CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT/STROKE • Also called “brain attack”, cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, ischemic stroke or stroke • A stroke is caused by the interruption of the blood supply to the brain, usually because a blood vessel bursts or is blocked by a clot. This cuts off the supply of oxygen and nutrients, causing damage to the brain tissue.
2. The termThe term CerebrovascularCerebrovascular diseasedisease
refers to disorders of the arterial orrefers to disorders of the arterial or
venous circulatory systems of the centralvenous circulatory systems of the central
nervous system.nervous system.
The termThe term StrokeStroke is used whenis used when thethe
symptoms begin abruptly,symptoms begin abruptly, either as aeither as a
result ofresult of
ischemic strokeischemic stroke
hemorrhagic strokehemorrhagic stroke..
Approximately 80-85% of strokes areApproximately 80-85% of strokes are
ischemic in origin.ischemic in origin.
3. StrokeStroke
A sudden attack of weakness affectingA sudden attack of weakness affecting
one side of the body .one side of the body .
It consequence of an interruption to theIt consequence of an interruption to the
flow of blood to brain.flow of blood to brain.
4. Ischaemic strokeIschaemic stroke
An ischaemic stroke occurs when the flowAn ischaemic stroke occurs when the flow
of blood is prevented by clotting .of blood is prevented by clotting .
5. Haemorrhagic strokeHaemorrhagic stroke
A haemorrhagic stroke result from ruptureA haemorrhagic stroke result from rupture
of an artery wall.of an artery wall.
Prolonged reduction of blood pressureProlonged reduction of blood pressure
may result in more diffuse brain damagemay result in more diffuse brain damage
6. EpidemiologyEpidemiology
EpidemiologyEpidemiology
Stroke is theStroke is the secondsecond commonest cause ofcommonest cause of
death,death, and theand the secondsecond most frequentmost frequent
cause ofcause of morbiditymorbidity worldwide.worldwide.
In an average population, the annualIn an average population, the annual
incidence of new strokes is 2 per 1000incidence of new strokes is 2 per 1000
people.people.
7. AnatomyAnatomy
The brain is supplied by two pairs of majorThe brain is supplied by two pairs of major
arteries,arteries,
Carotid arteriesCarotid arteries (anterior circulation)(anterior circulation)
VertebralVertebral arteriesarteries (posterior circulation)(posterior circulation)
arteries.arteries.
ThroughThrough the Circle of Willsthe Circle of Wills, there is, there is
communication between both anteriorcommunication between both anterior
circulations as well as between thecirculations as well as between the
posterior and anterior circulation of eachposterior and anterior circulation of each
sitesite
8. A very selfish organA very selfish organ
The brain requiresThe brain requires
20 % of20 % of
the total bloodthe total blood
pumpedpumped
by the heart.by the heart.
No storageNo storage
in the brain forin the brain for
either fuel or oxygeneither fuel or oxygen
Requires constantRequires constant
supply of oxygen and glucose.supply of oxygen and glucose.
9. Blood Supply to the BrainBlood Supply to the Brain
Carotid arteries – anterior neckCarotid arteries – anterior neck
LargeLarge
Frequently congestedFrequently congested
with plaquewith plaque
Can be cleaned out surgicallyCan be cleaned out surgically
Vertebral arteriesVertebral arteries
Pass through cervical vertebraePass through cervical vertebrae
Well protectedWell protected
Not accessible forNot accessible for
surgical cleaningsurgical cleaning
10. What can go wrong???What can go wrong???
Disruption of blood flow to the brainDisruption of blood flow to the brain
Plaque – build up of cholesterol in interior ofPlaque – build up of cholesterol in interior of
blood vesselblood vessel
Foreign debris–Foreign debris–
blood clotblood clot
bubble of fluidbubble of fluid
airair
Broken vesselBroken vessel
11. Risk factors for strokeRisk factors for stroke
Major risksMajor risks
Arterial hypertensionArterial hypertension
High alcohol intakeHigh alcohol intake
Cigarette smokingCigarette smoking
Positive family historyPositive family history
Diabetes mellitusDiabetes mellitus
12. Risk factors for strokeRisk factors for stroke
HyperlipidaemiaHyperlipidaemia
TraumaTrauma
Oral contraceptives.Oral contraceptives.
