The Nuclear Theory Of The Atomic Theory Essay

The Nuclear Theory Of The Atomic Theory Essay
The Atomic Theory's Scientist are Mostly German
Thomas Britton & Kate Caufield
New Albany
Mr. Mumaw's 6th Period Chemistry
Abstract
The atomic theory has been worked on since around 400 BC. It is a theory that helps us to
understand what everything in the universe is made of and what those particles are made of. It also
helps us to describe the relationship between the sub–particles and how they may contribute to
different aspects of the atom, like it 's mass or charge. These atoms then go on to make up the
elements on the periodic table which are combined in many different ways to form everything we
can and can 't see. Many great minds have contributed to the formation of the atomic theory over the
years. Some scientist are more well known for work they did before or after their contribution, or
are just more well known than others, but they all still assisted in the formation of the theory along
the way. Some of these men include, Albert Einstein, JJ Thomson, and Erwin Schrodinger, who
were very instrumental in progressing the way we look at the world today.
The atomic theory is a theory that has been worked on since 400 bc. For a while the theory was left
untouched by the scientific community until 1803 when John Dalton stoked the fire of scientific
discovery, with his clarification of elements and compounds being two different combinations of
atoms. The theory was then untouched for 83 years when E. Goldstein revamped the scientific
community's
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Research in the Area of Sinuous Antennas
We conducted a literature review as a part of our study, of recent research in the area of sinuous
antennas. From the review, it is clear that sinuous antennas are very useful due to their wideband
ability and dual polarized application. Hence, we can find a number of applications where these
antennas are being used. Waldschmidt et al.1 have conducted a study and evaluated the use of the
sinuous antenna for wideband multiple–input multiple–output (MIMO) and diversity applications.
They found that in addition to being extremely broadband the sinuous antennas are also very
compact. In fact, they found that when placing dipoles on the same space required by the sinuous
antennas, that the sinuous would reach much greater capacities for multimode–based MIMO
systems. Edwards and Rebeiz2 utilized the sinuous antenna type placement on a silicon dielectric
lens. The lens had a diameter of 50.8 mm necessitating a compact design. They chose the four–arm
sinuous antenna configuration as an alternative to traditional log–periodic antennas, which suffer
from polarization variation versus frequency and high cross–polarization levels. Their results have
shown that the lens–coupled sinuous antennas do exhibit polarization stability and low cross–
polarization levels over a wide band. In addition, the antenna is very efficient, radiating only 5% of
its total power to its backside. A much more recent application from Suzuki et al.3, again utilizes the
silicon lens–coupled sinuous antenna as a

Edwin H. Land Invented The Polaroid Camera
Edwin H. Land
Edwin H. Land invented the Polaroid camera and developed many uses for polarized glass.
American inventor Edwin H. Land was the driving force behind the Polaroid Corporation 's
engineering and marketing successes. He founded the company to manufacture his inventions, such
as polarized windows and sunglasses, and he also produced revolutionary optics for the military
during World War II (1939–45). It was his development of the instant camera, however, that made
his company famous and allowed him to dominate the instant–photography market with cameras
that first produced pictures in sepia tones, then black and white, and finally in color. Routinely
discarding conventional wisdom, Land believed that market research was not ... Show more content
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They were married in 1929, and Land returned to Harvard that same year. This time the university
provided him with a laboratory to conduct his research.
Develops commercial method to polarize light
It had been known since the eighteenth century that certain kinds of crystals (clear colorless glasses
of superior quality) could affect the direction of light waves. In his effort to develop a method for
polarizing light, Land was searching for a crystal that could not only reduce glare but was stable and
economical enough to be produced commercially. He conceived the idea of two plates that would
absorb the light waves that were not wanted and transmit those that were. He then succeeded in
aligning millions of microscopic iodine crystals in one direction, thus creating the first polarizer.
Land presented a paper on his discovery at a physics colloquium (meeting) at Harvard in February
1932. In June, he left the university, one semester short of a degree, and never returned.
Invents "Polaroid"
With a Harvard graduate student named George Wheelwright, who had been one of his teachers,
Land formed Land–Wheelwright Laboratories, Inc., in June 1932. The two men worked on
developing methods of manufacturing polarized sheets made of crystals trapped in nitrocellulose
(any of several nitric–acid esters of cellulose used for making explosives, plastics, and varnishes).
On November 30, 1934, the camera company Eastman Kodak gave Land–Wheelwright an order for
$10,000 worth of

Polymer Coatings With Radiation Detection Functionality
Polymer Coatings with radiation detection functionality.
Mritunjay Sharma
Zhuo Yang
Supervised by Professor Steve Yeates & Prof. Francis Livens
1. Introduction
Nuclear conversion of an atomic nucleus from one form to another is known as radioactivity. These
conversions are accompanied by nuclear radiations, major nuclear radiations are alpha, beta and
gamma radiations these are ionisations radiations and hence are dangerous to living beings these
radiations can cause radiation sickness and sometimes can even lead to death. However these
nuclear radiations can be detected and measured and considerable research is also being done on
eradicating these nuclear radiations. [1] Molecules and ions ... Show more content on
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Fig: 1 – Types of contaminated areas. [1]
1.1 Types of nuclear radiations.
There are primarily three different types of nuclear radiations α, β and γ radiation.Figure 2 shows
different types of radiation and their penetration capability.
Fig: 2 – Penetrating capabilities of α, β and γ particles.
Alpha radiations consist of two protons and two neutrons, these mainly occur at the time of alpha
decay , Since alpha radiation travel a very short distance hence they can be easily stopped by paper
or normal clothes, Alpha radiations are harmful when in contact directly with the skin or the source
being swallowed.
Beta radiations are high speed and high energy electrons and positrons which occur are produced at
the time beta decay, beta radiation may travel meters in air and is moderately penetrating, these
radiations can penetrate up to germinal layer of the skin where new skin cells are produced and
hence can harm the skin quite effectively.
Gamma rays are high frequency electromagnetic radiations and contain high energy per photon;
these are produced by the decay of higher energy atomic nuclei. These rays can travel many meters
in the air and can penetrate the skin up to centimetres. Dense materials are needed to shield from
gamma radiation.
1.2Radiation Detection
In the process of decontamination radiation detection is the most important process, A

