manufactured with Transistors in
the second era of machines. In the third

The 1940's: An Iconic Era Of American Society
Computers have evolved to become backbone of the American society. As a result, the development
of the first computer should be considered an iconic era of American history. History, present and
future, including the military. The 1940's was the beginning of an era of computers ruling us. It all
started with Konrad Zuse a German engineer creates and finishes the computer called Z3 built in
1941 it was built using 2,300 relays, and used a floating point binary arithmetic, and had a 22 bit
word length. Although the original was destroyed in a bombing run in Berlin in late 1943. He
supervised a reconstruction of his invention in the 60's which is on display at the Deutsches
Museum in Munich. In February of 1946 the ENIAC was released and the public was able to view
it, built by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert they improved it by 1,000 times since the first
computers were released. Started in 1943 it took 3 years to complete and it used a plugboard and
switch program, and the speed was about 5,000 operations per second. It took up 1,000 square feet,
or the size of a small house! In 1944 the Harvard Mark–1 was completed. Thought by the Harvard
professor Howard Aiken, and built by IBM, the dimensions of this beast was room sized, relay–
based calculator. Also it had a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1968 the 6600 lost its title of the fastest computer in the world when the CDC 7600 was made.
The way the 6600 worked was by having 10 computers process stuff or known as the peripheral
processors, which funnel data to a central cpu. The Department of Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency hired the University of Illinois to build a processing computer and its name would
be the ILLIAC IV, which did not operate until 1972 at NASA's Arms Research. This computer was
the first large–scale array, and it had the speed of 200 million instructions per

Boli10 Unit 2 Assignment
Assignment Unit 3 B
By – Syed Mohiuddin Hussaini
S. ID – F00416137
Information Technology is the study or use of systems (especially computers and
telecommunications) for storing, retrieving, and sending information. The word Information
Technology was first coined by authors Harold J. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler in an article for
Harvard Business Review in 1958, quoting "The new technology does not yet have a single
established name; we shall call it Information Technology". Their definition consists of three
categories – techniques for processing, the application of statistical and mathematical methods for
decision making, and the simulation of higher order thinking through computer programs.
Technological revolutions have triggered strong increases in productivity. Most of us see the
computer as electronic general purpose machine. 70 years from now, John Mauchly and J. Presper
Eckert of the Moore School at the University of Pennsylvania, submitted a proposal for building an
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first person to introduce logical operations was George Boole and he gave the Boolean laws in
the 19th century. His was the concept that would later go on to become the origin of the Information
Technology and the computers. Boole was an English mathematician, philosopher and logician. In
Boole's concept, the values of the variables are the truth values like True/False or Yes/No usually
denoted by 1 or 0. In the year 1913, Sheffer named Boole's method as Boolean algebra. The values
of the variables were numbers, and main operations are multiplication and addition in the basic
algebra, but Boolean algebra's main operations are conjunction AND denoted by ∧, the disjunction
OR, denoted as ∨, and the negation NOT, denoted as ¬. Boolean algebra has then been fundamental
in the development of digital electronics and is provided for in all modern programming languages.
It is also used in set theory

A Brief History of Library Automation
An automated library is one where a computer system is used to
manage one or several of the library's key functions such as
acquisitions, serials control, cataloging, circulation and the public
access catalog. When exploring the history of library automation, it
is possible to return to past centuries when visionaries well before
the computer age created devices to assist with their book lending
systems. Even as far back as 1588, the invention of the French 'Book
Wheel' allowed scholars to rotate between books by stepping on a pedal
that turned a book table. Another interesting example was the 'Book
Indicator', developed by Albert Cotgreave in 1863. It housed miniature
books to represent books in the library's collection. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ARPANET, a network established by the Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency in 1969 brought into existence the use of e–mail,
telnet and ftp. By 1980, a sub–net of ARPANET made MELVYL, the
University of Californiaís on–line public access catalog, available on
a national level. ARPANET, would become the prototype for other
networks such as CSNET, BITNET, and EDUCOM. These networks have almost
disappeared with the evolution of ARPANET to NSFNET which has become

the present day Internet.
During the 1970's the inventions of the integrated computer chip
and storage devices caused the use of minicomputers and microcomputers
to grow substantially. The use of commercial systems for searching
reference databases (such as DIALOG) began. BALLOTS (Bibliographical
Automation of Large Library Operations) in the late 1970's was one of
the first and later became the foundation for RLIN (the Research
Libraries Information Network). BALLOTS was designed to integrate
closely with the technical processing functions of the library and
contained four main files: (1)MARC records from LOC; (2) an in–process
file containing information on items in the processing stage; (3) a
catalog data file containing an on–line record for each item; and (4)
a reference file. Further, it contained a wide search retrieval
capability with the ability to search on truncated words, keywords,
and LC

