Society, School and Teacher (B.ed Hons)

2. Hello in Different Languages Activity•
Ask participants to see if they can guess how
many people there are in the world and how
many different languages are spoken.
(There are ~2800 languages and ~6 billion
people.) •
Ask the group to come up with as many
different languages for "hello" as possible.
When somebody volunteers, make sure they
say it or repeat it clearly for the rest of the
group who then repeat.
Keep count of the number of languages

4. How is culture like this iceberg?
What parts of culture are “above
water”? What parts are below?

6. Graham Wallas: An accumulation of
thoughts, values and objects; it is the
social heritage acquired by us from
preceding generation through
learning, as distinguished from the
biological heritage which is passed on
to us automatically through the
genes.

7. Edward B.J Taylor: Culture is a
complex whole, which includes
knowledge, belief, art, morals, law,
custom and any other capabilities
and habits acquired by man as a
member of society.
Linton: “The culture is social heredity
which is transmitted from one
generation to other with the
accumulation of individual
experiences”

8. Culture is the continually changing patterns
of learned behavior and the products of
learned behavior including attitude, values,
knowledge and material objects which are
shared by and transmitted among the
member of the society.
Kroeber defined culture as: “The mass of
learned and transmitted motor reactions,
habits, techniques, ideas and values, and the
behavior they induct”.

9. In general the culture is not a
biological phenomenon but is learned
by the member of society to follow a
given way of life. It is the matter of
adaptation in environment by people
which paves their way of life in
society.

10.  Culture is learnt.
 Culture is social.
 Culture is shared.
 Culture is trans missive.
 Culture is continuous and cumulative.
 Culture is consistent and integrated.
 Culture is dynamic and adaptive.
 Culture is gratifying.
 Culture varies from society to society.

11.  Material Culture: Material culture is
related to tangible objects made by man.
Objects such as tools, equipment,
furniture, automobiles, buildings, dams,
roads, bridges and in fact the physical
substance which has been changed and
used by man.

12. Non Material Culture: Non-material
culture is related to the abstract things
like emotions, attitudes, ideas and
beliefs which we feel but cannot verify
by observation.
Non material culture consists of the
words the people use or the language
they speak, the beliefs they hold,
values and virtues they cherish, habits
they follow, rituals and practices that
they do and the ceremonies they
observe.
It also includes our customs, attitudes.

13. Real Culture: It is the culture which can be
observed in our social life.
The culture on which we act upon in our
social life is real. The part which the people
adopt in their social life is their real culture.
We are all Muslim but we do not follow
Islam fully in our social life it means the
part of Islam which we follow is our real
culture.

14.  Ideal Culture: The culture which is
presented as a pattern or precedent to the
people is called ideal.
It is the goal of society.
It can never be achieved fully because some
part of it remains out of practice.

15.  Sub Culture: when we study culture in
broad sense this does mean that it
represents the whole humanity and
national culture. But when we take the
concept of culture in limited sense this
represents the regional cultures.
 Such as Pakistan has one culture which is
to be recognized through out the world
that is Pakistani culture again Pakistan has
four provinces with their distinctive
cultures this is sub culture.

16.  Cultural Pattern: It is the way of the
people. A large number of people following
certain behavior make it a custom. This
custom when growing popular among the
people becomes a precedent and a rule of
social life. The rule of social life is pattern
of culture.

17. Cultural trait: Trait is the smallest unit of a
culture.
It exists and functions with the organization of
other related traits.
The parts of a watch are traits and all the parts
when organized together function as whole in the
watch.
There are millions of culture traits, a trait can be
an object, a technique, a belief or an attitude.
For example; a pencil is a culture trait, football,
bat, fishhook, cattle, handshake, gestures, and
house.
Culture traits are interrelated with each other,
their collective function forms culture complex.

18.  Cultural complex: The simple unit of culture
is the cultural trait.
These cultural traits develop alongside and collect
together like a bunch of flowers and gain in their
importance in terms of the degree of significance
they have for the behavior of human being.
This bunch of collected traits is called a culture
complex.
A complex is intermediate between the trait and
the institution.
A cluster of related traits is called culture complex.
A number of traits when organized together
make a culture complex. Examples, Prayer, Hajj.