Polarimetrc Imaging Technique For Analysis
"Polarimetrc Imaging Technique for analysis of Breast Tissue"
Abstract:–
Polarimetric imaging is an emerging technique that uses polarized generated light to probe the
acceptance of the tissue with the predefined different independent variable states. The potential of
Mueller decomposition images to discriminate the Breast tissue to generate scattering intensities
images with different optical setup states of seven and four independent variables and with this
technique we can characterize the soft matter breast tissue we has selected. We report the potential
of Mueller decomposition images to discriminate the Breast tissue to generate expected scattering
intensities images with different optical states of different seven and different four independent
variables. Polarimetric imaging is an new emerging technique that uses polarized light to probe the
acceptance of the tissue with the different predefined independent variable states. A polar
decomposition technique reveals the polarization parameters of the soft matter breast tissue
effectively. It is observed there is a change in the Mueller matrix that which is used to obtain from
the Breast tissue with the states of expected seven and four independent analyzed variables.
Keywords: – Muller decomposition; Scattering polarization; Imaging through tissue.
Introduction:– Biological Tissue being an optical anisotropic material has gained its importance in
exhibiting unique optical polarization identity (signature), a

Ziggy: A Narrative Fiction
Ziggy heard screams, looked up, and saw a woman falling towards him from the bright, blue sky.
The tall woman was screaming as she realized these were her last few seconds of life; Ziggy was
witnessing them. The woman was wearing a green helmet, black goggles, a green suit, and had a tan
lumpy pack on her back. Ziggy assumed the woman was falling from the sky because of a skydive
that went wrong. As the hot, dark pavement was becoming closer and closer to her, 5 police cars, 2
ambulances, and 1 firetruck showed up. As quickly as they possibly could, the 5 firefighters and 10
police officers set up a mesh net so the woman would fall into it. She was about 20 feet from the
ground now and a police officer talked into a mega phone, "Don't be scared. ... Show more content
If you find out any information please come and contact us." the man stated as the woman and him
went back to a police car and drove away. They were the last ones to leave and Ziggy was all alone.
He decide to jog home. On the way home he passed a flower shop and bought 3 yellow tulips and 3
pink carnations that he would give to the woman at the hospital. He then carefully jogged the rest of
the way home, which wasn't that far, trying not to wreck the beautiful smelling flowers that he got.
Ziggy opened up his front door and was greeted by his energetic, happy, 2 year old golden retriever.
Ziggy lived alone with his pup Ginger and wasn't planning on staying in this town long as he loved
traveling the world. He petted Ginger softly for a few seconds and then took his running shoes off
and set them on the shoe rack against the dark grey wall. He walked over to his white marble
counter and set the colorful flowers down. He walked through his living room into his small bright
room. He changed out of his sweaty clothes and took a cold, quick shower to smell better. Ziggy
then put on fresh, good–smelling clothes and went back in his big kitchen where he put the
wonderful flowers into his favorite glass vase and added water into it to keep the flowers healthy.
Ziggy grabbed the vase with the flowers in it, his phone, and his keys and went out to his dark

Radio Wave Propagation Around The Human Body Using Fabrics
Career Episode # 2 CE 2: Radio wave propagation around the human body using fabrics CE 2.1
Introduction This project was performed as part of my Master of Electronics and Computer
Engineering/Master of Electronics and Energy Engineering dissertation from Griffith University,
School of Engineering, Australia. For this project I worked under the direct supervision of Prof.
David Thiel, who was a source of immense help and motivation through the course of this entire
project. In my project I also encountered problems with surface modelling in which I sought
invaluable assistance from Dr. Hugo Espinosa. This dissertation aimed to examine the effectiveness
of wireless body area networks with respect to the different electrical properties of the fabric. These
fabrics are of the sort which are implemented in wearable electronics used for a variety of
applications and are becoming increasingly popular as they are capable of performing a lot of smart
functions such as fitness tracking, health monitoring and a lot of other imaginative utilizations. CE
2.2: Background CE 2.2.1 In the world, Australia alone accounts for 80,000 medical negligence
cases a year. This is mainly caused due to the doctor's misinterpretation of the medical data
(Medneg.com.au). Due to this, not only is the cost of diagnosis increasing but a study suggests that
in 2008, 26% of indigenous people and 2.6% of general population in Australia had difficulty in
accessing medical care due to the unavailability of

Photon-Induced Near-Electron Microscopy Essay
Photon–induced near–field electron microscopy (PINEM), a key UEM technique, is based on the
photon–electron interaction [83]. The basic principle of PINEM can be explained as follows: in free
space, an electron cannot absorb a quantum of electromagnetic energy because of the lack of
energy–momentum conservation. However, in the presence of the nanostructure, the inelastic
coupling between the free electrons and photons takes place [138, 139] due to the deceleration of the
scattered photons and the stratification of the energy–momentum conservation condition. The
coupling leads to gain/loss of photon quanta by electrons in the electron packet, which can be
resolved in the electron energy spectrum [83, 140–142] This spectrum consists of ... Show more
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[143]. The author imaged the photo–induced surface plasmonic standing wave on a metallic
nanowire (Ag nanowire) (Fig. 13b). Also, he demonstrated the control of the spatial interference of
the excitation plasmonic field. Also, the cross–correlation images of the excited surface plasmon
were obtained by control the relative delay between the driver laser pulse and the electron pulse.
Worth notes, the enhancement of the temporal resolution in UEM to tens of femtoseconds [19]
might allow eventually to image the plasmonic dynamics and its evolving in time and space.
On the other hand, the indirect PINEM imagining (spectral mapping) enabled the envisage of
excited surface plasmon on a subparticle scale [144]. This has been done by focusing the electron
beam onto a single nanoparticle and record PINEM spectra at each spot on the particle surface then
scan across the vicinity of the particle. This was repeated at different relative delay between the
electron and optical pulse to obtain series of spectral mapping image as shown in Fig. 13c. PINEM
has been also used to study the coherent quantum control of the free electron population state as
demonstrated by Feist et al. [148]. This has been done by controlling the photo–induced Rabi
oscillations in the populations of electron momentum states via changing the intensity of the optical
driving field (Fig. 13d).
This work was conducted on a conical gold tip, the interaction of the electron and

A Brief Look at Quantum Optics
Quantum optics tells us that left (l)– and right (r)–circularly polarized (CP) photon conveys
"integer" spin angular momentum, +ℏ and –ℏ, respectively, although photon is massless elemental
particle. The nature of "integer" spin obeying Bose–Einstein statics makes plural spins confine in an
ultrasmall temporalspace with the same quantum state, meanwhile, "half integer" spin like electron
denies to share the same quantum state in a molecular space, well–known as Pauli exclusion
principle. Intense CP–photon acts as an energy source that preferentially generate optically active
substance from prochiral substances and/or to preferentially decompose one enantiomer from
racemic mixtures. On the other hand, weak CP–photon is used as a probe to detect substance
chirality in the ground and photoexcited states, known as circular dichroism (CD), optical rotation
dispersion (ORD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) spectroscopy.1 Knowledge and
understanding an efficient generation and reversibility of optically active substances from achiral
precursors in the absence of chiral chemical influence has long been a challenging subject among
chemists and scientists. This approach called absolute asymmetric synthesis (AAS) is beneficial to
avoid multiple–step synthesis that often require designed catalysts and specific chiral chemical
sources with high ee.2 So far, several AASs have been employed, including spontaneous symmetry
breaking crystallization, vortex stirring,3f–3h

