Key seasonal livestock diseases by region and month

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Key to Disease Diagnosis by Season
Spring
Sept/Oct/Nov
Summer
Dec/Jan/Feb
Autumn
March/April/May
Winter
June/July/August
• Annual Ryegrass
Toxicity
• Cobalt Deficiency
• Foot Abscess
• Lupinosis
• Oxalate Poisoning
• Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid
Poisoning
• Selenium Deficiency
• Annual RyegrassToxicity
• Cobalt Deficiency
• Lupinosis
• Pneumonia
Poisoning
• Perennial Ryegrass
Staggers
• Selenium Deficiency
• Lungworm
• Lupinosis
• Phalaris Poisoning
• Phalaris Staggers
• Pneumonia
Poisoning
• Perennial Ryegrass
Staggers
•Pneumonia
Exposure Losses
After Shearing
• Foot Abscess
• Lungworm
• Nitrate Poisoning
• Oxalate Poisoning
• Phalaris Poisoning
• Phalaris Staggers
Dr.Soliman Mohammed Soliman
Lecturer of Infectious Diseases

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Common Diseases of the respiratory
system
• Coughing
• Pneumonia
• Lung worm

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PNEUMONIA OF SHEEP AND GOATS
Pneumoniais inflammation of the pulmonary
parenchymaaccompaniedby inflammationof the
bronchioles and may bethe pleura.
It is manifested by fever, increasein respiratory rate,
cough and abnormal sounds on auscultation.
Etiology:
• Causes of pneumonia are often classified into primary and secondary, but
differentiation is difficult because the uncertain role of viruses in many
bacterial pneumonia.

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Etiology: “Predisposing Factors”
1. Exposure to bad weather (Hot or Cold climate),
2. Draughty or poorly ventilated barns with accumulated faeces and urine,
3. Fatigue,
4. Transportation,
5. Malnutrition and
6. Viral infection countered as predisposing factors in respiratory infections.
7. Respiratory manifestation mostly common followenteritis.

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A. Pasteurella haemolytica and. Pasteurellamultocida types 2 and 4(A and D).
B. Mycoplasmamycoides.
C. Pseudomonas pseudomallei.
D. Corynebacterium spp.
E. Staphylococci and streptococci.
F. Salmonella and Klebsiella.
1. Bacterial causes:
Other bacteria that are incriminated to cause
pneumonia in sheep is considered as secondary
invaders to viral infections and the enteric bacteria
invade the lungs tissues when the general health
conditions are lowered after digestive tract
involvement.
2. Viral causes:
A. ACUTEVIRAL RESPIRATORY DISEASES:
1) Virus pneumoniaof lambs.
2) IBR.
3) Parainfluenza.
4) Bovinerespiratory synceteal virus (BRSV).
B. CHRONIC VIRAL RESPIRATORY DISEASES:
1) Maedi.
2) Jaajsiekte.
3) Poxvirus.

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3. Parasitic causes:
Members of the family Metastrongylidae.
A. Dictyocaulus filaria
B. Cystocaulus ocreatus.
C. Protostrongylus rufescens.
D. Neostrongylus dinearis.
E. Muellerius capillaris.
4. Mycotic causes:
• Aspergillus fumigatus.
5. Mechanical causes of pneumonia in case
of faulty dosing or drenching medications.

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Clinical signs
• The problemstarts with high rise of temperature (40– 41°C).
• Followed by anorexia, inappetance, dullness, depression.
• Dyspnea and dry cough.
• Nasal and/or ocular discharge changed frommucoid to mucopurulent and
purulent.
• Abnormal respiratoryrales.
• Abdominal respiration is evident.
Diagnosis
• Clinical signs.
• Isolation and identification of the causativeagents.

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Treatment and Control
►Remove the real cause.
►Prevent or avoid the stress predisposing factors.
►Rest the animal and present a plenty of fresh water.
►Broad spectrumantibiotics should be used as:
Oxytetracycline: 3-5 mg/Kg. OR Kanamycin: 6-8 mg/Kg. OR Penicillin-
streptomycin OR Lincospectin.
►Vaccination against contagious and infectious diseases.
►Regular Antiparasitic dosing against lung worm.
►Careful drenching of sheep to avoid drenching pneumonia.

