The document provides an overview of IBM BladeCenter fundamentals, detailing its components, chassis types, and dynamic infrastructure capabilities. It outlines various models, their specifications, power requirements, cooling systems, and redundancy features. Additionally, it emphasizes the benefits of BladeCenter in cost reduction, risk management, and service improvement across IT environments.

1. IBM BladeCenter Fundamentals
Introduction
5.3

2. Unit objectives
After completing this unit, you should be able to:
• List the major elements common to the IBM BladeCenter
• Describe the key aspects of compatibility between BladeCenter models
• Identify the components providing redundancy in the BladeCenter chassis
• Match the power components necessary to support varying BladeCenter resource
configurations
• List the power input requirements for the BladeCenter models
• Describe the common cooling components used in the BladeCenter chassis
• Describe the supported disk configurations for the BladeCenter S
2

3. Dynamic infrastructure: Key points
• Enables visibility, control, and automation across all business
and IT assets
• Transforms assets into higher value services
• Highly optimized to achieve more with less
• Addresses the information challenges
• Leverages flexible sourcing like clouds
3

4. Dynamic infrastructure: IBM BladeCenter
• Reduce cost
– x86 industry-leading performance, virtualization, energy
efficiency, and scalability
• Manage risk
– Resilient architectures and management tools for security and high
availability
• Improve service
– Performance to drive new demanding application workloads
4

5. BladeCenter chassis components
•
BladeCenter chassis
•
BladeCenter chassis midplane
•
Power
•
Cooling
•
Unit summary
5

6. IBM BladeCenter family
BladeCenter chassis by model and type
IBM BladeCenter E
IBM BladeCenter H
IBM BladeCenter HT
IBM BladeCenter S
Highest
density, super
power efficient






IBM BladeCenter T
Highly
rugged, Telco, AC/DC,
NEBS, air filtration
Ultra high
performance, and I/O
flexibility
Highly
rugged, Telco, AC/DC, N
EBS, air filtration
Extending the benefits
of BladeCenter outside
the datacenter
7U design
Up to 14 blade bays
Up to 4 switch fabrics
Low cost
Low power
Support 10 GB
Uplinks
 Support 8 Gb FC







8U design
Up to 8 blade bays
Up to 4 switch fabrics
AC or DC models
NEBS compliant
Rugged
Support 10 GB
uplinks
 Support 8 Gb FC
 Telco, military, dirty
floor








9U design
Up to 14 blade bays
Up to 10 GB midplane
I/O flexibility up to 8
switch bays
Support 3 0mm blades
w/ up to 8 ports
Support 10 GB
Ethernet
Support 8 Gb FC
Support 4x InfiniBand











12U design
Up to 12 blade bays
AC or DC models
I/O flexibility up to 8
switch bays
NEBS compliant
Rugged
Up to 10 GB midplane
Support 10 GB Ethernet
Support 8 Gb FC
Support 4x InfiniBand
Telco, military, dirty floor






7U design
Up to 6 blade bays
Integrated storage
Up to 3 switch fabrics
Lowest cost
Lowest power (100 240v)
 950w/1450 AC autosensing
 Support 10 GB Uplinks
 Support 4 GB FC
Common blades, common switches, common management
6

7. Chassis: IBM BladeCenter E
• 7U rack based mechanical
• One Midplane board
– Interface for major system components
– Divided into top and bottom halves
– Each half of the midplane is part of a redundant pair
• Front of chassis
– 14 hot-swap blade server bays
– One front control panel/media tray
• LED panel
• Media tray
– One USB port
– One DVD-RW
• Rear of chassis
– Four switch module bays
– Two management module bays
– Four hot-swap power supply module bays
– Two hot swap blowers
7

8. IBM BladeCenter E: Front view
Over-Temp
Information
System error
Location
Power
USB port
Recess for chassis
service label
DVD-RW drive
Blade server filler
Front panel
LEDs and USB
port
CD-ROM drive
Diskette drive
7U
Blade server
8

9. IBM BladeCenter E: Rear view
Power Module
Bay 3 with
PFA
Switch
Module Bay 1
Power Module
Bay 1 with PFA
Switch
Module
Bay 3
Hot-Swap
Management
Module
(Optional)
Hot-Swap
Redundant
Management
Module
Switch
Module
Bay 4
Power Module
Bay 2 with
PFA
Switch
Module Bay 2
Power Module
Bay 4 with PFA
IBM Calibrated Vectored Cooling
Hot-Swap Redundant Blowers with
PFA
LED
Panel
9