A Report On Phosphorous Monoxide Radical
1. Introduction
Phosphorous monoxide radical is a diatomic molecule with molecular weight of 46.9732. It exists in
cationic and anionic states. It is present in a significant quantity in earth crust. It is an integral
component of Cell protoplast and most importantly it is present in DNA. The importance of
phosphorous in Biochemical processes can be easily determined from its preparations from animal
and vegetable materials. 1–4 Hennig Brand, for the first time isolated phosphorus in its elemental
state in 1669 by urine distillation. 1–4 The isolated phosphorous glowed brightly in the dark and
ignited on exposure to air. The various uses of phosphorus and its compounds in pharmaceuticals,
agricultural, biotechnology industry have lead to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They also exposed P2O5 at –50 °C to UV radiation and only observed emission in the visible region
of the spectrum. They finally concluded that the visible emission from oxidising phosphorus was
because of the excitation of the pentoxide by UV radiation emitted as a result of the oxidation.
Petrikaln falsified the theory put forwarded by Emelèus and Purcell and demonstrated that P2O5 did
not absorb in the UV region in its highly purified form. The visible emission observed by Emelèus
and Purcell was because of sample impurity.8,9,10 He then demonstrated the excitement of highly
purified P2O5 vapour using discharges caused by external or internal electrodes, in that it was
observed that the band in the region 3200–3400Å was absent, only bands relating the oxygen
emission were observed.9,10 When Petrikaln excited P2O3 in a Geissler tube, two series of bands
were emitted in the UV region, one above 31000 Å , the other from 2360 to 2640 Å .10The line
positions of the were calculated with an accuracy of 0.1 Å and analysed, which lead to ʋ0= 1378 and
1221 cm–1 for the vibrational frequencies of the excited and ground electronic state species
respectively. He designated the bands to the P2O3 molecule.10
1.2 Identification of Phosphorous Monoxide.
Ghosh and Ball revolutionised the complete scenario by giving birth to the compound phosphorous
monoxide radical.11They demonstrated that Phosphorous monoxide was responsible for

A New Era Of Cryptography
A new era of Cryptography: Quantum Cryptography
Sandeepak Bhandari
Abstract:–
Security is the first priority in today digital world for secure communication between sender and
receiver. Various Cryptography techniques are developed time to time for secure communication.
Quantum Cryptography is one of the latest and advanced cryptography technique, it is different from
all other cryptography technique and more secure. It based on the Quantum of physics since its
name which make it more secure from all other cryptography and UN breakable. In this paper about
quantum cryptography i.e working, limitation and advantages discussed.
Keywords:–
Photon, Polarization filter, Advantage and Limitation of Quantum Cryptography.
Introduction: –
ID Quantique presents a quantum cryptography framework; will take after by the Magic
innovations. These frameworks use photons to send mystery encryption keys, concealing every key
behind the most well known tent of quantum mechanics, the Heisenberg vulnerability rule. This
standard says, that it is difficult to know both an article 's position and speed – in the meantime. Any
email message, phone call or money related encoded with these keys will be protected.
Quantum cryptography utilizes current learning of material science to build up a cryptosystem that
is not ready to be vanquished – that is, one that is totally secure against being traded off without
information of the sender or the beneficiary of the messages. "Quantum" alludes to the

Putting Patient Needs Or Employee Needs First?
Putting Patient Needs or Employee Needs First? Lafley and Martin (2013) define strategy as "an
integrated set of choices that uniquely positions the firm in its industry so as to create sustainable
advantage and superior value relative to the competition". A vision and mission can set the strategic
intent of the organization. The strategic intent represents a declaration of where the business or
organization would like to be at some future time. The vision and mission establish both the future
euphoric state and communicate the current reason for organizational existence.
Strategy is more than mission and vision statements. Mission and vision statements do not offer the
productive action or road map on how to achieve the desired ... Show more content on
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This in turn can lead to improved employee morale. This reinforcing mechanism is a constant
integrated loop that can come unwound in the event something in the loop fails. This failure can
result in poor customer sentiment and low employee morale. This can lead to lost business and lost
talent. This also creates a reinforcing cycle, if left uncorrected. Balancing the needs of many
different stakeholders can create a polarizing effect. If this is not well understood and managed a
business can spiral into poor performance.
This analysis will assess the polarizing effects a health care facility must balance when accounting
for both patient and employee needs. The analysis will dive into the link between these two set of
stakeholder needs and evaluate the constant pull they have on one another. It will evaluate how a
singular focus to one side of this polar equation has impact on the other. This analysis will compare
and contrast whether the issue is a problem to solve or a polarity to manage. The analysis will
discuss how management of polarity is an ongoing necessity. The analysis will conclude with
recommendations on how leaders can recognize the difference between problems with an end point
and the management of interdependent poles.
Assessment
Issues and change are constantly occurring. Continuous improvement and Corrective and Preventive
Action (CAPA) are two disciplines

The Complex And Interesting Optical Properties
1. Introduction
The complex and interesting optical properties can be shown clearly on Nanostructured metals the
collective oscillations of the conduction electrons termed plasmons lead to most striking
phenomenon encountered in these structures are resonances . Plasmon modes exist in a number of
geometries and in various metals – most importantly in noble metals such as gold, copper and silver.
Under certain circumstances plasmons are excited by light, which leads to strong light scattering and
absorption and an enhancement of the local electromagnetic field. In 1989, based upon calculations,
Neeves and Birnboim proposed that a composite spherical particle with a dielectric core and a
metallic shell could produce SPR modes with a much ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The interest in plasmon modes dates back to the beginning of the 20th century, but recent advances
in structuring, manipulating and observing on the nanometer scale have revitalized this field even
though these technological advances were at first driven by the increasing demand for a
semiconductor based integrated electronic components, optical applications are now receiving
increasing attention. Guiding light in an integrated optical system and interfacing with electronic
components remain important challenges for research and development today. Nanostructures
metals are believed to be one of the key ingredients of such future optoelectronic devices.
1.1 Plasma
Plasma is a distinct phase of matter, separate from the traditional solids, liquids, and gases. It is a
collection of charged particles that respond strongly and collectively to electromagnetic fields,
taking the form of gas–like clouds or ion beams. Since the particles in plasma are electrically
charged (generally by being stripped of electrons), it is frequently described as an "ionized gas."[1]
so that the electrons and ions are separately free. When does this ionization occur? When the
temperature is hot enough.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Polarizer
Polarizer
A polarizer polarizes the light beam before the light beam interacts with the sample.
Compensator
A rotating compensator induces phase retardations of a polarization state of the light beam where in
the range of wavelengths and the compensator are selected such that at least a first phase retardation
value is induced that is within a primary range of effective retardations of substantially 135° to 225°,
and at least a second phase retardation value is induced that is outside of the primary range.
Analyzer
An analyzer interacts with the light beam after the light beam interacts with the sample.
Detector
A detector measures the intensity of light after interacting with the analyzer as a function of
compensator angle ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The concluding limitations of the rotating–polarizer and rotating–analyzer ellipsometers can be
overawed by including a rotating compensator placed between the polarizer and the analyzer (both
of which are fixed and not rotating) that rotates about the propagating axis of the beam. The
compensator can be placed either between the sample and the polarizer, or between the sample and
the analyzer. Such a configuration is commonly called a rotating compensator ellipsometer. The
compensator is an optical component that delays the light polarized parallel to its slow axis relative
to light polarized parallel to its fast axis by an amount proportional to the refractive index difference
along the two directions and the thickness of the plate, and inversely proportional to the wavelength
of the