The History And How Of Computers
The History and How of Computers Everything you do on a computer or phone is meticulously
programmed. Surfing the web requires HTML, CSS, JavaScript, JQuery, and PHP. Lines upon lines
written such as "$temp = password_hash($object–>password, PASSWORD_BCRYPT);". The
binary zeros and ones of machine code turn into video games, websites, and programs such as what
you are using right now to read this. The age of information was brought forth by the ability to
access all known information and share new knowledge. The unsung founders of the age of
information are programmers that created the links between peers that we now call the World Wide
Web. In the past 200 years, a computer has gone from reading punch cards to running simulations on
how the universe was created. In the beginning, there was Jacquard. Joseph–Marie Jacquard was an
inventor in France between the 18th and 19th centuries. His most famous work was the Jacquard
loom, which read a punch card in order to weave a chosen design into cloth. In 1822, Charles
Babbage had the idea of a device powered by steam to calculate tables of numbers, although the idea
was to be funded by the English government, it never came to be (The Engines). Decades later, in
1890, Herman Hollerith revamped the punch card system in order to calculate the census. Hollerith's
company became what we know as IBM who later paved the way for data storage by floppy discs
and hard drives ("IBM is Founded"). The beginnings of the modern computer

Technology Has Made Many Advancements
Riki Sanghvi COMM 100 Privacy Technology has made many advancements in the recent years.
The first computer was built in 1946 by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the University of
Pennsylvania. Without this invention who knows where we would be today because this brought up
many other designs like websites and apps that can be accessed anywhere at any point in time. With
the birth of the computer comes the birth of social media which according to Hale (2015) began
1997 with a website called Six Degrees. This site allowed their users to create a profile where they
can connect with other users within site. One could also post bulletin boards. But it died down in
2001 after hitting a record high 3.5 million users ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to the recent advancements in technology, information privacy is becoming complex by the
minute as there is a constant exchange of data. As technology gets more advanced, so does the data.
This leads to the above mentioned and other major corporations facing an incredibly difficult task of
maintaining user privacy ("About the IAPP", n.d). It is only logical to think that we have not only
become used to this unlimited access, but we have also become very trustworthy of these sites. We
believe that because we have our personal profiles which options of keeping certain aspects private
that they are in fact private. Unfortunately, this is not the case. One with advanced technical skills
can quickly access whatever information you put on the web. Also, companies like Zynga which
have games like Poker, Farmville etc. have the rights to send our personal information to third party
companies who target us with strategically placed advertisements, a segment which Matthew would
further explain. People are sharing more information than they were doing in the past. 91% post a
photo of themselves, up from 79% in 2006. 71% post their school name, up from 49%. 71% post the
city or town where they live, up from 61%. 53% post their email address, up from 29%. 20% post
their cell phone number, up from 2% (Madden et al., 2013). Along with this, people feel it is
appropriate to tag their location which is a hazard consistently. Anyone with enough incentive can
locate your whereabouts

Litterature Review on Railway Reservation System
A Project Proposal Submitted to Department of Information Technology In Partial Fulfillment of
The Requirements of The award of A Diploma in Business Information Technology
Mt Kenya University
Nakuru Campus
November, 2012
DECLARATION
I declare that this is my original work and it has never been copied or submitted to any other
examination body or any institution. No part of this project should be copied or republished without
my permission.
Students name.
Fredrick Maina
.............................................
Student signature.
.............................................
Date
.............................................
Supervisors Name
.............................................
Supervisor Signature
..............................................
Date
..............................................
Table of Contents DECLARATION 2 ABSRACT 6 CHAPTER ONE 7 INTRODUCTION 7
Background 7 The Problem ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.2 Literature Review
Transaction Processing System or TPS can be defined as a type of Information System or IS which
gathers, stores, changes and retrieves the data transactions of an organization or business Thus, it
offers tools that will help to ease or automate application programming, execution and
administration. In addition, it supports a network of device that submits different queries and
updates to the application. Based on these inputs, the application will maintains a database
representing some real world state. Application will then, responses and outputs typically drive real–

world actuators and transducers that change and control the state. The applications, database and
network tend to evolve over several decades. Increasingly, the systems are geographically
distributed, heterogonous, continuously available and have stringent response time requirements

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