Economic Growth Of Post War Japan

Economic Growth Of Post War Japan
In 1945, Japan was devastated and lost a quarter of the national wealth after suffering a defect in the second world war. A majority of the
commercial buildings and accommodation had been demolished, and massive machinery and equipment formerly used in production for the civil
market were out of service to provide metal for military supplies (Miyazaki 1967). Despite the trash and ruins had left over in Japan, Japan was able
to rebuilding its infrastructure and reconstruct their economy. It is revealed that the Japanese economy was on its way to recovery, which received a
rapid development since the war, and the reconstruction of Japan had spent less than forty years to become the world's second largest economy in the
1980s. This essay will explore the three factors account for the economic growth of post–war Japan: the financial assistance from the United States, the
external environment, and the effective policy of Japanese government. Firstly, the financial aid from the strong state is the main factor that arose the
economic miracle in Japan. When the cold war began, the U.S. government feared that a bleak economic prospects and instability in Japan would
encourage the expansion of Soviet influence in the Pacific, and with a triumph of communism in China's civil war, the prospective of East Asia seemed
to be at stake (Miyazaki 1967). As a consequence, the concern about the spread of communism, which aroused the American officials to stress the
expansion of chances for
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Germany : Post War Anomaly
Germany: Post War Anomaly Germany has quite an interesting (and difficult) economic development history from World War II and the Nazis into
the modern EU power house it is today. Problems set into place by poor government management and an effects of war such as price controls and
inflation set by Hitler in 1936 left the German economy in shambles after World War II (Henderson). These policies were typical during war times
(also done by the United States and the United Kingdom), but had detrimental effects on the population. The end result was a currency that was almost
worthless, there was a mass shortage of goods because the suppliers did not find it worth their time to produce when they face price controls that keep
their products... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This means that the members of this school of thought hated the totalitarian mindset that was the Nazi Party. The members of the school believed in
things such as free markets, with a basic income tax system, and limits on monopolies (Henderson). Two members of the school, Wilhelm RГ¶pke
and Ludwig Erhard, sought to try and fix this mess. RГ¶pke and Erhard were both in agreement that the best way to try and tackle the repressed
inflation was to undergo currency reform and to put an end to price controls (Henderson). This faced a lot of opposition because people were afraid
that this would lead to a large central government. However, Ludwig Erhard wins the debate because of his anti–Nazi views, this meant that in 1945
Erhard was appointed to Bavarian minister of finance, then in 1947 he became the director of the bizonal Office of Economic Opportunity, permitting
him to advise the U.S. General, Lucius D. Clay, governor of the U.S. Zone (Henderson). It was then that Erhard started down the road to a brilliant
currency reform. Essentially, his plan was to take the current currency, reichsmarks, and exchange it for a smaller number of deutsche marks (DM) as
the new legal currency. The currency reform took place Sunday, June 20, 1948 and was highly complex, after the change to DM many Germans saw
reductions in their overall wealth, the net results after the swap was about 93% contraction in money supply (Henderson). Another policy that Erhard
pushed on the same exact

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Post Vietnam War
It is common knowledge that with every war, there always comes casualties. Soldiers can lose an arm or a leg, or even their life when they go to
war. Unfortunately soldiers can even lose their minds because of war. Specifically, this research paper will focus on PTSD, or in other words: post
traumatic stress disorder. PTSD has shown up as a factor from many wars, but for some reason, one war in particular stands out from all others
regarding the the PTSD numbers. It is called the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War (1956
–1975) was part of the cold war. The US wanted to prevent
Vietnam from becoming a communist country, so after Vietnam split into a north and south, they began to support South Vietnam. The US thought
that if Vietnam were to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
PTSD has become quite common in war veterans, seeing that they have been around people being brutally killed and probably have even killed people
themselves. Essentially what is happening from a neuroscientific standpoint is that the brain has become damaged, in that an incorrect synapse fires,
making the body react as if it was going through or seeing something terrible. The National Institution of Mental Health describes it like so:
When in danger, it's natural to feel afraid. This fear triggers many split–second changes in the body to prepare to defend against the danger or to avoid
it. This "fight–or–flight" response is a healthy reaction meant to protect a person from harm. But in post–traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), this reaction
is changed or damaged. People who have PTSD may feel stressed or frightened even when they're no longer in danger.
Some symptoms of PTSD include uncontrollable flashbacks/hallucinations and thoughts in which the body can seize up and even shut down (as if the
experience is happening again), feelings of worry, guilt or sadness, feeling alone, trouble sleeping and/or nightmares, being on edge, depression, angry
outbursts, and thoughts of hurting one's self or others. As one can see, PTSD is a matter of high seriousness. Ever since Vietnam, PTSD has shown up
in every war which the US has fought in. However,

