3. Learning Objectives
• List the divisions of nervous system
• List the structural differences between
autonomic and somatic nervous system
• Describe the organisation of autonomic
nervous system
• Describe the origin and course of sympathetic
and parasympathetic fibres
6. Autonomic = Free will
• Cardiovascular system
• Respiratory system
• Endocrine system
• Reproductive system
• Gastrointestinal system
• Renal system
• Musculoskeletal system
Autonomic Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
7. ANS
• Homeostasis
• Coordinates responses to external stimuli
• Survival possible without ANS
• But ability to combat stress difficult
8. DIVISIONS OF ANS
1. Motor system – sympathetic & parasympathetic
2. Enteric nervous system of GIT
3. Visceral afferent pathways sensory
4. Descending pathways from forebrain, brainstem
30. The Adrenal Medulla
Similarities between adrenal medulla and
postganglionic sympathetic neurons
1. Both are excited by preganglionic
sympathetic fibres
2. Both respond to ACh
3. Both release catecholamines in response to
stimulation
47. Postganglionic sympathetic neurons - Adrenergic
Norepinephrine is the
predominant
neurotransmitter
released by the
Postganglionic
sympathetic neurons
Exceptions – sweat
glands, blood vessels of
skeletal muscles ,
piloerector muscles –
Ach
50. Termination of ACh action
• Acetylcholinesterase – split ACh into acetate
and choline
• Choline is taken up by the nerve terminal for
resynthesis of ACh.
51. Synthesis of epinephrine & norepinephrine
• Synthesis of epinephrine & norepinephrine
begins in the axoplasm and is completed
inside the vesicle
52. Termination of adrenergic action
1. Reuptake into nerve endings
2. Diffusion into blood
3. Degraded by enzymes Mono Amine
Oxidase(MAO), Catechol-O-Methyl
transferase(COMT).
53. • Cholinergic – pertaining to Acetylcholine
• Adrenergic – pertaining to adrenaline &
noradrenaline
54. Cholinergic neurons in the ANS
1. All preganglionic neurons
2. All parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
3. Sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate
sweat glands
4. Sympathetic cholinergic fibres – sympathetic
postganglionic neurons that end on blood vessels in
some skeletal muscles and produce vasodilation when
stimulated (sympathetic vasodilator nerves)
59. Sympathetic & parasympathetic tone
The normal basal firing of sympathetic and
parasympathetic neurons is called the
‘sympathetic & parasympathetic tone’
eg: Blood vessels – sympathetic tone
GI tract – parasympathetic
Heart
60. Postganglionic sympathetic and
parasympathetic neurons have muscarinic
as well as nicotinic receptors
• Nicotinic receptor – Ionotropic (ligand gated)
• Muscarinic receptor – Metabotropic (GPCR)
74. ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
• 3rd division of ANS
1. Myentric plexus – b/w longitudinal & circular M
control motility
2. Meissner’s plexus – b/w circular M & mucosa
control blood flow to GIT & secretions
76. ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
• MINIBRAIN
• Sensory N , interN, motor N
• Regulated by sympathetic and parasympathetic
nervous system
• But can also function autonomously
80. Horner’s Syndrome
Consists of a triad of signs,
• 1.Miosis
• 2.Anhydrosis (loss of sweating) of half the face
• 3.Ptosis (Drooping of eyelid)
Damage to the sympathetic supply to the face.
Causes:
• 1.Lesion in the brainstem
• 2.Lesion in the sympathetic ganglion
• 3.Damage to the nerves