10. IBM BladeCenter E: Rear view (new chassis)
IBM BladeCenter E with 2320W Power Supply Modules
10

11. Chassis: IBM BladeCenter T
• 8U and 28 inches deep
• Supports up to eight blade servers
– Up to four double slot blade servers
• Hot swappable media tray
– 24X DVD/CD drive
– Telco alarm panel
– Two USB front inputs
• Supports up to two management modules
• Four front load balancing and failover
1300W AC or DC power supplies
– Each power supply contains two fans and
a LED panel
•
•
•
•
Four rear I/O modules
Four rear blower modules
KVM module
LAN module
11

12. IBM BladeCenter T: Front view
Management Module 1
Management Module bay 2
Power Module 2
Power Module 1
From top to bottom
Blade servers 1-8
Power Module 3
Power Module 4
ESD connector
Media tray
Front panel
12

13. IBM BladeCenter T: Rear view
I/O Module 2
I/O Module 1
Blower Module 1
Blower Module 2
AC-power connectors
(8730) or DC-power
connectors (8720)
Blower Module 3
Blower Module 4
I/O Module 4
ESD connector I/O Module 3
KVM Module
LAN Module
13

14. Chassis: IBM BladeCenter H
• 9U and 28 inches deep
• Supports up to 14 30 mm blades
• Customer serviceable, hot swappable
media tray
• 9.5 mm combo drive (CD/DVD)
– Two USB front inputs
– Full light path diagnostics panel
• Rack mounted on rails
• Four front load 2900W power supplies
– Each power supply includes a replaceable fan
pack with three fans
14

15. IBM BladeCenter H: Front view
Two bays for
Hot-Swap Redundant
2900 Watt Power
Supply with PFA and
three replaceable
fans each
9U
Hot-Swap Media
Tray with DVD, 2
USB, and LightPath
Diagnostics Panel
Support for up
to 14 Blades
Two bays for optional
Hot-Swap Redundant
2900 Watt Power
Supplies with PFA
and three replaceable
fans each
15

16. IBM BladeCenter H: Rear view
Redundant Power Input
High Speed Switch Module Bays
Redundant Power Input
Hot-Swap
Advanced
Management
Module (AMM)
Switch Module Bay
1 (dedicated
Ethernet)
Dedicated Bridge
Module Slot
Switch Module Bay
3 (or Bridge Slot)
(Optional) HotSwap Redundant
Advanced
Management
Module (AMM)
Switch Module Bay
2 (dedicated
Ethernet)
Dedicated Bridge
Module Slot
Switch Module Bay
4 (or Bridge Slot)
LightPath
Diagnostics Panel
Aggregated Serial
Connector
IBM Calibrated Vectored Cooling
Hot-Swap Redundant Blowers with PFA
High Speed Switch Module Bays
16

17. Chassis: IBM BladeCenter HT
• 12U and 27.8 inches deep
• Supports up to 12 blade servers
– Up to six double slot blade servers
• Support up to two media trays
– Full Light Path Diagnostic panel
– Two USB front inputs
• Support up to four front 3160W AC
or DC power supplies with load
balancing and failover
– Each power supply contains a replaceable fan
pack with three fans
•
•
•
•
Four I/O module bays
Four high-speed I/O module bays
Four rear blower modules
Supports up to two multiplexer expansion
module
17

18. IBM BladeCenter HT: Front view
Power Module 1
Media tray bay 1
Management Module 1
Power Module bay 3
High-speed I/O
Module bay 7
High-speed I/O
Module bay 8
I/O Module bay 3
I/O Module bay 1
ESD connector
From left to right
Blade servers 1-12
I/O Module bay 2
I/O Module bay 4
Management Module 2
High-speed I/O
Module bay 9
Media tray bay 2
High-speed I/O
Module bay 10
Power Module 2
Power Module bay 4
18