Post War Australia
The statement 'Developments in popular culture in post–war Australia and their impact on society were influenced in particular by American and
British culture', when taken in reference to the timeline lasting from the 1950's to the present day, is extremely accurate. Not only did American and
British influence affect the Australian lifestyle in the later half of the 20th century, in particular the 1970's and 80's; but the rise of developments such
as the 'World Wide Web' and online 'Social Networks' from American origins in the 1990's and the previous and current decades have had an extremely
large influence on the popular culture of the modern nation today.
Even before the lifting of the clouds of the Second Great War, Australia had been... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The advancement of television throughout the 60's and into the modern day carried with it influences directly from the countries of origin. Popular
television shows contained aspects of the cultures where they were made, American culture was thoroughly embedded in programmes such as the
1990s sitcom "Friends", and the culture of the United Kingdom would arise in otherwise irrelevant media such as the 1960's–present science fiction
"Doctor Who". These subtle aspects– whilst the norm for the countries of origin– were obvious and glaringly different to the culture of Australia. Due
to the popularity of foreign television programmes, Australians– particularly youths– began to adopt the cultural themes portrayed within them. Many
popular television programmes from the 1980's to the 1990's came directly from American

Germany Post World War II
World War II caused many problems for Germany. Since the war, Germany has had to rebuild and clean up many towns. Germany did many tasks
after the war to help with the war effort. Many citizens loved ones died causing many grievances within the country. The people of Germany all want
to reconstruct there country because it is in ruins. In order for the country to become better and more sanitary they have a division of lands, change in
government and many people cleaning up. The German people too actions to cleanup and rebuild. Germany had to take many steps to rebuild after
World War II. After the war some people immigrated in 1949
–1958 to the United States. The citizens had many worries, but among the worst were the
allies... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The bomb squads covered 250 acres of land. Some bomb shells lay on the surface, but then some are thirty feet deep ( Six Decades after war,
Cleaning is a constant) . The Nazis Party ruled Germany through a method of government called Tolitarism. Hitler joined this group as the leader
the year it started. He ran a dictatorship. After Germany's defeat in World War II, this party was outlawed and many of the top officials were
convicted of war crimes, such as being convicted for murder of six million European Jews during the Nazi ruling. The Nazis came to power
because of depression and high unemployment. Under this rule, all forms of other governments were banned. If you believed in another
government, you would be sent off to a concentration camp. At the concentration camps, hours of hard labor and would not be fed that much, if at
all. Many kids would be separated from their families and would not know how they were doing it if they were living. Also Hitler removed
Germany from League of Nations in 1933 (Nazi Party) . The Marshall Plan helped with the financial aid and rebuilding Germany. The United States
had given more than thirteen billion dollars towards the government. "The four countries who most needed aid from World War Two was Britain,
Germany, Italy, and France. "This plan also made Europe's hungry masses reliable for the United States. Local resources counted for eighty to ninety
per cent of Europe's recovery program. The Marshall plan