What Is Cartesian Geometry
Families of Polar Curves: Unique and Countless More often then not, Cartesian coordinates can be
found throughout the world of mathematics. This system is heavily applied in calculus as it utilizes
the x–y grid and provides defined positions on a graphic, only allowing for one representation of
each point. However, this system can be converted into the polar coordinate system, which utilizes
the knowledge of r and . The system of polar equations can arguably be more useful than Cartesian
coordinates when discussing circular motion and fields as it permits each point on a graph to have
more then just one representation. Polar equations become more practical to use when describing
objects that are centrosymmetric and when objects are placed in ... Show more content on
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After spending some time looking at the countless possible outcomes that a polar equation can have,
I found that there are several factors that actively make a curve look the way it looks. First off, using
advanced trigonometric identities as well as utilizing varies numbers and powers can change a curve
in order to present a radically different outcome then what has been examined. The Conchoid of
Nicomedes (Figure 5) is an interesting graph that represents something previously unseen. Secondly,
unknown polar curves also become apparent when placing equations in the graphing calculator. By
using already understood polar curves, one could create a unique curve by adding different
variables. One example of this can be seen in Figure 6 which has no classification, but that I believe
looks similar to a shell. Lastly, polar curves heavily depend on the area of which they are being
observed. This means that certain windows can give a different perspective of the same curve. After
messing with the bounds of the curve two very distinct graphics were experienced and are depicted
in Figure 7 that shows the standard view and fixed view. This fascinating picture shows the
individuality of polar equations and how they can be useful in more then

Taking a Look at Mantis Shrimp
INTRODUCTION
The mantis shrimp is a stomatopod known for its extraordinary eye sight. It is thought to have one
of the most complex visual systems in the animal kingdom. Their eyes are similar to many insects in
that they have 'compound eyes' each eye sits on a stalk and can move independently to the other,
The trinocular vision experienced by the mantis shrimp allows it to see circularly polarized light as
well as a host of colours not even fathomable to humans. Biomimicry is a form of engineering that
describes the design of new products based on things observable in nature; just as the study of a bird
may help us design aero planes; the study of the visual structure of the mantis shrimp has the
potential to help advance radio and satellite imagery.
To understand the applications of mantis shrimp vision; we must first understand how the eyes of
the mantis shrimp work. The compound eye of the mantis shrimp is made up of many ommatidia;
"an ommatidium is like a simple but complete photoreceptor organ consisting of optical components
and receptor cells" Most research suggests that the vision experienced by the mantis shrimp is due to
three distinct regions in its eye; there is an upper and lower hemisphere separated by the midband;
these regions are made of distinct ommatidia; adapted and responsible for different functions in the
eye of the mantis shrimp. The research I have come across suggests that the most important region is
the modified midband because this is the

Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov and the Cherenkov Effect
The 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, Ilya Frank and
Igor Tamm for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov Effect. Cherenkov radiation is
the electromagnetic radiation emitted by particles moving through a medium faster than the speed of
light in the same medium. It was fist a detected by Soviet scientist Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov,
of who the effect is named after and a theory was later developed by Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm.
Cherenkov's contributions still live on as an invaluable tool in today's nuclear and subatomic particle
physics with examples that include a way to detect and quantify the characteristics of subatomic
particles to analyzing high energy cosmic signals from the deepest regions of space. More down to
earth uses consist of safety procedures for nuclear reactors and the detection of low concentration
biomolecules in the sick and elderly.
Despite the underprivileged life as the child of Russian peasants, Pavel Cherenkov was able to
graduate from the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Voronezh State University in 1928 and went
onto a post graduate course at the Academy of Science in St. Petersburg. His work in physics soon
promoted him to a senior scientific officer at the P.N. Lebedev Institute, more commonly known as
the physics branch of the Academy of Science in Moscow. It was here at the Academy in 1932, that
an interest in the color of light given off from gamma rays passing through a fluid would led

Political Polarization : Economic Inequality And Political...
INCOME INEQUALITY AND POLITICAL POLARIZATION Researchers agreed that economic
inequality and political polarization coincide with one another, because as one rises so does the
other (McCarthy, Nolan & Poole 2003). The research for this study also seemed to support the idea
that the political polarization increase in recent years is due to the fact that the gap had widened
between voters who were republican and identified themselves as conservatives and democratic
voters that identified themselves as conservatives. There was an increase in the number of
republican voters identifying as conservatives while there was also a decrease in democratic voters
who identify as conservatives. The researchers also found that although the data suggests that
income plays a role in political polarization, it was not correlated with political identification during
times of economic equality. Such can be seen in the data collected from the late 50's early 60's
where people in higher income brackets were not considered much more likely to vote republican
than the voters in lower income brackets. Where as in the 1990's the voters in the same higher
income brackets became twice more likely to vote republican than the voters in the lower income
brackets. A "stratification of partisanship" based on income has increased over the last four decades
and has created a strong divide of rich versus poor between the two major political parties. In recent
years there has been discussions on the level

Measuring Chirality At Ibuprofen Using A Homemade Polarimeter
Measuring Chirality in Ibuprofen Using a Homemade Polarimeter
Sydney Guerin
December 9, 2016
May River High School
Abstract
For this project, I will be conducting multiple experiments regarding the chirality of different forms
of ibuprofen. The question I'm trying to solve is whether or not common brands of ibuprofen have
the same formulation. In order to perform this exercise, I will need to create a homemade
polarimeter in order to measure the angle at which the brands of ibuprofen will reflect light,
resulting in finding out if the chosen brands have a varied rotation of light. I believe that the
different brands will reflect at different angles based off of its chirality. After performing the tests,
the results I have gathered led me to believe that my hypothesis was proven to be wrong. The
Motrin, Advil, and Equate seemed to all get bright in the same areas. The only difference was that
the Motrin was the brightest one out of them all.
Table of Contents
Title
Page 1
Abstract
Page 2
Purpose Statement
Page 4
Introduction
Page 5
Problem
Page 5
Background Questions
Page 5
Variables
Page 5
Hypothesis
Page 5
Research
Page 5