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OVINE PASTEURELLOSIS
The disease occurs in a pneumonic form in all ages and a
septicaemic form in very young lambs.
•There are two clinical forms of pasteurellosis:
pneumonic and systemic.
•The pneumonic form is caused by Mannheimia
haemolytica (formerly designated Pasteurella haemolytica),
and the systemic disease by Pasteurella trehalosi.
•In sheep in temperate climates P. multocida rarely causes
pneumonia and little is known of the epidemiology of
that infection.

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Etiology:
• P. multocida and M. haemolytica are commensals of the upper respiratory
tract that can cause pneumonia either alone or in conjunction with other
organisms.
• Pasteurella haemolytica is the cause of pneumonia in sheep and goats. The
pneumonic form is caused mainly by P. haemolytica biotype A with different
serotypes (1,2,5,6,7,….) which is recovered from pneumonias of older sheep.
• It is also recovered from septicaemias of young lambs from 2 days to 2
months and mastitis in ewes. Pasteurella haemolytica is haemolytic on blood
agar and indole negative.
Etiology:
• The systemic form is caused by P. haemolytica biotype T serotypes (3,4,10-
15) and is recovered from septicaemias of adult sheep.
• Pasteurella haemolytica biotype B causes systemic pasteurellosis in America
and Europe in weaned lambs.
• The disease follows some stress factors as transport,……
• P. Multocida is an uncommon pathogen in sheep in temperate areas, but may
be important in tropical areas. It is non haemolytic and indole positive.

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Primaryinfectionswithrespiratory pathogenssuchas
parainfluenzatype3,adenovirus,respiratory syncytial
virus, Bordetellaparapertussis,orinparticularMycoplasma
ovipneumoniaeappeartopredisposetosecondaryinfection
withPasteurellaandMannheimia.
Epidemiology:
• Pasteurella spp. are commensals of the upper respiratory tract of some
sheep. They could be isolated from the nasopharynxand tonsils.
• The very young lambs are highly susceptible to the disease than adult
sheep. However the disease occurs in all ages.
• The mode of infection is through inhalation of infected droplets or
ingestion of infected material. Lambs who sucking ewes with mastitis
caused by P. haemolytica can take the infection and the reverse can also occur.
• The infection derives mainly from carriers of clinical cases rather than
inanimate objects.

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Epidemiology:
• The disease occurs usually during spring and autumn seasons and is
prevalent in feeder lambs than in lambs at pasture.
• The morbidity is high up to 40% while the mortalities approach 5%. In
cases where complication with other agents as parainfluenza-3 virus or
mycoplasma ovipneumoniae occur the mortalities are high up to 20%.
Epidemiology:
• Enzootic pneumonia-pleurisy complex is a syndrome in sheep and lambs.
• The real cause is not well known but viral mycoplasmal and chlamydial
causes may be important.
• Secondary infection with Pasteurella spp causes severe clinical pneumonia.
• Enzootic pneumonia-pleurisy complex causes major economic losses in the
sheep industry including: deaths, reduced growth rate, slaughter house
wastage and the drug and labors cost.

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Pathogenesis:
• Mostly acute fibrinous bronchopneumonia occurs.
• It is accompanied by pleurisy.
• Acute septicaemia occurs less commonly.
• P. haemolytica has cell wall components which produces leukotoxin
(cytotoxin) which is active against leukocytes of sheep, so it is a pathogen.
Clinical findings:
• In young lambs sudden death usually occurs without noticeable prior illness.
• Some older lambs show signs of respiratory embarrassment, but as the outbreak
progresses the respiratory involvement of affected lambs becomes more evident and
manifested by dyspnea, cough, nasal discharge and slight froth at the mouth.
• The temperature elevates up to 40.5 - 41.5°C.
• Death occurs within 12 hours and up to 12 days.
• Recovered sheep show chronic pneumonia and unthrift.
• In systemic pasteurellosis the clinical course is less than 6 hours and the animals die
without clinical signs, except some cases show toxaemia and frothy bloody nasal
discharge.