Post Vietnam War Case Study
To also complicate events transpiring the withdraw of troops from South Vietnam during "Vietnamization" occurred at a blistering pace and did not
allow for preparation and training of the ARVN military to take hold and prepare them for success to take on military operations and the defense of
its weak standing government. In the beginning of 1969 troop levels were at 550,000 and by April 1971 the level had dropped to 284,000. This
drastic drop in troop level helped signify on two fronts, at home and at the negotiation table, that the United States was open to ending hostilities in
Vietnam. The United States did not demonstrate any support for the new President of South Vietnam Nguyen Van Thieu and his rejection of the
agreement between Kissinger and Le Duc Tho should have not come as a surprise. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The United States has seen several failures in recent years in fighting the spread of communism and as a world power its reputation is damaged to
almost complete collapse. The world will be watching our every move and any agreement not followed by the United States or incorrect decision may
cause the United States to become weak and unable to defend other interest around the world and unable to control our own internal turmoil, which
opens the possibility of an aggressive push by the Soviet Union, China and other communist nations to expand its communist influence unchecked. Any
decision dealing with the Indochina region needs to be considered with extreme

The Post World War II
After World War II ended in 1945, many significant changes to American society began
to occur. Some of these major changes helped shape what the U.S. is today and include the Baby
boom, mass suburbanization, and mass consumerism. The Post–World War II era is defined by
these changes in U.S history and culture. In this Post–World War II era, social conformity
became the most ideal way of life. Every citizen wanted the same thing, this is known as the
American Dream. The American Dream consist of the working husband while the stay–at– home
mother would take care of their cookie–cutter suburban house with a son or daughter. Also, part
of the American Dream was a car that was usually bought with credit. With mass media
becoming more ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The
doll is actually alive and ends up killing the father in the end. This is a common middle–class
situation in the 1950's, except for the living doll, and it's because everyone was trying to be
normal and act like they belong in the same class with everyone else. Packard's The Status
Seekers describes social conformity and how class and status are becoming more rigid, unlike

most people who think the nation is becoming one class. Packard writes, "In terms of his
productive role in our society–class lines in America are becoming more rigid, rather than
withering away" (Packard 8). With status and class being so important to most American citizens
in the 1950's, class became more rigid and act like barriers to citizens who want to move up in
status.
In the "Living Doll" episode of The Twilight Zone, the first thing you see is the classic
automobile car and their white suburban house. You can probably assume that the house and car
are almost exactly the same as the rest of the housing track. This is because there was such an
emphasis on social conformity and being normal during the 1950's. A nice suburban home and
an automobile is what people bought in the 1950's to show your class and you were just like
everybody else. The more elegant the house, the higher the class you are in. During the 1950's,
many families will move to a nicer house in a nicer area just to show that they have a higher
status than others. In chapter six

In Previous Conflicts And Wars, Post Traumatic Stress...
In previous conflicts and wars, Post Traumatic Stress Disorders was called "soldier 's heart," "shell shock," or "combat fatigue." We have to be
grateful that today, doctors recognize the issues described by each of these terms as a distinct medical condition called posttraumatic stress disorder,
or PTSD. PTSD can occur after a traumatic event such as combat, assault or a natural disaster. While the after affects of situations can cause stress, it
is common after a trauma for those with PTSD to have reactions such as reliving an event as if it was currently happening. The feeling of distance or
anger unfortunately do not go away with time, they eventually become worse without intervention. While PTSD can affect people who have... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The American Psychiatric Association publishes this. This manual contains the various psychiatric disorders, corresponding codes and what each
disorder diagnostic criteria, related features, prevalence and differential diagnosis to name a few. There are three primary categories of PTSD
symptoms. They are hyper–arousal, re–experience and numbing. The symptom of hyper–arousal includes anger, irritability, sleeplessness, anxiety, and
panic. This is the symptom that most people think of when they are exposed to PTSD sufferers. Re–experience is commonly known as flashbacks, but
it can also include intrusive but seemingly real memories and nightmares. Numbing is a feeling of detachment and disconnection. The disconnection
can be from feelings, loss of interest in life, and interactions with their personal circle or people in general. Withdrawal, depression and estrangement
from family and friends are key tell–tell signs in defining characteristics of this symptom. Varying Stressors There are situations that are stressful for
anyone, especially for women who are or have served in the Armed Forces. While women have only recently been trained for combat on the level men
have, previously they often took part while dealing in stressful and dangerous combat support missions. More women during Operation Enduring
Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom are receiving hostile fire; returning fire, as