19. IBM BladeCenter HT: Rear view
Network-clock bay 2
Power connector 1
Power connector 3
Network-clock bay 1
Multiplexer
expansion module 1
Fan Module 3
Fan Module 1
Fan Module 4
Fan Module 2
Multiplexer
expansion module 2
Alarm panel
module
Power connector 2
Serial connector
Power connector 4
Alarm panel interface connector
19

20. Chassis: IBM BladeCenter S
• Supports up to six 30 mm blades
• Hot swappable media tray
– Light Path Diagnostics panel
– Combo drive (CD/DVD)
– Two optional battery backup units
– Two USB 2.0 ports
• Two 950-watt/1450 auto-sensing
power supplies
– Express model comes with four 950watt/1450 power supplies
• Four hot-swap fan packs
• Two optional integrated Disk Storage
Modules (DSM)
– Up to twelve 3.5-inch HS HDDs per
shuttle
• One Advanced Management Module
20

21. IBM BladeCenter S: Front view
Ideal for tiered
workloads;
SAS and SATA
disks can be
mixed in
BladeCenter S
using RAID
0, 1, and 10
7U
Easy access to
shared USB ports
and UltraBay
Battery Backup Units for
use with IBM
BladeCenter SAS
Connectivity Module
Ideal for business-in-a-box
configurations, legacy &
future servers supported
21

22. IBM BladeCenter S: Rear view
Power Supplies 3 and 4
are optional, Autosensing b/w
950W 100/110V or
1450W 220/240v
Four hot-swap fan
pack standard
BladeCenter S Express Model
AMM standard
Serial module option
Top and bottom right: I/O modules
Bottom left: For future use
Power Supplies 3 and 4
are included in Express,
Auto-sensing b/w 950W
100/110V or 1450W
220/240v
22

23. IBM BladeCenter chassis: Comparison
BladeCenter E
(M/T 8677)
BladeCenter T
(M/T 8720 -DC)
(M/T 8730 -AC)
BladeCenter H
(M/T 8852)
BladeCenter HT
(M/T 8740 -DC)
(M/T 8750 -AC)
BladeCenter S
(M/T 8886)
Chassis height
7U / 12.0”
(305mm)
8U / 13.75”
(349mm)
9U / 15.75”
(400mm)
12U / 21.0”
(/528mm)
7U / 12.0”
(306.3mm)
Chassis depth
28 “ (711mm)
20.0” (508mm)
28.0” (711mm)
27.8” (706.0 mm)
Max number of blade
servers
14
8
14
12
6
Max number of I/O
Modules
(Switch, and bridge)
4
4
10 (4 x high
speed, 4 x
standard, 2 x
bridge)
8 (4 x high speed,
4 x standard or 2
x bridge)
3
Power supply size
(standard)
2000 Watts AC
(2320 Watts
optional)
1300W DC, -38V to 75V (-48V
nominal);
1300W AC
2900 Watts AC
2535W DC (60A)
3160W DC (75A)
2800 Watts AC
950W/1450W AC
auto-sensing
Number of Power
Supplies (standard/
maximum)
2/ 4
2/ 4
2/ 4
2/ 4
2/ 4
Number of Blowers
(standard/ maximum)
2/ 2
4/ 4
2/ 2
4/ 4
4/ 4
Diskette Drives
(standard)
None (early
models contain
1.44 MB drive)
None
None
None
None
DVD/CD drives
standard
1x DVD-ROM (in
Media Tray)
1x DVD-ROM (in
Media Tray)
1x DVD-ROM (in
Media Tray)
None
1x DVD-ROM (in
Media Tray)
28.9” (733.4mm)
23

24. BladeCenter chassis components
• BladeCenter chassis
• BladeCenter chassis midplane
• Power
• Cooling
• Unit summary
24

25. BladeCenter: Interior view
Upper
Upper midplane
half
Processor
blade
connectors
Lower midplane
half
Lower
BladeCenter H example
25

26. BladeCenter: Midplane
Power
module
connector
Power
module
connector
Blade power
connector
Media tray
connector
Blade power
connector
Power
module
connector
Power
module
connector
BladeCenter H example
26

27. BladeCenter chassis components
• BladeCenter chassis
• BladeCenter chassis midplane
• Power
BC-E Power Module
• Cooling
• Unit summary
BC-H Power Module
27