PolycythaemiaPolycythaemia
ThrombocythaemiaThrombocythaemia
13. Ischemic StrokeIschemic Stroke
PathogenesisPathogenesis
Cerebral ischemia my result fromCerebral ischemia my result from :-:-
a)a) thrombotic or embolicthrombotic or embolic occlusionocclusion ofof
major vessel(focal ischemia).major vessel(focal ischemia).
b)b) diminished systemic perfusiondiminished systemic perfusion
(global ischemia), usually from cardiac(global ischemia), usually from cardiac
arrest or ventricular fibrillation.arrest or ventricular fibrillation.
14. Ischemic StrokeIschemic Stroke
Prolonged brain ischemia results inProlonged brain ischemia results in
InfarctionInfarction ( necrosis of neurons and( necrosis of neurons and
endothelial cells).endothelial cells).
Cerebral infarcts are classified as eitherCerebral infarcts are classified as either
Anemic (pale)Anemic (pale) oror HemorrhagicHemorrhagic ( in areas( in areas
of endothelial necrosis ).of endothelial necrosis ).
15. Ischaemic strokeIschaemic stroke
EtiologyEtiology
Major causes of acute cerebralMajor causes of acute cerebral
ischemia are:ischemia are:--
AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis
Cardiogenic EmboliCardiogenic Emboli
VasculitisVasculitis
atherosclerosisatherosclerosis in situin situ thrombosis.thrombosis.
16. Ischaemic strokeIschaemic stroke
atherosclerosisatherosclerosis of the intra-and –of the intra-and –
extracranial vasculature accounts forextracranial vasculature accounts for
approximately two thirds of strokes, eitherapproximately two thirds of strokes, either
throughthrough embolizationembolization of plaque to distalof plaque to distal
vessels (artery-to-artery embolus).vessels (artery-to-artery embolus).
17. Ischaemic strokeIschaemic stroke
cardiogenic embolicardiogenic emboli make up the majoritymake up the majority
of the remaining third of ischemic strokes,of the remaining third of ischemic strokes,
arising most commonly as a result ofarising most commonly as a result of
atrial fibrillation.atrial fibrillation.
VasculitisVasculitis,, vasospasmvasospasm..
compressioncompression (by tumor, aneurysm).(by tumor, aneurysm).
septicseptic..
fatfat ..
18. Ischaemic strokeIschaemic stroke
hypercoagulable statehypercoagulable state..
Sickle cell diseaseSickle cell disease, etc, are also, etc, are also
potential sources of emboluspotential sources of embolus
19. Hemorrhagic StrokeHemorrhagic Stroke
About half the Strokes caused by cerebralAbout half the Strokes caused by cerebral
hemorrhage are due tohemorrhage are due to subarachnoidsubarachnoid
bleedingbleeding from an aneurysm at thefrom an aneurysm at the circlecircle
of Willisof Willis or less commonly from anor less commonly from an
arteriovenous malformationarteriovenous malformation..
20. Hemorrhagic StrokeHemorrhagic Stroke
In other patients, hemorrhage is mainly intoIn other patients, hemorrhage is mainly into
the cerebral substancethe cerebral substance (intracebral(intracebral
hemorrhage)hemorrhage) and is due to rupture ofand is due to rupture of
small perforating arteries or arteriolessmall perforating arteries or arterioles
weakened by chronic hypertension orweakened by chronic hypertension or
atheromatous degeneration.atheromatous degeneration.
21. Hemorrhagic StrokeHemorrhagic Stroke
Intracerebral hemorrhageIntracerebral hemorrhage this type tendsthis type tends
to occur at three distinct sites:-to occur at three distinct sites:-
The internal capsuleThe internal capsule
The ponsThe pons
The cerebellum.The cerebellum.