Just Post Bellum: After War
Destruction, displacement, and death are all words associated with any war. With that so is the Just Post Bellum, after war. Just Post Bellum has been
the concept that deals with morality of the concluding phase of the war. The objective is to maintain peace and justice after the war is over, which will
mitigate any other blow ups that may be forthcoming. Just Post Bellum consists of four principle: just cause, reconciliation, punishment, and
restoration. These fundamental areas all aid guidance to promote Augustine's tranquillitas ordinis. "Just war should aim at establishing a just peace" (11)
Lifelong peace is what Augustine and the Just Post Bellum are the ultimate desired outcomes of both.
Reconciliation is indeed a principle of post

Post-World War Eras
The post–World War eras, as described in Norton, were transformational times for the United States. U.S. engagement in the world opened up the
country to new ideas, advancements in technology and forced the country into a time of self–reflection. Engagement in the world had opened up new
roles for the individual and shifted the boundaries of how people interacted with each other, and shifted the boundaries of how people viewed
themselves. These new roles and boundaries would go on to affect culture, art, and science, and would usher in the era of Modernism. The post–World
War eras were especially fluid times for women and African–Americans. Out of necessity, women and African–Americans were allowed into roles in
society that were not open to

Post Cold War Essay
General Viewpoint:There are differences found between the world during the Cold War and the present in terms of security challenges and issues faced
by states when investigating the fine details of documents and actions but when retrospective on overall effect and our current global situation there are
significant similarities can be found.
Structure:
Part One: Introduction and definition of key terms (e.g. New World Order)
The security and protection of the state has fundamental always been a priority of importance for any government or organisation since the unforeseen
end to the Cold War between Soviet Russia and the United States. There has been astonishing steps taken by the international community to create
global tranquillity ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The previous relationship between the USSR and the USA created a sense of bipolarity and tension but at the same time this tension became the force
that prevented states from open conflict against each other. What is found between both global situations is that temporary peace was achieved without
there ever being a need for world war.
Topics: Security challenges in the post–cold war era The Introduction of the United Nations to tackle confrontation between transnational conflicts
depict a transition from independent roles taken by separate states to end conflict to a coalition of unified interests to take military protocols through
the Security Council. This changeover conversely has prompted similar methods taken during the Cold War by collective security in military alliances
maintained.
It can be debated that changes towards strong collective security in the Security Council has been able to create quick response to conflict and
introduce protocols to prevent open conflict but when considering the state of affairs between Washington and the Kremlin during the Cold War it is
evident that both proposed peaceful resolutions instead in favour of mass confrontations. Treatment of transnational conflict by

Post War Revolts In Canada
The post war revolts were demonstrations by soldiers and labourers protesting the conditions which resulted after the ending of the war. Individuals all
over Canada and the world expressed their dismay at the current situation. Soldiers in Victoria revolted, there was increased tensions from soldiers
stationed in England, and even general labour strikes. These events all culminated in a period of hypertension among the state and its citizens. When
exploring the related weeks and readings to the subjects, it can be seen that these effects were caused by the ending of World War I, or at least
exacerbated by it. However, what made these situations worse was Canada's inexperience at dealing with conflict, and its stature as a relatively new and
untested nation. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Morton addresses this in his piece from the week. Demobilization is bringing back and taking down resources and bringing troops back to Canada.
The government did not have a proper demobilization strategy, this left millions of soldiers displaced and stuck in Europe. What was then seen is
soldiers whose romanticized view of post war life was being destroyed, furthering tensions. While stuck in Europe the tensions between high ranking
officials and their subordinates was increasing class and rank conflict within the military. This resulted in disgruntled soldiers, and a fear that even
when they came back home no jobs or opportunities would be available. This created a hostile force of soldiers who felt that a government they had
fought for was abandoning them. This later led to the inclusion of many veterans in the general strikes of the