Materials
Page 6
Experimental Procedures
Page 7
Results
Page 8
Conclusion
Page 8
Bibliography
Page 9
The purpose of this project is to understand how certain substances such as ibuprofen all have the
same molecular structure but not orientation, making it's effect

The Membrane Of The Cone Cells
Several researchers like (Burakova and Mazokhin–Porshnyakov, 1982; Mishra and Meyer–Rochow,
2008a) confirmed that the vesicles originate from inflation of the interretinular strands and are
simply extensions of the cone cells. Shaw (1978) considered the presence of vesicles around the
rhabdomere to be a typical feature of dark/light adaption. The location of the interretinular spaces
suggests two possible functions. The first is to make physical contact with the rhabdomeres because
both of them disappear in the nuclear region. The second, physiological function by increase
sensitivity at the cost of resolution the presence of a palisade, which bodice the pigment granules
away from the rhabdom. Finally, accordingly to (Horridge and Barnard, 1965) this IRSs have a
light–guiding function apparently to protect the photoreceptors from damage by the allowing of
stray light to entire the eyes.
4.3.2 Distal retinula cells
The rhabdom is long and wide at the distal start and becomes very narrow at the most proximal end.
(Horridge and Barnard, 1965; Land, 1981; Stavenga, 2003) reported that the long rhabdom allows
the receptor to collect more light and increasing the sensitivity, this feature is common in nocturnal
and crepuscular insects. Although the eye examined here exhibits light adaption, there is strong
evidence that this eye has an anatomical design optimized for vision in dim light.
According to(Eguchi, 1999; Horváth and Varju, 2004; Laughlin et al., 1975; Snyder, 1973)

The Physics Of Quantum Mechanics
Quantum Mechanics is a branch of physics that explains the really small things. These really small
things, such as electrons are studied in an attempt to find out how they behave under certain
conditions. Findings from the studies are then used to explain how the small particles make up and
relate to the bigger parts of the world. Without the discovery of quantum mechanics, the behavior of
small things and how they make up everything would be unknown. Plank sparked the discovered
Quantum mechanics when doing an experiment using heat and light to produce ultra–violet
radiation. What Plank discovered is that light was not constant and could actually be considered
particles. Planks discovery brought about the question of whether small things act like a particle or a
wave. This question was tested in the double slit experiment. It was discovered that electrons act as
a wave and act as a particle. Plank applied his ideas and developed an equation that is used to
describe light as a quanta and not a continuous wave. Plank's equation contained a number today
known as Plank's constant, which is used in many equations involving wavelengths. Quantum
mechanics deals with two principles. The uncertainty principle explains that as an electrons position
is more precise the less accurate speed can be calculated and the more precise speed is known the
less precise the location. The second principle is the correspondence principle and this states that
when the classical theory is

Basic Fundamentals And Design Parameters Of Patch
CHAPTER 3
BASIC FUNDAMENTALS AND DESIGN PARAMETERS OF PATCH
3.1 Introduction As we all know, Selection of antenna is very important in designing of successful
rectenna because antenna is responsible for how much power is received by the circuitry following
after the antenna. This chapter describes the theory of antenna and its property, design process,
simulations and fabrication of an Microsrip antenna that operates within the microwave frequency
range. First we start with a brief explanation of the main design parameters of an antenna then we
briefly explain the advantages of using microstrip antennas in these applications [4–18]. Also a brief
introduction of the software used for the design and simulations stages. Then we will explain how
making some changes to the shape of the ground plane and the radiating patch of the antenna can
improve the performance. After all the parametric simulations a final antenna version was chosen
and subsequently built.
An antenna also known as midair is an electrical expedient which translates electric power into radio
waves, and apposite to it. It is typically cast–off with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In
broadcast, a radio transmitter deliveries an electric current wavering at radio frequency (i.e. a high
frequency alternating current ) to the antenna 's terminuses, and the antenna produces the energy
from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna interrupts certain
of the power of an

Carbohydrate Concentration Lab Report
The objective of this laboratory experiment is to determine the specific rotation and the
concentration of a known substance (e.g maltose) in a solution by using polarimetry technique. The
second objective is to identify the type of carbohydrate by measuring its specific rotation before and
after mutarotation. Only the compounds that contain a chiral carbon atom have the ability to rotate
the plane of polarization of polarized light. The optical rotation is the angle which the light is rotated
when the light passes through a solution that contains optically active compounds such as sugar. In
fact, carbohydrate can rotates the plane of polarized light due to its characteristic of having chiral
carbon atoms. According to Nielsen (2003), the carbohydrate ... Show more content on
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By this, one enantiomer of a pair rotates a plane of polarized light to a degree that is equilibrium to
the other member but in opposite direction (Fox & Whitesell, 2004). The concentration of known
substance solution can be determined by substituting the values of 〖[α]〗_(obs ) , l, 〖[α]〗_D^T
into the formulae above.
The instrument used to measure the optical activity of a substance is polarimeter. In this instrument,
light is passing through a polarizer to form plane–polarized light. Then the polarized light is passed
through a second filter (analyser). If the orientation of second filter is parallel to the first, the
transmission of light reaches the maximum. However, if the orientation of the analyser is rotated,
the amount of light being transmitted declines. Inside the polarimeter, the analyser is initially
oriented perpendicularly to the polarizer so that the transmission of light is at a minimum. When an
optically active material is located in between the polariser and analyser, the polarization vector of
the light is rotated as described above, causing the transmission of light increases. The minimum
transmission is then restored by rotating the analyser, and the angle through which the analyser must
be rotated

What Is Quantum Teleportation Real And Achieved Moving An...
Is it possible for an object or a person to be taken apart into atoms and be put back together in
another location, or another word can a person teleport? Even though teleportation sounds like
science fiction, it does indeed exist just in a smaller scale. Up to this day scientists were able to
make quantum teleportation real and achieved moving an atom from location A to location B in
seconds. According to Jon Austin professor Michio Kaku of City University, New York, maintains
the technology to teleport a living person to another part of the Earth or even space could be
available within decades or at by the next century. The existence of an actual teleport has been
proven and demonstrated by Michio Kaku. The overall definition of quantum teleportation is that
something is able to travel from one location to the other instantly and without any contact. The in–
depth definition is that an atom or a molecule can break the distance in a moment without any
contact between location and on a quantum level. Quantum teleportation considers all living and
nonliving things as data. People consist of data that is maintained in atoms and molecules. and
theoretically human body can be taken apart into atoms and put back together in a different place.
Michio Kaku went to high school Kaberle in Palo Alto, California. He was an incredibly gifted
student. As a part of the project at school, he built a particle accelerator in the garage of his parents.
Michio built a machine from 400