22. Hemorrhagic StrokeHemorrhagic Stroke
Subarachnoid hemorrhage may induceSubarachnoid hemorrhage may induce
secondary arterial spasm and therebysecondary arterial spasm and thereby
cerebral infarction.cerebral infarction.
Cerebral hemorrhage can be fatal ifCerebral hemorrhage can be fatal if
secondary compression of the brain stemsecondary compression of the brain stem
occurs (herniations).occurs (herniations).
23. How big is the problem ofHow big is the problem of
STROKE?STROKE?
24. Stroke in the USStroke in the US
One case of stroke every 45 secondsOne case of stroke every 45 seconds
Results in devastating disabilityResults in devastating disability
16% institutionalized in nursing homes16% institutionalized in nursing homes
31% assistance with Activities of Daily Living31% assistance with Activities of Daily Living
(bathing, dressing eating)(bathing, dressing eating)
20% assistance with walking20% assistance with walking
30% depressed30% depressed
Annual cost of $68 billionAnnual cost of $68 billion
25. Before STROKE can beBefore STROKE can be
managedmanaged
Learn more about what strokes are andLearn more about what strokes are and
how they happen.how they happen.
26. Ischemic STROKEIschemic STROKE
Blockage of blood flow to brainBlockage of blood flow to brain
Progressive Thrombus -- growingProgressive Thrombus -- growing
Plaque deposit – similar to process in heart withPlaque deposit – similar to process in heart with
coronary artery diseasecoronary artery disease
Cerebral Emboli --Clot from somewhere else --Cerebral Emboli --Clot from somewhere else --
floating debrisfloating debris
Blood clotBlood clot
Air bubbleAir bubble
Bubble of amniotic fluidBubble of amniotic fluid
Bone marrow fromBone marrow from
a fracturea fracture
27. HemorrhagicHemorrhagic STROKESTROKE
Aneurysm – weakened area in arteryAneurysm – weakened area in artery
CongenitalCongenital
Younger population younger than 40 yearsYounger population younger than 40 years
Complain of “worst headache in my life”Complain of “worst headache in my life”
Spontaneous Hypertensive BleedSpontaneous Hypertensive Bleed
Due to BP > 200/100Due to BP > 200/100
Malformed ArteryMalformed Artery
50% younger than 30 years50% younger than 30 years
28. Transient Ischemic AttackTransient Ischemic Attack
Looks like a stroke but, symptoms improve inLooks like a stroke but, symptoms improve in
1-24 hours1-24 hours
Temporary disruption of blood flow to theTemporary disruption of blood flow to the
brain .brain .
Warning sign (15% of strokes have TIA first)Warning sign (15% of strokes have TIA first)
Mimicked by low blood sugar.Mimicked by low blood sugar.
1 in 20 patients will have a true stroke in 31 in 20 patients will have a true stroke in 3
monthsmonths
29. Can STROKES be prevented?Can STROKES be prevented?
Modifiable risk factorsModifiable risk factors
High BPHigh BP
Cigarette smokingCigarette smoking
Alcohol intakeAlcohol intake
Uncontrolled Heart diseaseUncontrolled Heart disease
Atrial fibrillationAtrial fibrillation
Uncontrolled DiabetesUncontrolled Diabetes
Carotid congestionCarotid congestion
31. Risk Factors Unable to ControlRisk Factors Unable to Control
AgeAge
GenderGender
more women than menmore women than men
RaceRace
African American high riskAfrican American high risk
Prior strokesPrior strokes
HeredityHeredity
Sickle Cell DiseaseSickle Cell Disease
Causes clot formation andCauses clot formation and
strokes even in childrenstrokes even in children
33. Signs and Symptoms ofSigns and Symptoms of
STROKESTROKE
HemorrhagicHemorrhagic
Sudden.Sudden.