Post War Constitution Essay
Background
United States' formal occupation of Japan began to end with the implementation of the 1947 Post–War Constitution. The new constitution, founded on
liberal and democratic institutions, also called for military restriction, similar to the post–war constitution adopted in Germany. Chapter II,
Renunciation of War, contains the famous peace clause, Article 9. Article 9 states, "Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of
the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes" and that "land, sea, and air forces, as well as other war potential,
will never be maintained." The geopolitical landscape at the time was already starting to revolve around the bipolar power structure of the Soviet
Union versus the United States. In a region where several atrocities and war crimes committed by Japan defined the war for many, the world needed
reassurance of a docile Japan and long–term stability in Asia. In 1954 with the support of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All of these states were subject to the devastation of the Second World War and history warns them to be wary of a militaristic Japanese, especially
after the reinterpretation of Article 9 and related laws bypassed the Diets. In fact, opposition parties of the Liberal Democratic Party symbolically left
the room as the vote for these laws took place. At the same time, a poll showing 56% of Japanese citizens opposed the recent security laws. Shortly
afterward, both the Chinese and South Korean ministries released statements on the laws' passages. China expressed doubts about Japan's peaceful
development and lashed out at Japan's creation of the "Chinese threat." South Korea asked that Japan respect the sovereignty of the Korean Peninsula
and expressed hopes for transparency in further action. South Korea will not accept unilateral moves in the

Post-Revolutionary War Dbq
From one perspective war has always been the same, technology may improve or philosophies may change, but wars are started by those in power and
fought by the poor. The results now may be somewhat different from 1775, post–Revolutionary war time with rebellions like Shay's Rebellion, but the
various reasons for the poor to join the military have stayed relatively the same. In 1775, Revolutionary leaders quickly found that in order to win
the war they would need to accept soldiers other than white property owners, so they turned to white poor and middle class. The only problem now
for the leaders was convincing the people that their cause was worth fighting for, and to persuade them they promised the poor the opportunity to rise
in both rank, and social statues. Next, they offered them pay, and once they had increased their rank and the war was over they may be able to obtain
superior jobs them before. Howard Zinn says "In fact, the military became a place of promise for the poor, who might rise in rank, acquire some
money, and change their social status."(1) Finally, they offered them adventure and self fulfillment of service.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Low ranking soldiers were starving and during the winter they were freezing. Only higher ranking soldiers were paid regularly, and after the war
they also received half pay for life, while others were forced to pay taxes they couldn't afford. This resulted in Shay's Rebellion. Zinn quotes Plough
Jogger who supported the rebellion "'I have been greatly abused, have been obligated to do more than my part in the war; been loaded with class rates,
town rates, province rates...'"(7) The men that served in the war were then forced to give money, property, and possessions to the same men who
wouldn't pay them. When they spoke their minds and retaliated, the government punished them without addressing their

Truman Post War Tension
Post–war Tension In some ways, the conflict began even before the guns fell silent in Germany and within the Pacific in 1945. Suspicion and mistrust
had outlined U. S. – Soviet relations for many years and resurfaced as shortly because the alliance against the Nazis was now not necessary.
Competitive ideologies and visions of the post–war world prevented U.S. President Harry S Truman and Soviet premier Iosif Vissarionovich
Dzhugashvili from operating along with each other. Truman's Post–war Vision Truman worked inexhaustibly to wash up the post–war mess and
establish a replacement international order. He helped produce the planet Bank and also the International Monetary fund (IMF) and funded the
reconstruction of Japan. When prosecuting... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Legislator Richard M. President and also the House disloyal Activities Committee semiconductor diode the earliest Red hunts for Communists within
the government, that culminated with the prosecution of federal worker Horatio Alger Hiss and also the executions of suspected spies Julius and Ethel
Rosenberg. Harry S Truman ab initio supported these inquiries and even established a Loyalty Review Board to help within the search. He eventually
began to specific concern, however, that the Red hunts were quickly devolving into witch