28. IBM BladeCenter E: Power components
Power supply:
• 2000 W or 2320 W AC/DC hotswap redundant power
modules
Optional Power
Supplies
3 and 4
Power Supplies
1 and 2
– Maximum of four power
modules supported
– AC and DC LEDS on each
power module
• 200-240 V AC (range: 180-265
V AC)
– Load balancing across all
power supplies
– Built-in overload and surge
protection
– Cooling is provided by the host
system
Left Redundant Pair
 Optional
 Operate as redundant pair
 Provides redundant power for
blades 7-14
 Load balancing power supplies
Right Redundant Pair
 Standard with chassis
 Operate as redundant pair
 Provides redundant power for
chassis modules and blades 1-6
 Load balancing power supplies
28

29. IBM BladeCenter E: Specifics and considerations
• Two power supplies in bays 1 and 2 standard
• Two 9ft IEC 320-C13 to C14 or two IEC 320-C19 to C20 cables for
intra-rack power distribution)
• Max: four hot-swap power supplies
• Rear access
• 2000 or 2320 watts at 220v
• Both redundant (N+N redundancy) / two std modules supply power to
all modules and blade bays 1 through 6
• Power for bays 7 through 14 requires two additional power modules in
bays 3 and 4 (redundant to each other)
• Voltage-sensing
• Auto-restart
• No fans power in
module(s)
IBM BladeCenter E Power Supply
C19 to C20 Power Cord
29

30. BladeCenter H: Power components
BladeCenter H power supplies
• Each vertical pair is N+N redundant
Power
Connector 2
Power
Connector 1
30

31. BladeCenter H: Power modules
• Power module bays
– Maximum of four per chassis
– Two ship standard with the chassis
31

32. IBM BladeCenter T: Power components
•
•
•
•
Two power supplies in bays 1 and 2 standard
Max: Four hot-swap power supplies
Front access
Two IEC320 for the M/T 8720 (DC power)
– Input voltage range -48V - 60V (Min/Max) at 50/60Hz
– IBM BladeCenter T 8720 should be attached to the
appropriate DC wiring
• Two IEC320 for the M/T for the 8730 (AC power)
– Input voltage range 180VAC - 264VAC (Min/Max) at
50/60Hz
– IBM BladeCenter T 8730 should be attached to high-voltage
PDUs
• C14 male appliance connector
• 1300 watts
• Two standard modules (in slots 1 and 2) supply
power to switch bays 1 and 2, both management
modules, blade bays 1 - 4 and media tray
• Two additional power modules provide full system
redundant power and power to switch bays 3 and 4,
and blade bays 5 - 8 All: Load balancing / voltagesensing / auto-restart
IBM BladeCenter T DC power supply
IBM BladeCenter T AC power supply
32

33. IBM BladeCenter HT: Power components
• Two standard power supplies ships with the BladeCenter
• Max: four hot-swap power supplies
• Front access
• IBM BladeCenter HT 8740 (DC Power Input voltage range -48VDC to -60VDC
(Min/Max)
• IBM BladeCenter HT 8750 (AC Power input voltage range -48VDC to -60VDC
(Min/Max) at 50/60Hz
• Redundant within pair (N+N redundancy) / power modules 1 and 2 support blade
bays 1- 6, all legacy switch and bridge modules, upper and lower media trays, both
advanced management modules, multiplexer expansion modules and alarm panel
module
• Power modules 3 and 4 support blade bays 7-12 and all high speed switch modules
• Auto-restart
• Three fans per power module
IBM BladeCenter HT Power Supply
33

34. IBM BladeCenter S: Power components
• Two standard power supplies ships with the
BladeCenter
• Maximum four hot-swap
• Rear access
• 1450 watts at 220V
• 950 watts at 110V
• Redundant within pair (N+N
redundancy)
• Voltage-sensing
• Auto-restart
• Two fans per power module
• Modules 1 and 2 standard
• Modules 3 and 4 required with 2nd
Storage module installed
34

35. BladeCenter chassis components: Cooling
• BladeCenter chassis
• BladeCenter chassis midplane
• Power
• Cooling
• Unit summary
35

36. BladeCenter E: Cooling subsystem
• Two blowers
– Capable of 325 cubic feet per minute
(CFM) each
– 150 CFM each in standard operation
• Hot swap, redundant
• Air flow is from the front to rear
• Fan speed control
• Predictive blower failure by
monitoring the blower RPM
• Back flow dampers shall be
incorporated to prevent air short
circuiting if one blower fails
36