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Clinical findings:
• In young lambs sudden death usually occurs without noticeable prior illness. Some
older lambs show signs of respiratory embarrassment, but as the outbreak
progresses the respiratory involvement of affected lambs becomes more evident
and manifested by dyspnea, cough, nasal discharge and slight froth at the mouth.
The temperature elevates up to 40.5 - 41.5°C. Death occurs within 12 hours and up
to 12 days.
• Recovered sheep show chronic pneumonia and unthrift. In systemic pasteurellosis
the clinical course is less than 6 hours and the animals die without clinical signs,
except some cases show toxaemia and frothy bloody nasal discharge
Pasteurella and Mannheimia Pneumonias in
Sheep & Goats
Clinical Findings:
•Affected sheep aretypically febrile (>40.5°C ).
•The mucous membranes are congested, andtheremay be evidence of dehydration
with sunken eyes and extended skintent duration.
•Auscultation often does notreveal significant changes other than anincreased
respiratory rate.
•Rumen contractions are reduced or absent.
•There may be evidence of diarrhea.
•Frothy fluid may be noted aroundthe mouth during the terminalstages.

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Pasteurellosis, sheep
Post mortem findings:
• Peticheal and ecchymotic haemorrhges through out the body.
• In acute pneumonic pasteurellosis: Greenish gelatinous exudate over the pericardium and straw
coloured pleural exudate. The lungs are enlarged, oedematous and haemorrhagic. The affected lung
is hepatized. Histologically, there is diffuse alveolar necrosis and oedema of the interlobular septa.
• In the generalized form: Subcutaneous haemorrhages over the neck region and thorax are common.
Sometimes ulcers in the pharynx and oesophagus are seen. The tonsils and the pharyngeal lymph
nodes are swollen. The lungs are oedematous and enlarged. Subpleural haemorrhages could be also
seen. The lungs are oedematous without pneumonia. The trachea and bronchi contain bloody stained
froth.
• Bacterial isolation: In the pneumonic form pasteurella can be isolated from the lung lesions and the
pleural and pericardial exudates.
• In the generalized form the causative bacteria could be harvested from the blood of living affected
animal during septicaemia; liver; kidney; lung and spleen of dead animals.

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Diagnosis:
1. Clinical signs, epidemiological data and post mortem findings.
2. Laboratory diagnosis:
• Isolation and identification of pasteurella spp from blood smear, exudate smear
and lung lesions.
• Bacterial culturing, biochemical reactions (sugar fermentation) and animal
inoculation.
3. Serological diagnosis:
• Passive haemagglutination and agglutination tests for typing polysaccharide
capsular antigen and protein antigen of somatic cells.
Differential Diagnosis:
A. Pneumonia caused by other bacteria (Corynebacterium pyogenes, Klebsiella...) by
isolation and identification of the causative bacteria.
B. Pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae in sheep and Mycoplasma
mycoides var capri in goats by: morbidity and mortality rates, case fatality, nature
of the epidemic, clinical symptoms, necropsy and histopathological findings,
serological testing (C.F.T.) and isolation and identification of the causative org-
anisms
C. Parasitic pneumonia by: some epidemiological data, clinical manifestations,
sputum and fecal examination.

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Treatment:
• It is based on sensitivity testing of the isolates.
1. Parentral administration of antibiotics and/or sulphonamides as follows:
• Long acting oxyetracyclin: 10 mg/kg body weight I/V or 20 mg/kg b.wt. I/M daily
for 3 days.
• Kanamycin sulphate 25 mg/Kg.
• A combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid is effective.
• sulphamethazin or sulphadimidin: 150 mg/kg b.wt. I/V daily for 3 days.
2. Medication of water supplies by sulphamethazin (100 kg b.wt or oxyetracyclin in
drinking water daily for 5-7 days) is recommended.
Pasteurella and Mannheimia Pneumonias in
Sheep & Goats
Treatment and Control:
• Tilmicosinand othermacrolideantibioticscanalsobe usedbutareconsiderablymore expensive
thanoxytetracycline.
• Acute casesmay alsobenefitfrom theuse of NSAIDs(eg,flunixinmeglumine orketoprofen)in
conjunctionwithantibiotictherapyforcontrolofendotoxemiaandinflammation.
• Inadequateventilation,crowding,comminglingof animalsfromvariousfarms(feedlotor salebarn
situations),poor nutrition,failureofpassivetransferofantibodies,transportation,andother
stresseshaveallbeenassociatedwithpneumoniaoutbreaks.
• Controland preventionlieswithcorrectionofthe predisposingfactorswheneverpractical.