Violent explosive headacheViolent explosive headache
““worst headache of my life”worst headache of my life”
Visual disturbanceVisual disturbance
Flashing lights, auraFlashing lights, aura
Nausea and vomitingNausea and vomiting
Neck and back painNeck and back pain
Due to blood in sub-arachnoid spaceDue to blood in sub-arachnoid space
Sensitivity to lightSensitivity to light
Weakness on one sideWeakness on one side
Can present like a migraine headacheCan present like a migraine headache
34. Signs and Symptoms ofSigns and Symptoms of
STROKESTROKE
Ischemic StrokeIschemic Stroke
Harder to detectHarder to detect
Weakness in one sideWeakness in one side
Facial droopingFacial drooping
Numbness and tinglingNumbness and tingling
Language disturbanceLanguage disturbance
Visual disturbanceVisual disturbance
35. Left Brain StrokeLeft Brain Stroke
Right side paralysisRight side paralysis
Speech and language disturbanceSpeech and language disturbance
Behavioral changesBehavioral changes
Swallowing problemsSwallowing problems
36. Right Brain DamageRight Brain Damage
Left side paralysis.Left side paralysis.
Coordination problemsCoordination problems
38. Primary Stroke CarePrimary Stroke Care
180 minute window of time180 minute window of time
Time is tissueTime is tissue
The longer the brain is withoutThe longer the brain is without
oxygen and glucose the moreoxygen and glucose the more
brain cells diebrain cells die
Goal is to restore blood flow asGoal is to restore blood flow as
soon as possiblesoon as possible
Treatment is a system beginning with earlyTreatment is a system beginning with early
recognition and continuing through rehabilitationrecognition and continuing through rehabilitation
39. Goals of Primary STROKE CareGoals of Primary STROKE Care
Rapid Recognition of STROKE SymptomsRapid Recognition of STROKE Symptoms
Rapid access in to the medical systemRapid access in to the medical system
AssessmentAssessment
TreatmentTreatment
40. Seven D’s of STROKE CareSeven D’s of STROKE Care
Detection –Detection –of STROKE symptomsof STROKE symptoms
DeliveryDelivery – to a facility prepared to manage STROKE– to a facility prepared to manage STROKE
Door to treatment–Door to treatment– rapid diagnosis and decisionrapid diagnosis and decision
makingmaking
Data–Data– CT ScanCT Scan
Decision–Decision– Ischemic or Hemorrhagic, does the patientIschemic or Hemorrhagic, does the patient
meet the criteria to receive thrombolytic drugsmeet the criteria to receive thrombolytic drugs
Drug –Drug – thrombolytic when appropriate.thrombolytic when appropriate.
D?D?
41. Use a “Use a “FASTFAST” STROKE” STROKE
AssessmentAssessment
Modification of Pre-Hospital Stroke ScreenModification of Pre-Hospital Stroke Screen
FaceFace
ArmArm
SpeechSpeech
Time of onsetTime of onset
42. FACEFACE
Look for Facial DroopLook for Facial Droop
Have the patient smile or show his/her teethHave the patient smile or show his/her teeth
NORMALNORMAL Both sides of theBoth sides of the
face move equallyface move equally
ABNORMALABNORMAL One side ofOne side of
the patient’s face droopsthe patient’s face droops
or does not moveor does not move
43. ARMSARMS
Motor Weakness: Look for arm drift by askingMotor Weakness: Look for arm drift by asking
the patient to close eyes and lift armsthe patient to close eyes and lift arms
NORMAL- arms remainNORMAL- arms remain
extended equally or driftextended equally or drift
downward equallydownward equally
ABNORMAL – One armABNORMAL – One arm
drifts down compareddrifts down compared
to the otherto the other
44. Problem with gripping handsProblem with gripping hands
Many elderly have arthritis in handsMany elderly have arthritis in hands
Hurts to grip handsHurts to grip hands
May mimic weaknessMay mimic weakness
45. SPEECHSPEECH
Ask the patient to sayAsk the patient to say “You can’t teach an“You can’t teach an
old dog new tricks”old dog new tricks”
Lots of tLots of t’s,’s, k’s and c’sk’s and c’s
NORMAL –Phrase repeated clearly andNORMAL –Phrase repeated clearly and
plainlyplainly
ABNORMAL – Words slurred, abnormal orABNORMAL – Words slurred, abnormal or
unable to speakunable to speak
46. Abnormal SpeechAbnormal Speech
Slurring of speechSlurring of speech
Unable to think of wordsUnable to think of words
Inappropriate wordsInappropriate words
Expressive aphasia – unable to speak wordsExpressive aphasia – unable to speak words
Area of brain where words are created is damagedArea of brain where words are created is damaged
Receptive aphasia – unable to understandReceptive aphasia – unable to understand
wordswords
Area where words are interpreted is damagedArea where words are interpreted is damaged
47. TIME OF ONSETTIME OF ONSET
The window of opportunity to effectivelyThe window of opportunity to effectively
treat STROKE is 3 hours (180 minutes)treat STROKE is 3 hours (180 minutes)
May be extended to 4 ½ hours in some casesMay be extended to 4 ½ hours in some cases
Need to know “ last known well”.Need to know “ last known well”.