37. IBM BladeCenter H: Cooling subsystem
Hot-swap customer serviceable
fan packs
BladeCenter H front chassis
Hot-swap customer serviceable fan pack
Hot-swap customer serviceable
AC blower units
BladeCenter H rear chassis
IBM BladeCenter H blower
37

38. IBM BladeCenter T: Cooling subsystem
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Four blowers comes standard
Maximum four
3+1 redundancy configuration
Calibrated vectored cooling
Hot-swap
Redundant
Variable speed
Rear access
330 cubic ft per min (CFM)
Front to back airflow; filtered air intake
BC T Rear Chassis
BC T Blower Unit (1) of (4)
38

39. IBM BladeCenter HT: Cooling subsystem
•
•
•
•
•
Four hot-swap blowers standard/Maximum
N+1 cooling redundancy
Speed controlled according to ambient air temperature
Rear access
Front to back airflow
39

40. IBM BladeCenter S: Cooling subsystem
• Four hot-swap fans standard
• N+1 redundant cooling airflow
• Throttled according to incoming air temperature
• Rear access
• Front to back airflow
40

41. Key words
• Advanced Management Module (AMM)
• Concurrent Keyboard, Video and Mouse (cKVM)
• Disk Storage Module (DSM)
• Dynamic Infrastructure (DI)
• Keyboard, Video, Mouse (KVM)
• IBM BladeCenter E (Enterprise)
• IBM BladeCenter H (High Performance)
• IBM BladeCenter HT (High Performance Telco)
• IBM BladeCenter S (Simplification)
• IBM BladeCenter T (Telco)
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Network Equipment Building System (NEBS)
41

42. Checkpoint (1 of 3)
1. The IBM BladeCenter contains a redundant circuit path to connect all blades
servers to the AMM and switching fabric through which of the following:
a. Blade servers are interconnected by a system of shielded cabling
b. A Midplane, with redundant upper and lower halves, connects all blade servers and provides
a path to the switching modules
c. Each blades server is independently connected to the AMM and switching modules
2. True/False: The Midplane for the BladeCenter H contains only the new highspeed 4x signaling fabric connectors.
3. The IBM BladeCenter E Chassis supports up to 14 Blade Servers. With Power
Supplies 1 and 2 installed, which blade servers, switch modules and management
modules will receive power?
a. All fourteen Blade Server slots, all four switch module slots, the two blowers, the two
management module slots and the media tray.
b. Blade Server slots 1 through 6, all four switch module slots, the two blowers, the two
management module slots and the media tray.
c. Blade Server slots 1 through 6, switch module slots one and two, one management module
slot and the media tray.
d. All fourteen Blade Server slots and the management module slots, the two blowers, and the
media tray.
42

43. Checkpoint solutions (1 of 3)
1. The IBM BladeCenter contains a redundant circuit path to connect all blades
servers to the AMM and switching fabric through which of the following:
a. Blade servers are interconnected by a system of shielded cabling
b. A Midplane, with redundant upper and lower halves, connects all blade servers and
provides a path to the switching modules
c. Each blades server is independently connected to the AMM and switching modules
Answer: b
2. True/False: The Midplane for the BladeCenter H contains only the new high-speed
4x signaling fabric connectors.
Answer: False
3. The IBM BladeCenter E Chassis supports up to 14 Blade Servers. With Power
Supplies 1 and 2 installed, which blade servers, switch modules and management
modules will receive power?
a.
All fourteen Blade Server slots, all four switch module slots, the two blowers, the two
management module slots and the media tray.
b. Blade Server slots 1 through 6, all four switch module slots, the two blowers, the two
management module slots and the media tray.
c. Blade Server slots 1 through 6, switch module slots one and two, one management module
slot and the media tray.
d. All fourteen Blade Server slots and the management module slots, the two blowers, and the
media tray.
Answer: b
43