Reconstruction : The Misadventures Of Post Civil War
Timothy Perdoch
CCNY USSO 101
Prof. Van Natter
Reconstruction (The Misadventures of Post–Civil War America) America: "The land of the free, and the home of the brave" (Key 7
–8). When our
forefathers overcame the colonial reign of the British Empire, they formed the United States of America based on the premise of enlightened ideals
promoting life, ownership of land, and liberty. But after the revolution, the country's problems were far from solved. The country's post–revolution
issues sparked a Civil War, which was followed by a reconstruction. In some ways, the Civil War and Reconstruction helped theUnited States
accomplish its original goals, but in many ways, that was not the case. Due to a handful of conflicts, a major one ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Union went on to win the Civil War, maintain the union and abolish slavery. Problem solved right? Well, not quite. In fact, America's
problems had only just begun. After the Civil War, the country needed to be reconstructed for a few reasons. First of all, much of the Confederate
land was now wrecked, with farms and plantations burned down and crops destroyed. People were using now illegitimate confederate money and
local governments were in disarray. Former confederates needed to be effectively incorporated back into the Union. Most importantly, slaves were
now freedmen and needed to be integrated back into society. The United States was a "new nation," that, for the first time was "wholly free" (Foner
477). But with the abolishment of slavery, "What is the true definition of freedom?" became a central question in the nation. Black people in
America after the war were facing intense scrutiny, racist ideologies and bigotry that was still very prevalent throughout the country. In 1865,
Congressman James A. Garfield asked, "Is it the bare privilege of not being chained? If this is all, then freedom is a bitter mockery, a cruel delusion"
(Foner 477). Was freedom simply just the absence of slavery, or did it give other rights to former slaves? Five days after the Civil War ended, President
Lincoln was shot. Vice President Andrew Johnson then assumed the presidency. Reuniting the nation was a task that now

A Society Post World War II
Living in a society post World War II where social revolution is said to be unnecessary, there was solidity on Americans in the 1950s to conform to
certain expectations and values. During the peak of the Cold War, any one who did not share the same values would be accused of being a
communist. These common values that Americans believed in the 1950s were a "liberal consensus" that described America as an unflawed society
that worked and did not suffer from any major struggles. The liberal consensus was based on the assumption that nationally America was full of hope.
It was a period of economic success lasting from 1945 to1965. The certainty infused in America from this concept to fuel economic growth, defend
individual rights and establish political equality seems well established yet by 1968 the liberal consensus had fallen apart. With the emergence of the
New Left, hatred and disruptive opinions arose towards the government and our pointless participation in Vietnam, exposed major problems of the
American public toward the liberal consensus, failing it to the point where it shattered.
Anti–communism became the language for a new more defiant vision of America. There was a strong influence in building national agreement
originated from endless fear of communism in post war American society. Many American feared nuclear warfare and after the age of McCarthyism
America tried to completely isolate itself from Russia (Schulman, 6). With the pressures between the free world and

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder In War Veterans
The battles that go on between countries of the world are not just left on the grounds in which they were fought. The trauma of everyday exposure to
the elements of war has created a lasting and often debilitating disorder for many veterans. Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD has been a
recurrent result of war leaving many survivors with prolonged physical, mental and emotional distress. Veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan
have experienced daily stressful situations including bombings, combat fire, and injuries. For those that make it home, PTSD is a common
development of these stresses. Those who develop this disorder may experience relentless sleep disturbances, triggers, and recurring "flashback" or
vivid memory recollections... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder in war veterans is most commonly created when soldiers are put into situation in which they fear for their life.
Recent war have changed in the way in which they have been fought. In past wars like World War I and World War II they type of fighting was
strategically planned out. There would be attacks and retreats back to safety allowing some time to recuperate. However, in today's war like in Iraq
and Afghanistan soldier are attacking and being assaulted on the daily basis where there is little if any time for recuperation. The daily stress and
common occurrences of horrific events and casualties but tremendous stress on soldiers' brains. This daily stress is not just left on the battlefield once
the soldiers return home. The physical, mental and emotional strain that war has on humans leaves lasting impression on the brain and body. When
PTSD results from this strain, veterans can experience a wide range of symptoms. According to the Journal of Occupational Medicine the most
common general symptoms include re–experiencing phenomena, avoidance tactics, and increased arousal (Bisson). Re–experiencing phenomena refers
to a patient's recurrent psychological recollections to the events that transpired to cause his or her PTSD. For many patients once they find a stimulus
that causes them to have a recollection many try to avoid such areas in attempt to block their memories of the events. Arousal is shown through
numerous methods with the most common being inability to sleep, difficulty concentrating, or irritability. Each treatment that follows is focused on
reducing a patient's symptoms and the severity in which it affects their