19. Social institutions: are established sets of
norms and subsystems that support each
society's survival. Each sector carries out certain
tasks and has different responsibilities that
contribute to the overall functioning and
stability of a society. This helps to decrease
chaos and increase structure. While societies
may differ in how they establish these
responsibilities, they all have economic,
governmental, family, educational and religious
institutions.
Marriage is an institution with engagement,
nikah, dowry and marriage party as its
complexes.

20.  Cultural area: It is that geographical
area in which a cultural trait is originated.
The place where that trait is born is called
the place of origin. The trait spreads
around through diffusion and covers an
area. This area is called cultural area.
Similarly , Punjab is the cultural area of
Punjabi culture and Sindh is the cultural
area for the Sindhi culture.

21. Cultural diffusion: is the spread of
cultural beliefs and social activities from
one group of people to another. ... The
mixing of world cultures through
different ethnicities, religions, and
nationalities has only increased with
advanced communication,
transportation, and technology.

22.  Cultural universals: The ideas, habits
and conditioned emotional responses
which are common to all members of the
society are called universals of culture. For
example, Urdu language is the universal of
Pakistani culture. Ideology of Pakistan etc.

23. Cultural Specialties: Elements of
culture which are shared by the
members of certain socially recognized
categories of people but are not shared
by the total population are called
specialties of culture.
Example, The Pakistani national flag is
allowed to be hoisted on the cars of the
president of Pakistan, the speaker of the
national assembly, governor of all
provinces etc.

24.  Cultural Alternatives: There are many
different ways to do the same. It's called cultural
alternatives. In other words, cultural alternatives
refers to two or more forms of behavior in a
socially acceptable in a given situation. These
alternatives give different reactions to the same
situation or different techniques to achieve the
same result.
Those activities in which the individuals are
allowed a choice are called alternatives.
For example telephone, telegraph and postal
system are the alternatives of communication.
Rail road and air traveling are the alternatives of
transportation.

25. Cultural Uniformities: The human societies
have their respective cultures. All human societies
are not alike. Similarly, all the cultures are not
similar to one another.
This universality of the cultural characteristics is
called Uniformity.
Murdock studied 220 societies and edited a list of
uniform characteristics which was popular in all
cultures and he has expressed his wonder that
societies having no relation or contact with other
cultures had the same characteristics.
Among these is language, dress, family, religion
system of beliefs, education, customs, social
norms, festivals, literature, social activities, games
and political system, etc.

26.  Culture is the treasury of knowledge.
 Culture defines situation.
 Culture defines attitudes, values, and goals.
 Culture decides our career.
 Culture provides behavior patterns.
 Culture moulds personality.

27.  In the transformation of culture Education
plays very important role.
With assistance of Education it is essential
to transfer our Social norms, value, rules
and regulations.
In this regard both formal and informal
methods of education are note worthy.
But Formal method of education with some
techniques like Curriculum may be useful
and easily transfer the cultural values.

28.  In Education besides to curriculum the
language and symbols may also perform
their due role for the transfer of culture.
 The transfer of culture is a process which
require a lot of time and this is not an easy
work to be carried out this also requires
hard work and true determination and
enthusiasm of the nations.

29.  Social Institution: The Social
institutions which impart education in
informal and formal method, along with
imparting education may perform the
function of transformation of culture. In
this context School, Colleges, Madaris and
Universities are note worthy.

30. Curriculum: For any class and course
a curriculum is to be designed. This is
utmost important that we may prepare
this one in consonance with the values,
norms and customs of the society. That
is why this curriculum and other co-
curriculum activities play important
role for the transformation of culture.

31.  Books: All these books which are related
with the curriculum are the part of the
educational process. In these books we
highlight our culture, we expose the heroic
actions of our freedom fighters, we
describe the roles, regulations of society.
We describe our history and also impart
knowledge regarding to the art and
architecture. All these things are our
culture and with the help of these text
books this is to be transferred to our next
generations.