Difficult whenDifficult when
Patient lives alonePatient lives alone
Woke up with symptomsWoke up with symptoms
49. Focused history and physical examFocused history and physical exam
Perform thorough neurologic exam.Perform thorough neurologic exam.
FAST Stroke ScreenFAST Stroke Screen
History ofHistory of
SeizuresSeizures
HeadacheHeadache
Nausea/vomitingNausea/vomiting
Neck painNeck pain
Obtain baseline set of vitalsObtain baseline set of vitals
Recheck Vital Signs frequentlyRecheck Vital Signs frequently
50. Priorities of carePriorities of care
Conduct general assessmentConduct general assessment
Trauma – recent or within last monthTrauma – recent or within last month
Recent seizureRecent seizure
Could be a subdural hematomaCould be a subdural hematoma
Cardiovascular – on heart medicationsCardiovascular – on heart medications
Does the patient have atrial fibrillationDoes the patient have atrial fibrillation
Does the patient take blood thinnersDoes the patient take blood thinners
Pulse oximetry > 94%Pulse oximetry > 94%
Blood sugar treat if ableBlood sugar treat if able
Low blood sugars mimic a strokeLow blood sugars mimic a stroke
PupilsPupils
52. STROKE Check ListSTROKE Check List
Securing A B CsSecuring A B Cs
Stroke identificationStroke identification
Use of FAST ScreenUse of FAST Screen
EKG monitoring if ableEKG monitoring if able
Oxygen saturation of > 94%Oxygen saturation of > 94%
Management of blood glucoseManagement of blood glucose
IV access.IV access.
Blood specimens obtained.Blood specimens obtained.
Head of Bed elevated 15 degreesHead of Bed elevated 15 degrees
Urgent CT ScanUrgent CT Scan
53. Non Contrast CT of HeadNon Contrast CT of Head
Want a normal CTWant a normal CT
55. Sub Arachnoid BleedSub Arachnoid Bleed
Blood in meninges due toBlood in meninges due to
aneurysmaneurysm
56. Could this be anything otherCould this be anything other
than a STROKE?than a STROKE?
Transient Ischemic AttackTransient Ischemic Attack
HypoglycemiaHypoglycemia
58. Goals of STROKE CareGoals of STROKE Care
Standardized assessments.Standardized assessments.
Door to treatment (with thrombolytic) goalDoor to treatment (with thrombolytic) goal
is 60 minutesis 60 minutes
Early identification of candidatesEarly identification of candidates
Direct CT scanDirect CT scan
59. Case Study 1: 6:30 pmCase Study 1: 6:30 pm
You are called by a family member toYou are called by a family member to
assess a patient who is not acting right.assess a patient who is not acting right.
What could be the problem?What could be the problem?
Keep an eye on the timeKeep an eye on the time
you have 180 minutesyou have 180 minutes
60. What could be the problem?What could be the problem?
Seizure.Seizure.
