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Autonomic Nervous System Anatomy and Physiology
1. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Chair person : Student :
Dr Mahesh Desai Dr Chetan K Ganteppanavar
Prof and HOD,
Dept of Psychiatry,
KIMS, Hubballi
12. Cerebral Hemisphere
 Limbic system
 Prefrontal cortex
 Hypothalamus – Master of ANS with limbic
cortex being equally important
 Thalamus
15. HYPOTHALAMUS
 paraventricular nucleus is the most important
 dorsomedial nucleus
 lateral hypothalamic area – CVS control, satiety,
feeding and also has some role in insulin release
 posterior hypothalamic nucleus
 mammillary nucleus
16. Disorders of the Central
Autonomic Control
 Autonomic Dysreflexia : Spinal injury above
C6 : dramatic increases in blood pressure are
provoked by inappropriate stimuli over
bladder
 Riley-Day Syndrome : decreased tearing and
sensitivity to pain and absent fungiform
papillae on the tongue : Episodic abdominal
crises and fever
17.  Sudden Infant Death Syndrome :
developmental defect in the central
autonomic network of the brainstem involved
with respiratory drive : An abrupt increase in
facial skin temperature and episodes of
apnea
20. Spinal Cord
 Intermediolateral grey
column of spinal cord
 Sympathetic : T-1 to L-3
 Parasympathetic :
Cranial part – cranial nerves –
III, VII, IX, X
Spinal cord : S-2 to S-4.
21. Peripheral part
 All autonomic nerves & ganglia
 NO NERVE INTHE BODY ISTOTALLY
AUTONOMIC
22.  PREGANGLIONIC NEURON : axon is
myelinated type B fiber
 POSTGANGLIONIC NEURON : axon is
unmyelinated type C fiber
23. Physiological Effects
 Organs with ONLY SYMPATHETIC
INNERVATIONS
 Sweat Glands,
 Adrenal Medulla,
 Erector Pili &
 Many BloodVessels
24. Sympathetic motor ANS
DESTINATIONS
 Terminate in the ganglia.
 Travel up & down & then terminate.
 Pass without synapsing & terminate in
prevertebral ganglia.
26. PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION
 CRANIAL NERVES - II,VII, IX , X
 TECTAL OR MIDBRAIN LEVEL –
 Edinger-westphal nucleus of ill cranial nerve
 Fibres end in the ciliary ganglion
 Sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscie
49. ANS AND PSYCHIATRY
 SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT SYSTEM : Neural
regulation of the striated muscles of the face
and head : mediated by the myelinated vagus
 Also has control from cortex and brain stem
 functions from birth and rapidly develops
50. Muscles of face
 Eyelid opening (e.g. Looking)
 Facial muscles (e.g. Emotional expression) ;
 Middle-ear muscles (e.g. Extracting human
voice from background noise) ;
 Muscles of mastication (e.g.Ingestion) ;
 Laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles
(e.G.Vocalizationand language) ;
 Head-turning muscles (e.g. Social gesture
andorientation)
51. Social Nervous System –
third branch of ANS ?
 In the ANS, the parasympathetic system is
the oldest, reflecting the survival needs of a
primitive passive feeders.
 The sympathetic nervous system is a later
development, for possible survival responses
53. Heart rate variability
 Sensitive measure of autonomic system
function
 utilized as a tool to assess the effect of
psychopathology and disease
 balance between sympathetic and para
sympathetic input to the heart
54. Mood disorders and Depression
 Cardiac patients with more severe depression exhibit
less HRV compared to those with less severe
depression
 Treatment of depression tends to be accompanied
by an increase in HRV
 Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) has been reported to
successfully improve affect in treatment-resistant
depression
 Strong link between sympathovagal dysregulation
and symptoms of depression
55. Anxiety and Panic disorders
 Low HRV,
 Decreased cardiacVagal tone,
 Elevated sympathetic heart rate control
 Adapt slowly to repeated stimuli
 Respond excessively to moderate stimuli
 Poorly regulated NA system with occasional bursts
of activity
 ElevatedCSF or urinary NA metabolite
 BluntedACTH responses
56. Schizophrenia and Manic BD
 There is a decrease in parasympathetic
activity independent of medication effects in
schizophrenia.
 Hyper excitability in both the sympathetic
and the parasympathetic division
 Reduction in HRV,
 Reduced parasympathetic activity,