...

1. COMMUNICATION IS A PACKAGE OF SIGNALS
- Involved verbal and non verbal communication
- Reinforce each others
- Mixed message can cause damage COMMUNICATION IS TRANSACTIONAL
- Each person simultaneously speaker and receiver
- Is a ever changing process each element stands in dynamic relation to
other element
- Meaning created by the individual
- Process of adjustment
- All individu have different signal systems
- Problems arise especially in communication between person of different
culture.
- Is accomodation

2. Communication involves content and relationship dimensions.
- Essential to understanding
- Content aspect : behavioral response are expected
Communication involves content and relationship dimensions.
- Essential to understanding
- Content aspect : behavioral response are expected
Communication involves symmetrical and complementary transaction.
- Symmetrical relationship : mirroring of each others behavior
- Complementary relationship : individuals engage in different
behaviours
Communication is
inevitable,
irreversible and
unrepeatable

3. Definition : comes from latin – ‘Cultura’ that means
cultivation.
A british anthropologist, Edward Tylor 1st
“culture is that complex whole which include knowledge,
beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom and any other capacities and
habit acquired by man as a member of society”

4.  From the standpoint of contemporary cultural anthropologists, culture is characterized
by the following four basic features:
1) Culture is a kind of social inheritance instead of biological heritage;
2) Culture is shared by the whole community, not belonging to any particular
individual;
 3) Culture is a symbolic meaning system in which language is one of the most
important ones;
 4) Culture is a unified system, the integral parts of which are closely related to one
another.
 In general, culture can be divided into three categories:
 - Material culture as the product of human manufacture
 - Social culture as the people‘s form of social organization
 - Ideological culture including people‘s belief and values.

5. Culture itself is like an iceberg. The tip of the iceberg is the smallest part. Most of the
iceberg is submerged.
That which we can easily see, the external part of a culture including behavior, clothing,
food, is the smallest part. Meanwhile the internal part, including beliefs, values, norms,
and attitude, is beneath the water level of awareness. It is inside people‘s heads.

6.  The word ―culture‖ doesn‘t mean just national culture, but the whole range of
different types of culture. These include:
 Corporate culture (for example, the culture of Apple,
 Microsoft)
 Professional culture (for example, the culture of
 doctors, lawyers)
 Gender (different cultures of men and women)
 Age ( the different cultures of young, middle-aged, and
 old-people)
 Religious culture (for example, Catholicism, Islam,
 Budha)
 Regional culture (for example, Western, Eastern)
 Class culture (for example, working class, middle class,
 upper class)

7.  Cultural Patterns of Behavior
 Cultures have widely characteristics, but such patterns for living according to some anthropologists
have universal characteristics. George Peter Murdock in Tomasow (1986) mentions seven cultural
patterns of behavior, namely:
 1. They originate in the human mind.
2. They facilitate human and environmental interactions.
 Cross Cultural Understanding | 7
 They satisfy human basic needs.
 They are cumulative and adjust to changes in external
 and internal conditions.
 They tend to form a consistent structure.
 They are learned and shared by all members of the
 society.
 They are transmitted to new generations.

8. We can summarize the relationship between culture and language as the following:
 - language is a key component of culture. It is the primary medium for
transmitting much of culture. Without language, culture would not be possible.
 - Children learning their native language are learning their own culture; learning
a second language also involves learning a second culture to varying degrees.
 - Language is influenced and shaped by culture. It reflects culture.
 - Cultural differences are the most serious areas causing misunderstanding,
unpleasantness and even conflict in cross-cultural communication.

9. Enculturation is the process by which culture is transmitted from one generation to
next.
Acculturation involves the process by which one culture is modified through contact
with or exposure to another culture

10.  How cultural differ
individualistic cultures emphasize individual values such as power and
achievement, whereas collective cultures emphasizes group values such as
cooperation and responsibility to the group.
In high cultures much information is in the context or the person, whereas in low-
context cultures information is expected to be made explicit.
In high-power-distance cultures there are large difference in power between people.
In low-power-distance cultures power is more evenly distributed throughout the
population.

11.  Intercultural communication
Is communication among people who have different culture beliefs, values or ways
of behaving.
Improving intercultural communication
- Recognize and reduce your ethnocentrism
- Be mindful
- Face fears
- Recognize differences in meaning in verbal and non verbal message
- Avoid violating cultural rules and custins
- Avoid evaluating differences negatively
- Recognice that culture shock is normal