The Pros And Cons Of The Glass Age
Humankind has gone through many ages including the Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age, the
Middle ages, Machine age, and the period we are in today. Many valid arguments for what period
we are in today including the Big Data Age, Social Age, or even Information Age. However, I think
a valid argument can also be made for the Glass Age. Throughout this course we have covered many
topics while using a wide variety of equipment and technology all made possible through the
advancements of glass. From window panes absorbing UV radiation, microscope lenses or eye
glasses, to the fiberoptic cable that keeps us in an information age. Todays world would not be
possible without glass.
The first manmade glass was discovered in eastern Mesopotamia around 3500bc. Around 2000 years
later glass vessels were being created and more and more glass was being used. At this time glass
was still in its infancy and very little was known about it. However, shortly after this, glass
technology started to increase at a drastic rate as information about glass was transferred from
civilization to civilization. In the first century glass blowing was discovered which allowed for more
consistent results and was much easier to create. Around the same time mold blowing also took
affect which created consistent results and allowed for easy production of vessels. Glass blowing
flourished during the roman empire and the romans even had glass windows on some of their
important buildings. It wasn't until the

Network Synthesis Essay
Affordable mobile communication for civilian and military applications is greatly enhanced by the
significant investments in infrastructures such as cellphone towers and repeaters. However, such
infrastructures cannot be provided for ad–hoc communication systems and the network connectivity
for such systems is greatly degraded by the adverse effects of the communication channel such as
multi–path fading, attenuation, non–line–of–sight, etc. As a result, operation at longer wavelengthes
(UHF and VHF) is preferred for ground communication between army vehicles to decrease path–
loss and bypass obstacles. Also because of the issues related to near–earth wave propagation,
vertical polarization is the preferred choice to achieve minimum path–loss. ... Show more content on
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Window embedded wire antennas have been introduced at FM frequencies for low–power or
receive–only applications. The power transmitted by the army radios at VHF and UHF frequencies
can exceed tens of watts. At these power levels, it is of crucial importance to isolate the interior of
the vehicle from the antenna radiation. In addition, this isolation eliminates the affects of the cabin
interior and passengers on the antenna input impedance and radiation pattern. Hence a transparent
ground plane will be needed behind the radiating element to reduce the radiation inside the vehicle
and at the same time increase the directivity of the antenna. A wire–mesh or a more sophisticated
band–selective ground plane can be used as the reflecting element. A meshed patch antenna on a
mesh ground plane can provide the required isolation with the cabin interior. However because of
the sub–wavelength dimensions of the armored windows at VHF and UHF frequencies a patch
antenna, if feasible, cannot provide the one octave bandwidth required by the army radios. In this
paper a monopole bow–tie antenna backed by a cavity (armored window) is proposed. Because of
the limited thickness of the window glass, the radiation element and the transparent ground plane
need to be placed very close to each other. Therefore the gain and/or the

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Ink And Dielectrics
1.4.4 INKS AND DIELECTRICS
Different materials are being used now days for the printing of ink on a substrate. The conducting
inks are more useful for this purpose. The difference basically is that of the dielectrics which makes
it different for the working.
Here is a table representing some materials of inks along with their dielectrics: Ink material
Dielectric constant
Copper 6.0
Lead 4.2
Silver 0.99
Nickel 600
Graphite 36.5
Silicon 11.1
Wax 2.3
Printing ink 3.1
Aluminum 2.7
1.5 SUBSTRATES FOR ANTENNA DESIGN
There are several substrate materials that can be used for fabrication antenna. Some of them are low
cost while the others are highly expensive. Each substrate being used has its own advantages and
disadvantages. The dielectric of each substrate plays an important role in the ... Show more content
Sowpati and his co–workers in (2010) investigated the performance of printable antennas with
indifferent conductor thickness. This paper presents an antenna which is able to create very
competitive overall antenna performance, manufactured by inkjet printing of nano–silver ink against
Rogers copper foil structures.
T.H Liu (2012) presented a spiral antenna that was backed on photonic band–gap material. This
exhibits a larger front–to–back radiation level ratio, a broader frequency bandwidth, and higher gain
than a traditional spiral antenna. J.Bell and M.Iskander (2004) presented the implementation of
electromagnetic band–gap structures with an inherently wide–band Archimedean spiral antenna. The
EBG structure was designed to emulate a perfect magnetic conductor.
P.Calvert (2001) presented the inkjet printing for devices and materials with multilayered and
uniform prints. Higher resolutions were required for organic transistors which were to be printed. It
was also possible to print pinhole free layers to sidestep shortage of devices. Multiple layers were
printed in a way that they mixed and reacted to form a single material or sometimes they formed
distinct un–mixed

How Cold Can Something Get?
How Cold can something get?
A deep look into absolute zero
Porpous statement:
As for all mass, the "minimum" is absolute zero. However due to the uncertainty principle it 's
implausible (with our current knowledge) to get anything to this state, fluid or otherwise. This is due
to heat being caused by the vibrations of particles in quantum space, thus to reach absolute zero
would mean to bring a particle (a proton of one of the liquids atoms for example) would mean to
halt the particle entirely. As no particle can be directly measured in space, bringing it to a halt would
therefore imply that it is stagnant in a single, measurable location; Directly breaking the known laws
of physics, that of which being The Uncertainty Principle. The closest we have gotten to Absolute
zero is down to an estimated 1K (Kelvin) Through the laser cooling of Hydrogen atoms.
While scientists have discovered a handful of exceptions to the rule; and, that at least theoretically, it
should be possible for a system to produce conditions in which temperatures are capable to be
quantized at a state lower than absolute zero. This is possible, they say, because the temperature of a
system can be generally described as the average energy of the particles within it. Most hover
around a certain point, with a few outliers found resting at higher levels. However, when the system
is turned upside down, most of the particles will begin to exhibit higher energy levels, with only a
few maintaining a lower energy

Taking a Look at Quantum Dots
To begin with in layman's language or maybe for a person who has limited or little knowledge about
physics, quantum dots are materials that are small but are sufficient to exhibit quantum mechanical
properties. Quantum dots were first discovered in 1980. They exhibit electronic properties which are
between semiconductors and discrete molecules. That is the very reason for the unusually high
surface to volume ratio. The most visible use of quantum dots is in fluorescence where the
nanocrystal is capable of producing different distinctive colors determined by their particle size.
For the more experienced and the more technical personals, Quantum dots are semiconductor
nanostructures confining the motion of the conduction band electrons, the valence band holes or the
excitons and are in all the three spatial directions. The excitons are confined to the three spatial
directions only. There would be a doubt about what excitons is thus the definition; an exciton is a
state or rather a bound state of an electron or a hole which are attracted to each other by the
coulombs force. They are neutral quasiparticles that are generally existent in semiconductors and
also in insulators. They may also be found in some liquids.
The reasons for confinement can be electrostatic potential which can be due to external electrodes,
strain, impurities and doping. According to a lot of research that has been going on in this field, a
quantum dot has a discrete quantized energy spectrum.