Myocardial infarctionMyocardial infarction
Diabetic reactionDiabetic reaction
Medication reactionMedication reaction
Anxiety attackAnxiety attack
STROKESTROKE
61. 6:35 pm6:35 pm
you find the patient, Short of breathingyou find the patient, Short of breathing
sitting in bed. She is confused, butsitting in bed. She is confused, but
responds to verbal stimuli.responds to verbal stimuli.
What assessments do you need?What assessments do you need?
62. ABC/FASTABC/FAST
Airway and ventilations are adequateAirway and ventilations are adequate
Regular pulse and good perfusionRegular pulse and good perfusion
Speech is garbledSpeech is garbled
Unable to move her right arm and legUnable to move her right arm and leg
Denies chest pain.Denies chest pain.
BP 195/105, pulse 90, respirations 18BP 195/105, pulse 90, respirations 18
63. The patient’s daughter reports that her motherThe patient’s daughter reports that her mother
felt fine a few minutes ago when suddenly herfelt fine a few minutes ago when suddenly her
arm felt .arm felt .
She did not lose consciousness and did notShe did not lose consciousness and did not
have a seizure.have a seizure.
The woman complain of a headache, and hasThe woman complain of a headache, and has
no history of seizures, diabetes, chest pain orno history of seizures, diabetes, chest pain or
palpitations.palpitations.
64. How can you manage this caseHow can you manage this case
65. Case twoCase two
This patient is 65 years old.This patient is 65 years old.
She has left sided facial drooping and rightShe has left sided facial drooping and right
arm and leg weakness. She can move thearm and leg weakness. She can move the
right arm and leg slightly, but with greatright arm and leg slightly, but with great
difficulty. Her speech is slurred.difficulty. Her speech is slurred.
All of these signs and symptoms are newAll of these signs and symptoms are new
in the last 10 minutes.in the last 10 minutes.
66. FASTFAST
How does on the FAST Screen?How does on the FAST Screen?
FaceFace
ArmArm
SpeechSpeech
TimeTime
67. Case 1 contCase 1 cont
Face -- left sided facial droopingFace -- left sided facial drooping
Arm – right arm and leg weaknessArm – right arm and leg weakness
Speech – speech is slurredSpeech – speech is slurred
Time last known well – within 20 minutesTime last known well – within 20 minutes
68. HIGH PRIORITYHIGH PRIORITY
Determine precise time of onset of signsDetermine precise time of onset of signs
and symptoms.and symptoms.
If thrombolytic therapy is to be considered,If thrombolytic therapy is to be considered,
itsits infusioninfusion must begin within 3 hours ofmust begin within 3 hours of
the onset of symptoms.the onset of symptoms.
69. Does she meet the criteria so far to be onDoes she meet the criteria so far to be on
the Primary STROKE Care track tothe Primary STROKE Care track to
receive thrombolytic?receive thrombolytic?
YES, Proceed with Stroke protocolYES, Proceed with Stroke protocol
70. Case Study 3Case Study 3
70 year-old woman70 year-old woman
Awake with slight weakness and tinglingAwake with slight weakness and tingling
in her left side.in her left side.
Speech is hesitant and slightly slurredSpeech is hesitant and slightly slurred
No facial droopingNo facial drooping
Good eye contactGood eye contact
71. Symptoms began before 20min.Symptoms began before 20min.
Speech was fine before thatSpeech was fine before that
Blood sugar 50 mg/dlBlood sugar 50 mg/dl
No emesis or seizureNo emesis or seizure
BP 150/90, Pulse 80, Respirations 16BP 150/90, Pulse 80, Respirations 16
O2 sat 92%O2 sat 92%
72. FASTFAST
How does sheHow does she
on the FAST Screen?on the FAST Screen?