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Control:
• Control the environmental and stress factors which may precipitate the
outbreaks.
• Application of hygienic measures in the farms when outbreaks occur
including thorough cleaning and disinfection of the infected barns, hygienic
disposal of dead animals, isolation and treatment of affected animals.
Control:
• Vaccination: the use of Pasteurella vaccines containing the serotypes
common in the geographical area especially A2 collected from pleural
exudates is advised. A combination of alumenium hydroxide gel and fur-
eund's incomplete adjuvants in a dead vaccine is superior to the gel alone.
Vaccination of pregnant ewes twice with 3 - 4 weeks interval will stimulate
antibody production and the lambs will receive the colostrums protein
antigen involved in iron up take gives better protection.
• Intranasal vaccination of lambs with inactivated PI3 vaccine in combination
with P. haemolytica vaccine gives better immunity.

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VIRAL PNEUMONIA OF SHEEP & GOATS
• Viral pneumonia in sheep and goats as more complex then is generally
recognized and occurs in many countries including Egypt.
• The disease may be the starting point of some of the bacterial pneumonias of
sheep.
• Corynebacteriumpyogenes is commonly present in lungs of affected lambs.
• The causative virus may be related to the caused agent of enzootic abortion
of ewes.
• The disease is manifested by fever, dyspnea, anorexia and clinical symptoms
of pneumonia.

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VIRAL PNEUMONIA OF SHEEP & GOATS
• Attempts to produce pneumonia in lambs by administration of the virus,
pasteurella and Mycoplasma are unsuccessful unless the lambs are exposed
to stress factors.
• Pneumonia caused by parainfluenza 3 virus also occurs in sheep and mild
interstitial pneumoniais produced.
• There is much work to be done before we understand the pathogenic role
played by the viruses in developing sheep pneumonia and consequently the
economiceffects of thevirus infectionupon sheep.
CHRONIC PNEUMONIA OF SHEEP
PROGRESSIVE
INTERSTITIAL
PNEUMONIA
(MAEDI)

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Progressive Pneumonia in Sheep & Goats
(Maedi disease)
• Ovineprogressivepneumonia andmaedi-visnaarechronic diseasesof sheepcausedby lentiviruses(family
Retroviridae)that are structurallyandantigenicallysimilar.
• Progressivepneumonia virus andmaedi(meaning“dyspnea”)virus inducechronic progressivepneumonias that
presentwith similarclinicalsigns.
• Visna (meaning“wasting”)is theterm usedin many parts of the worldtorefertothe neurologicformof the disease
insheep,resultinginitiallyinunilateralpelvicparesis,progressingtoparalysis.
• A closelyrelatedlentivirus-induceddiseasein goats,caprinearthritisand encephalitis(CAE),affectsthenervous
systemand joints.
• Reportedseroprevalenceforlentiviralinfectioninsheepvarieswidely,ranging from49%inthe westernUSA to9%
inthe northAtlanticregion.Thisvariationhas beenreportedinothercountriesas wellandmay resultfromvaried
climaticconditions(aridvs morelushclimates)and management(rangeconditions vscloseconfinement).

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(Maedi disease)
Etiology and Pathogenesis:
• The causallentivirus,whichpersistsinlymphocytes,monocytes,and macrophagesof infectedsheepinthe
presenceof a humoral and cell-mediatedimmuneresponse,canbe detectedby severalserologictests.
• Seropositivesheepandgoats must be consideredinfectedandcapableof transmittingthe virus.
• Transmissionoccurs mostcommonly via theoral route,usually by ingestionof colostrumor milkthat contains
virus,orby inhalationof infectedaerosol droplets.
• Intrauterineinfectionis thought tooccurinfrequently.
• Allbreedsof sheepand goatsappearsusceptible;however,some resistanceto lentivirusinfectionmay existwithin
breeds.
• Managementpracticescaninfluencemorbidityrates.
(Maedi disease)
Clinical Findings:
• Signs rarelyoccurinsheep<2 yroldandaremostcommoninsheep>4 yrold.
• The diseaseprogressesslowly,withwastingandincreasingrespiratorydistressasthemainsigns.
• Coughing,bronchialexudate,depression,and feverare seldomevidentunlesssecondarybacterial
infectionoccurs.
• A non-inflammatory,indurativemastitismayoccur.
• The encephaliticformofvisnacausesheadtiltandcircling,whereasthespinalformcauses
unilateralpelviclimbproprioceptivedeficitsprogressingtoparesisandeventuallytocomplete
paralysis.