The Importance Of Energy
What is energy? Energy is the capacity to do work. Energy could either be created nor destroyed.
Energy is the main source to survive, for instance, without energy from the sun all species from
earth are unable to survive. All humans and living things are connected to energy. To create plants, it
takes energy to grow. To create a human being, it takes energy to develop and born. Anything that
you wish to do takes energy. Everything around the universe is energy. There is Quote by an
unknown author that says your energy introduces you before you even speak. The energy that you
put, and shows to the world is the energy that is going to show what you can do and show to the
world. People dependent on energy. The energy that you give, says a lot about you. Waking up every
day to do multitasking is hard, and it takes a lot of energy from you. Many people prefer to increase
their energy levels by consuming caffeine, however, they don't know that caffeine can eventually
cause them fatigue and health problems. Using natural methods to restore people's energy levels is
the best solution to increase energy.
One of those natural methods to increase people's energy levels is water. Water is the main element
of living. If people don't drink water, they tend to be dehydrated. When people are dehydrated, they
tend to be in danger because the loss of water can let some function of the body to not work
properly. For instance, water help to maintain blood and other fluid produce by

What Is The Isolation Of Limonene From Citrus Fruits
Chirality – Isolation of Limonene from Citrus Fruits Introduction: Terpenes are a large and varied
class of hydrocarbons produced by a wide variety of plants. Many essential oils belong to the
terpene class. They are made up of two or more five carbon units that are called isoprenes.
Limonene is a terpene that can be separated from orange peels almost 100% in the (R)–(+)–
limonene form. Other citrus fruits like lemons, grapefruits, limes, and tangerines contain the
compound as well. The purity of the oil extracted from the oranges can be determined by physical
properties such as optical rotation and refractive index. In this experiment, limonene will be isolated
by steam distillation. Normally, big molecules such as limonene ... Show more content on
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The mixture was heated to a gentle boil and then the distillation was allowed to begin. The heat was
turned off after the temperature of the steam stayed constant. The distillation continued until
approximately 40 mL of the liquid was obtained. The 40 mL of distillate was transferred to a 250
mL separatory funnel. A small amount of dichloromethane was used to wash the receiver after the
transferal. The distillate was extracted with 10 mL of dichloromethane three times, each time using a
little extra dichlormethane to wash each layer. The organic layer on the bottom was collected for
each extraction. All organic layers were collected in a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Anhydrous sodium
sulfate was used to dry the solution for fifteen minutes. Meanwhile, a vacuum filtration apparatus
was set up accordingly. A 250 mL filter flask was obtained and pre–weighed. The solution
containing the limonene was vacuum filtrated while it was kept warm in a steam bath. Additional
Sodium Sulfate was added to the solution to remove excess water. The solution was then washed 3–
4 times with dichloromethane and the vacuum filtration continued. The vacuum pump was turned
off when the flask contained only a small amount of oil. The flask was then weighed. After the
limonene was isolated in part one, a few drops of it was used to find the refractive index. A Pasteur
pipette was used to place a few drops of the oil on the measuring

Essay on Social Polarisation
With reference to specific examples, critically discuss the contention that cities are becoming
increasingly polarised in the contemporary world.
Polarisation is a term that usually refers to 'extreme of two extreme situations'. In this context, social
polarisation is examined in detail. Social polarisation is an expression associated with the
segregation within a society that may emerge from income inequality, real–estate fluctuations,
economic displacements etc. and result in such differentiation that would consist of various social
groups, from high–income to low–income (Moulaert, F. et al. (2003)). This essay will outline the
two contrasting opinions that Sassen and Hamnett hold of the polarization thesis in the
contemporary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, there was a decline in middle–income, blue–collar jobs of the manufacturing sector. It
can be argued that however, the growth of employment in the 'clerks' and 'service workers and shop
and market sales workers' (see table 1) contradicts the theory. This occupational group mainly
consists of middle–income occupation and their growth made up for the loss of those in the middle–
income manufacturing sector. It can be concluded that although Cape Town has seen a marginally
polarizing employment growth (Borel–Saladin, Crankshaw, 2009; 658) in the past twenty years, it
has not seen an absolute decline in middle–income employment and therefore does not agree with
the social polarizing thesis.
Table 1
Sydney, Australia is the second case–study this essay will discuss, many of the scholars who
analysed the social polarization thesis only looked at cities within the US or Europe, although
helpful it can limit empirical discussion (Baum, 1997; 1882). Therefore looking at a global city out
of this zone that also has strong economic links with Hong Kong and Singapore will allow the
reader to understand the contention of polarisation in the contemporary world. It can be argued that
professionalization is occurring, the growth of professionals make up

Elite Polarization And Economic Inequality
Downward Spiral of Elite Polarization and Economic Inequality
Our nation has been continuously plagued with both an increase in elite polarization as well as an
increase in economic inequality. The reason that they are so strongly correlated to each other is
because economic inequality is leading to elite polarization and then elite polarization allows no
laws to be passed leading to greater economic inequality. So the question being posed is, why has
there been an increasing correlation between elite polarization and economic inequality in the past
four decades and what steps do we need to reverse this trend? Leading off, I will show how the
connection between economic inequality and elite polarization became an issue in the United States,
then I will divulge into how to potentially fix the downward spiral of the issue, and finally I will
refute why there is correlation between polarization and inequality even though some say that there
is not.
The relationship between the two has become known by all citizens, not only those that heavily
involved in politics: "The extent of political polarization, as measured by the average difference
between the parties, is positively correlated with the extent of inequality." (Bonica, McCarty, Poole,
and Rosenthal 2013). Research shows that there is a strong correlation between the two issues, by
why is that? It is thought that the two are caught in a vicious downhill cycle creating even more
separation as time goes on. Research proves