FaceFace
ArmArm
SpeechSpeech
TimeTime
73. Case contCase cont
Face -- no droopingFace -- no drooping
Arm – slight weakness and tinglingArm – slight weakness and tingling
Speech -- Speech is hesitant and slightlySpeech -- Speech is hesitant and slightly
slurredslurred
Time known well -- 20 minutes agoTime known well -- 20 minutes ago
74. BUT blood sugar is low!BUT blood sugar is low!
Treat the blood sugar and reassess theTreat the blood sugar and reassess the
need for additional treatmentneed for additional treatment
High priorityHigh priority
a CT for acute STROKEa CT for acute STROKE
75. Case Study 4Case Study 4
80 year-old man.80 year-old man.
Daughter found him 15 minutes ago fall onDaughter found him 15 minutes ago fall on
the floor.the floor.
Unknown down timeUnknown down time
AwakeAwake
Drooping left side of faceDrooping left side of face
No movement of right arm and legNo movement of right arm and leg
Speech too slurred to understandSpeech too slurred to understand
76. FASTFAST
How doesHow does
on the FAST Screen?on the FAST Screen?
FaceFace
ArmArm
SpeechSpeech
TimeTime
77. QuizQuiz
What are the 2 general types of stroke?What are the 2 general types of stroke?
1.1.
2.2.
What condition is equivalent to “angina” of theWhat condition is equivalent to “angina” of the
brain?brain?
3.3.
What are 3 risk factors for stroke that can beWhat are 3 risk factors for stroke that can be
modified?modified?
4.4.
5.5.
6.6.
78. What are 2 risk factors for stroke that cannot beWhat are 2 risk factors for stroke that cannot be
modified?modified?
7.7.
8.8.
What are you measuring in a FAST StrokeWhat are you measuring in a FAST Stroke
Screen?Screen?
9.9.
10.10.
11.11.
12.12.
79. In the 21In the 21stst
century, some patients sufferingcentury, some patients suffering
from STROKE can be treated using whatfrom STROKE can be treated using what
type of medication?type of medication?
13.13.
What is the time deadline that must beWhat is the time deadline that must be
met in order to use the aggressivemet in order to use the aggressive
medication in the question above?medication in the question above?
14.14.
81. 7-87-8
AgeAge prior strokesprior strokes
GenderGender heredityheredity
RaceRace Sickle cell diseaseSickle cell disease
9. Face9. Face
10. Arm10. Arm
11. Speech11. Speech
12. Last known well12. Last known well
What is your gut reaction to Aunt Betty? Will this be a good outcome? Will Aunt Betty ever be the same?
15 years ago in UK no treatment but rehab. Essentially the same here. In last 5 years more aggressive research. Beginnings of treatment with thrombolytics.
Push by AHA to inform healthcare providers and the general public in:
Rapid Recognition of signs and symptoms
Access in to the healthcare system
Assessment
Aggressive treatment
Goals of AHA
Put together in a case study
Listen to them, don’t do hard tests
HISTORY IS CRUCIAL
FIND OUT WHEN PT LAST APPEARED NORMAL
FAMILY/BYSTANDERS
PT MAY APPEAR UNRESPONSIVE BUT STILL UNDERSTANDS WHAT YOU SAY
DIABETES? HYPERTENSION?
NEUROLOGIC EXAM: (HANDOUT)
CINCINNATI PREHOSPITAL STROKE SCALE
GCS
Brain craves oxygen.
May change
Good assessment to rule out trauma, dysrhythmias like Atrial fib, and SAMPLE History
Low blood sugar
What are pupils doing? Mirror to brain swelling.
TIA is like angina of the brain. Stroke like symptoms that go away. Important forecaster of a stroke. 5% will have full stroke in 1 month. 12% will stroke within a year.
Hypoglycemia mimics stroke. Once blood sugar is corrected symptoms go away. Not necessarily insulin dependent.
Note the clock. There is a time limit in which treatment is effective. You have 3 hours (180 minutes) to deliver definitive treatment.
You need the basics:
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Begin to rule out what is not the problem
So at this point, we think she has had a stroke. Left face and right arm due to motor neurons crossing over in brain stem.