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(Maedi disease)
Lesions:
• Macroscopiclesions of progressive pneumoniaare confinedto thelungsandassociated lymph nodes.
• Thelungsdo not collapse whenthethorax(withobvious rib indentations)is openedandare abnormallyfirmandheavy(~2
kg;2–4timesnormalweight).
• Early lungchangesmaybe difficult todetect,but laterinthedisease, lungsare mottledby gray andbrownareas of
consolidation.
• Themediastinaland tracheobronchiallymphnodes aregreatly enlargedandedematous.
• Interstitialpneumonia,perivascular andperibronchiallymphoidhyperplasia,andhypertrophyof smooth muscleare seen
throughoutthe entirelung.
• CNSlesions, whentheyoccur, are thoseof meningoleukoencephalitiswithsecondarydemyelination.All lesionsare
progressive and result fromthecellularimmuneresponseof thehost, andnotdirectly fromviraldamage.
(Maedi disease)
Diagnosis & Diff. Diag:
•Differentialdiagnoses ofprogressive pneumoniaincludepulmonary
adenocarcinoma,pleuralabscesses, andpulmonarycaseous lymphadenitis.
•Ultrasonographicexaminationisvery usefultodifferentiate these various
types of pneumoniasinthe live animal.Listeriosis,scrapie, cerebrospinal
nematodiasis,and space-occupyinglesions shouldbe considered when the
neurologicform(visna)of thedisease is seen.

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(Maedi disease)
Diagnosis & Diff. Diag:
•In theliveanimal,agargel immunodiffusion andELISA tests are used.
•The competitive inhibitionELISA isreported to be highlysensitive andspecific; ithas
been reported to produce false-negative results inanimalsvery recently infected.
•Serologic testing isconsidered a useful tool to detect infected sheep, especially ifthe
disease has been confirmed inthe flock by histopathologic examination or virus
isolation.
•PCR and virus isolation are sensitive and specific techniques to detect virus. However,
both aremore expensive and timeconsuming thanserologic testing.
(Maedi disease)
Control:
• Currently, there isnopractical, effective treatment, andnovaccines are available.
• Therefore, the only means forcontrol andprevention isserologic testing and removal of positive animals.
• Because ofthe long incubation period and time toseroconversion, retesting animalsonce a year,or even
twice a year, isrecommended.
• In addition tothe test andcullapproach, consideration should be given to raising neonates inisolation
from their dams,especially ifthe dam isseropositive.
• Lambs should be fedcolostrum from seronegative sheep, or heat-treated sheep colostrum, and raised on
milkreplacer, milkfrom seronegative ewes, or heat-treated sheep milk.

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Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma
(Jaagsiekte, Sheep pulmonary adenomatosis)
•Ovinepulmonaryadenocarcinoma(OPA) is a contagious,viral,neoplastic
disease of thelungsof sheep andmore rarelyof goats.
•It has been reported from Europe, Asia, Africa,andSouthandNorthAmerica.