Nuclear Physics Of The Society Development
Nuclear physics in the society development
Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and
interactions. The most commonly known application of nuclear physics is nuclear power generation,
but the research has led to applications in many fields, including nuclear medicine and magnetic
resonance imaging, nuclear weapons, ion implantation in materials engineering, and radiocarbon
dating in geology and archaeology. Nuclear physics has a lot of importance in general society
development. Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937): Known as the father of nuclear physics, the New
Zealand–born scientist was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908 'for his investigations
into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances '. Nuclear
Physics as we know it today is almost a hundred years old. In 2009, we celebrate the centenary of
the publication of the results of the Geiger–Marsden (or gold–foil) experiment performed at the
University of Manchester. Nuclear Physics positively influences our daily lives. There are many
benefits to nuclear physics, these benefits take many forms. When done properly it can encourage
interest, develop support for the research. From fighting cancer to assuring safety of food, to
protecting our borders, nuclear physics impacts the lives of everyone around the world every day.
These applications include devices and technologies for medical diagnostics and therapy, energy
production

Investigating Chemical Properties Of When The Molecule
Diack
CH 220C
Michael Wood
10/8/14
Experiment 3: Stereochemistry This lab consisted of formulating a mechanism by which dimethyl
maleate (cis confirmation) could be isomerized to dimethyl fumarate (trans confirmation) by heat,
light, or bromine. In order to investigate chemical properties of when the molecule is in a chiral vs.
achiral environment, enantiomers of carvones were compared. Enantiomers and diastereomers are
the two classes of stereoisomers. Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same chemical formula,
but differ in their three–dimensional arrangement in space. Enantiomers are mirror images of each
other that are non–superimposable. In an achiral enviroment, they do not rotate plane–polarized
light with the same ability, but they exhibit the same physical and chemical properties. In a chiral
enviroment, enantiomers show different reactions with other molecules. The configuration of the
enantiomer is what determines the direction that it will rotate light. Light will either be rotated to the
left or to the right. Most enantiomers produced in a lab have a value of zero as their net rotation of
plane polarized light value and end up being in a 50:50 racemic mixture. Diasteromers are when two
molecules have equivalent stereocenters, but are not mirror images of each other. The molecules
have different chemical and physical properties. The S (+)–Caravone and the R(–)–Caravone
enantiomers were used in the first part

The Internet And Social Network Sites
Abstract
It is a common notion that we, as a society, have become polarized and that the social media is to
blame for it. Some scholars argue that the internet provides numerous sources of information thus
enhancing our understanding of issues and tempering our views. We, as humans, also engage in
behaviors such as homophily and biased assimilation which have been found to encourage
polarizing behavior. This paper tries to explore if polarization is a consequence of informed
deliberation or just a result of group dynamics.
Keywords
Polarization, Homophilia, Deliberation, Personalized content, Social Network Sites (SNS)
Introduction
The advent of the internet and social network sites (SNS) as a platform for debate and deliberation
means that partisans can now discuss issues online – be it politics, religion or topics such as gun
control, abortion and same–sex marriage. A search in today's media will reveal a gamut of articles
about how we, as a society, are more polarized than ever and that Social Media is solely responsible
for it (E.g. Roepe, 2016). Polarization in this context refers to the phenomenon where "members of a
deliberating group predictably move toward a more extreme point in the direction indicated by the
members' pre–deliberation tendencies" (Sunstein, 2002). Thus we can think of polarization as an
outcome of the deliberation process of two opposing factions expressed as a property of the state of
being of those factions.
Scholars hold contradictory views

Spectroscopy Lab Report
cName: Nicholas Cassel Gen Chem 1210 23 March 2013
Blinded By the Light
Abstract: In this experiment we were provided a cereal box spectrometer to observe the emission
lines of noble gases and hydrogen. Based on the scale readings on the spectrometer and the Balmer–
Rydberg formula, their wavelengths and percent error were able to be extrapolated. Based on the
literature values, the cereal box spectrometer proved its value as a decently accurate spectrometer.
Introduction: Every element and subsequent atom associated emits light; also know as
electromagnetic radiation, when in an excited state. Analyzing this emitted light can give insight to
the makeup and characteristics of them. The light given off by an energetically excited ... Show
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2012). With the spectroscope, the helium in the discharge tube was observed. The emission line
scale reading and colors were then recorded on table 1.1 which can be found below. These values
where then put into an excel spreadsheet and graph was formed (table 1.2). An equation was then
extrapolated from the data that would give the experimental wavelength (expt λ) values that will be
used for later values. The trend line for table 1.2 was established to see the relationship between
wavelength and scale readings.
Expt λ=a λ+b
Expt λ=7.1541 λ+ 343.12
TABLE 1.1 Helium Calibration λ (nm) | Scale Reading | Color | 667.8 | 45 | Red | 587.6 | 35 | Yellow
| 501.6 | 22 | Green | 492.2 | 20 | Blue–green | 471.3 | 18 | Blue | 447.1 | 15 | Violet |
TABLE 1.2 Helium Calibration Graph
Then, by measuring and calculating the emission lines in the hydrogen line spectrum, the data on
table 1.3 was collected. The calculated wavelength (Calc λ) was determined by the Balmer–Rydberg
formula.
1λ=R(1m2–1n2)
R=Rydberg Constant=1.0968x107m–1
The percent error was then calculated by the following equation. error %=(calc λ–expt λ)calc λ
The experimental wavelength (expt λ) was determined with,

Expt λ=7.1541 λ+ 343.12
TABLE 1.3 Hydrogen Emission Scale Reading | Color | Expt λ | m | n | Calc λ | λ % error | | | | 1 | 2 | |
| | | | 1 | 3 | | | | | | 1 | 4 | | | 45 | Red

Application Of A Mechanical Wave Sound
Applications in medicine
Moreover, toxins pile up in the body, especially outside of the cells due to poor bio–electric
membrane voltage, which makes it possible for the toxins to stick to the membrane. This activity
inhibits the natural flow of water into the cells as well as exit of nucleic waste out of the cells. As a
result, the functioning of the cells is compromised until the level whereby toxins penetrate the cell
membranes and thus reaching a level whereby the process is irreversible. Moreover, the body's
design has many organs that are attuned to the electromagnetic phenomena. For example, the brain
produces electromagnetic fields that are both different and separate from those produced by the
heart; a mechanical wave sound is vibrated by the tympanic membrane while the eyes record
individual photon packets. As such, the human body is actively involved in the production and
control of bioelectricity.
Bioelectromagnetism is used in medicine in detoxification whereby the application of
electromagnetism leads to the restoration of integrity to the actual membrane itself to return the cell
to its normal functioning by being selectively permeable. This leads to proper processing of toxins
for elimination whereby the kidneys and liver start to remove more toxins and thereby reducing the
overall toxin load in the body. One major application happened in 1892 when Nikola Tesla met with
Paul Oudin leading to the production of the "violet ray", a device that used

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