32.  Teachers and Educational experts:
Teachers are related directly with the
students. Where as Educational experts
suggests for the Educational curriculum
and describes the examination methods.
 Language: The national language of any
country plays important part in the
transformation process of culture. This is
because an individual may receive full
knowledge of any discipline with in his/her
national language.

33.  Literature: Each nation has its literal
inheritance which includes novels, poetry,
dramas etc. This is a non material culture.
Educational institutions has separate and
specific departments for the full study of
respective literatures. Consequently our
culture is transferred.

34.  Media: Media consists of print and
electronic. T.V, Radio and news papers.
Educational institutions also has
departments for the courses of the study of
media. Eventually qualified skilled persons
are to be created and they may adopt the
profession. They join film, TV dramas
radio etc. and transfer the culture.

35.  Tourism: Educational institutions always
arrange for the co-curriculum activities. In
this context they also arrange for the visits
of historical and recreational places. This
dynamic activity may helps students to be
well acquainted with their past.

36. Cultural diversity refers to having a variety
of cultures or human societies within a
specific region.
Cultural diversity is possible when
individuals accept, acknowledge and value
the different ways in which people interact
and live in the world. Cultural diversity is
based on an understanding that even if
people have cultural differences, they
desire the same things: acceptance, well-
being, security, esteem and equity.

37. UNESCO notes that cultural diversity
depends on the flow of human population
across borders, and it is a source of
creativity, innovation and social
exchange.
UNESCO reveals that policies for
participation and inclusion of all people
promote social cohesion, peace and the
vitality of a culturally diverse society.
Cultural diversity is a means to a more
emotional, spiritual, intellectual and
moral existence

39. Pakistan is a Muslim country and Islam is
the official religion. Islam is the religion
which is professed and practiced by the
people of Pakistan.
Pakistani culture can be called as "Mixed
Culture". Although the majority of people in
Pakistan are Muslims by birth and faith,
there is a strong influence of Hindu culture
on the present Pakistani culture. The
shadows of this influence are quite visible
on the marriage ceremonies and festivals
like "Basant".

40. English is the official language in Pakistan,
but the national language is Urdu, which is
widely spoken and understood throughout
the country. Punjabi, Pushto, Sindhi,
Baluchi and Kashmiri are the regional
languages.
Pakistani society is a "Male Oriented
Society", where they are given full
protection and great respect. The family is
headed by a male member, usually the
oldest male member of the group. He guides
the other members. Old people are given
positions of prestige, honor and respect in
Pakistani culture.

41. Social life is simple. Social customs and
traditions reflect Islamic touch: people are
very much conscious about their social
traditions and feel pride in following them.
Dress in a Muslim society like Pakistan is
designed and intended to cover human
body, as nudity is prohibited in Islam. So,
people of Pakistan prefer to wear simple
dresses according to their climate.

42. Pakistani handicrafts are gaining popularity
in the world market day by day, as Pakistani
craftsman are considered as the best in their
craftsmanship. Pakistan is famous for its high
standard items of glass, silver, wooden
furniture, pottery, marble goods and things
made of camel skin.
Cricket, Hockey, Football, Kabbadi, squash,
badminton, and wrestling are the major
sports in Pakistan.
Ulema, Mushaikh and Sufi poets occupy
highly honored places in Pakistani culture.

43. The society and culture of Pakistan comprises
numerous diverse cultures and ethnic groups:
the Punjabis, Kashmiris, and Sindhis in east,
Muhajirs, Makrani in the south;
Baloch and Pashtun in the west;
and the ancient Dardic, Wakhi and Burusho
communities in the north.
These Pakistani cultures have been greatly
influenced by many of the surrounding
countries' cultures, such as the Turkic peoples,
Persian, Afghan, and Indians of South Asia,
Central Asia and the Middle East.

44. The social life in Pakistan is very easy
to understand. Social customs and
traditions are very simple and reflect
Islamic touch. People are very
conscious about their social tradition
and feel pride in following and
observing them.

45.  Dress:-
 Diet Or Nutrition:-
 Games and Sports:-
 Literature:-
 Language:-
 Arts, Crafts And
Music:-
 Calligraphy:-
 Architecture:-
 Festivals And Fairs:-
 Social Customs:-
 Mixed Culture:-