44. Checkpoint (2 of 3)
4. True/False: All models of the BladeCenter implement common power, cooling and
signaling paths for multiple Blade Servers.
5. True/False: In addition to component cooling, each BladeCenter provides general
chassis cooling through blowers.
6. Select the correct statement regarding power input to the BladeCenter S chassis.
a.
b.
c.
d.
The BladeCenter S chassis requires 220/240V power
The BladeCenter S can be ordered with 110V input as an option
The BladeCenter S supports (2) power supplies maximum at 100/110V
The BladeCenter S supports either 100/110V or 220/240V input
7. Operator information indicating warnings for over temperature and system error is
viewed on the BladeCenter E chassis through which of the following methods?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The front panel of each blade server
On the Light Path panel on the media tray
On the Light Path display on the lower rear of the chassis
On the AMM module
Both b and c
8. Which statement is correct regarding BladeCenter S power modules?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Standard power supplies 1 and 2 support 3 blade servers
Four power modules are shipped with the base BladeCenter S chassis
Optional power supplies 3 and 4 are required for the second Disk Storage Module
Optional power supplies 3 and 4 are required for I/O bays 1 and 3
44

45. Checkpoint solutions (2 of 3)
4.
5.
6.
True/False: All models of the BladeCenter implement common power, cooling and signaling paths
for multiple Blade Servers.
Answer: True
True/False: In addition to component cooling, each BladeCenter provides general chassis cooling
through blowers.
Answer: True
Select the correct statement regarding power input to the BladeCenter S chassis.
a.
b.
c.
d.
The BladeCenter S chassis requires 220/240V power
The BladeCenter S can be ordered with 110V input as an option
The BladeCenter S supports (2) power supplies maximum at 100/110V
The BladeCenter S supports either 100/110V or 220/240V input
Answer: d
7.
Operator information indicating warnings for over temperature and system error is viewed on the
BladeCenter E chassis through which of the following methods?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The front panel of each blade server
On the Light Path panel on the media tray
On the Light Path display on the lower rear of the chassis
On the AMM module
Both b and c
Answer: e
8.
Which statement is correct regarding BladeCenter S power modules?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Standard power supplies 1 and 2 support 3 blade servers
Four power modules are shipped with the base BladeCenter S chassis
Optional power supplies 3 and 4 are required for the second Disk Storage Module
Optional power supplies 3 and 4 are required for I/O bays 1 and 3
Answer: c
45

46. Checkpoint (3 of 3)
9. True/False: The BladeCenter S Disk Subsystem supports a combination of SAS
and SATA drives.
10. True/False: IBM BladeCenter E contains 10 I/O module bays and supports I/O
network switching for storage switches, pass through devices, traditional
fabrics, and high-speed fabrics.
11. True/False: For Telco maintenance, the BladeCenter HT chassis supports up to 4
hot-swap and redundant DC or AC power supply modules with load-balancing and
failover capabilities located in the rear of the chassis
12. Which chassis was designed specifically for telecommunications network
infrastructures to support a highly rugged environments using air filtration?
a. BladeCenter S and BladeCenter E
b. BladeCenter T and BladeCenter HT
c. BladeCenter E and BladeCenter H
d. BladeCenter H and BladeCenter HT
46

47. Checkpoint solutions (3 of 3)
9. True/False: The BladeCenter S Disk Subsystem supports a combination of SAS
and SATA drives.
Answer: True
10. True/False: IBM BladeCenter E contains 10 I/O module bays and supports I/O
network switching for storage switches, pass through devices, traditional
fabrics, and high-speed fabrics.
Answer: False
11. True/False: For Telco maintenance, the BladeCenter HT chassis supports up to 4
hot-swap and redundant DC or AC power supply modules with load-balancing and
failover capabilities located in the rear of the chassis
Answer: False
12. Which chassis was designed specifically for telecommunications network
infrastructures to support a highly rugged environments using air filtration?
a.
b.
c.
d.
BladeCenter S and BladeCenter E
BladeCenter T and BladeCenter HT
BladeCenter E and BladeCenter H
BladeCenter H and BladeCenter HT
Answer: b
47

48. Unit summary
Having completing this unit, you should be able to:
• List the major elements common to the IBM BladeCenter
• Describe the key aspects of compatibility between BladeCenter models
• Identify the components providing redundancy in the BladeCenter chassis
• Match the power components necessary to support varying BladeCenter resource
configurations
• List the power input requirements for the BladeCenter models
• Describe the common cooling components used in the BladeCenter chassis
• Describe the supported disk configurations for the BladeCenter S
48