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Etiology:
•OPA is an infectious neoplastic lung disease resulting frominfection witha beta
retrovirus called Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV).
•The virus replicates predominantly inthe tumor cells, is released into the airways,and
isfound in respiratory secretions.
•Transmission of JSRV occurs predominantly through the aerosol route by inhalationof
infected respiratory secretions, althoughthe virusmay also be transmitted via
colostrum and milk.
Clinical Findings:
• The period ofincubation afternatural infection extends over months,soclinical signs generally become evident whensheepare2–4 yr
old.
• However,diseasemaybe seenin lambs 8–12moold thatareprogeny ofinfected dams.
• The tumorsproduce clinical signs when theybecome sufficiently largeor numerous enough tointerfere with respiration.
• Affectedsheeploseweight and show increasing respiratorydistressandpanting.
• Crackles areaudible over a much largerarea than thedistribution ofOPA lesions determinedultrasonographically.
• Coughing is not prominent, and infected animals areafebrile unlesssecondary infection develops.
• During the advanced stagesofclinical disease,the tumor massmay occupy upto60% of lung parenchyma.
• Clinical diseaseends in deathaftermany months but sometimeswithin 1–2 daysdue tosecondary pasteurellosis.

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Lesions:
•Tumors are confined to thelungsand,rarely,the associated lymphnodes.
•They vary from small nodules to extensive solid areas that involve the ventral parts of
one or more lobes and are firm,gray,flat, andsharply demarcated.
•Copious amounts of white, frothy fluidare present inthe air passages.
•Histologic changes are caused by uncontrolled proliferation of columnar-shaped type
II pneumonocytes and similarcells inthe bronchioles (Clara cells).
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma

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Diagnosis:
• Chronic weight loss,dyspnea,crackles,andcopious amounts of serousnasal dischargefromaccumulatedlung fluid
inanadult sheepthat is afebrilearehighly suggestiveclinicalsignsof OPA.
• During theadvancedstagesof clinicaldisease,severalmLof a clear,frothy fluidmay flowfreelyfrombothnostrils
whenthe sheep’sheadisloweredduring feeding;this quantity may exceed50 mLif the hindquartersare raised
whenthe headis simultaneouslylowered(colloquiallyreferredtoas the“wheelbarrowtest”).
• This testcausesaffectedsheepconsiderabledistressandmust bediscontinuedas soonas someclearfluidappears
at the nostrils;euthanasiais warrantedimmediatelyonce thispositiveresultis obtained.
• Not all casesof OPAproduce this fluidindetectableamounts eveninthe advancedstagesof disease.
• Therefore,a negativewheelbarrowtestshouldnot be consideredconclusive,althougha positivewheelbarrowtest
is pathognomonic forOPA.
Diagnosis:
• There ispresentlyno commercial confirmatoryserologic test forOPA.
• ThePCR test has been used inresearch on OPA for several years.
• However, whereas the test is highly sensitiveinlaboratoryassays, itfails todetect JSRVinmost infectedsheep other thanovertclinicalcases.
• Thisisbecause there are few infectedcells inthebloodduring the earlystages of disease progression.
• Bronchoalveolarlavagehas been used onsedatedsheep tocollectcellsfromthe airways, followedbyDNA extractionand PCR testing.
• Although this methodappearsto offer bettersensitivitythan thebloodtest, thesample collectionmethoddoesnot lend itself toroutine on-farm
large-scaletesting.
• Ultrasonography can be used todifferentiatechroniclung pathologiesandsupport a diagnosisof OPA, includingsuperficiallung lesionsas small
as 1–2 cm indiameter.
• Thefirst indicationof changes inthe superficial lung parenchyma caused byOPA is the abruptloss of thebrightlinear echo formedby normal
aerated lung tissue (visceral orpulmonarypleura)tobereplacedby ahypoechoic areainthe ventralmargins of thelung lobesat thefifthorsixth
intercostalspaces.

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Control:
• No specifictreatmentorvaccine is available.
• Affected sheep mustbe culled as soonasclinical suspicionsare confirmedby ultrasonographicexaminationof thechest.
• Antibiotic therapymaytemporarilyimprove the clinical appearanceof thosesheepwithsignificantsecondary bacterial
infection.
• Good biosecurityis essentialto minimizetherisks of introducingOPA tounaffectedfarms withpurchasedsheep.
• At this time,the bestthatcan be recommendedonce a diagnosisis confirmedis removalof all animals showingsigns
suggestiveof pulmonaryadenomatosis.
• However,subclinically infected sheepserve as a reservoirforthevirus.
• Maintainingsheep insingle-agegroups is themost importantmanagementfactorto reduceclinical disease.

Key seasonal livestock diseases by region and month

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