Post War Trauma Research Paper
War has been identified as a cause of trauma in children. Children who experience the direct violence and destruction of war are known to suffer from
post–traumatic stress.
Some common causes of war related trauma are physical violence, sexual abuse, as well as unmet basic needs for survival such as shelter. Some
negative indirect effects of war like malnutrition, having to seek refuge in foreign countries, and fear also compound the trauma from going through a
war. The known effects of war trauma include missing out on education, poor health, disrupted personal and communal wellbeing, and curtailed
elements of childhood such as playtime. Art therapy and playtime are recommended for refugee children, to help them come to terms and start healing
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is imperative to to note that the presence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) due to war trauma, engenders subsequent difficulty of going
through the resettlement process. Besides this, depression has been linked to ongoing life difficulties or stressors, such as the insufficient grasp of the
host country's language. (Ehntholt)
According to research findings (Heptinstall et al., 2004), the number or scale of traumatic events experienced in a victim's home country, and also their
type or nature, for instance the death of close relatives are associated with higher Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Furthermore the
amount of prevailing life stressors are responsible for refugee children's depression. For instance, enduring seriously pressing financial difficulties like
poverty and having an insecure asylum status have been found to cause symptoms of depression in refugee children.

Cuba Post-Cold War Analysis
This week's readings followed the perspectives of the United States and Cuba through multiple transitions of power throughout the mid–20th century
and late 21st century. U.S. policies implemented by the various presidents over this sixty–year span were unable to solve previous hegemonic and
interventionist ideologies. On the other hand, Cuba pre– and post–Cold War was a growing power that gave voice and representation to nations who
had been previously colonized and dominated by bigger superpowers. Cuba wanted to end ties with the United States, a nation who had been
instrumental in preventing their goals and fight for their struggles. Fidel Castro represented the legitimacy of Cuban goals and pursuits of nationalism
across the world. On the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cuba no longer had the Soviets' support, which had previously been an instrumental part of their resilience throughout the war. Yet, the United States
refused to normalize relations or make amends with the vulnerable country. Author Jorge I. DomГnguez noted, "Cuba repatriated its troops, stopped its
military assistance to insurgencies, and began to conform to a world market economy" (pg. 4). Post–Cold War, the United States should have extended
its reprieve and apologized for its years of wrongdoings. Cuba had proven itself as a powerful force, a struggle that they had long undergone for
decades, despite great odds. Instead, the United States devised the Helms–Burton Act, a policy that endured U.S. embargo against Cuba–one of many
modern "lineal descendants of the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary" (DomГnguez, pg.12). U.S. policymakers and officials failed to learn
from their same mistakes that put the two nations in such a place. To prove this point again, President Clinton was even considering military
intervention in Cuba before agreeing upon the implementation of the Helms–Burton Act. The subsequent presidents after Dwight Eisenhower and John
F. Kennedy seemed to have forgotten the deleterious effects of intervention of all

The Battle Of The War On The State, And Post Cold War
Introduction: Ever since the Napoleonic Wars, war was a concept that was considered to be under the purview of the State, however this belief is
inherently wrong. In all of history, warfare has been engaged by private actors as opposed to the State. In fact, the State as the dominant actor in
warfare should be understood as the exception, rather than the norm. Even though the State has not been the dominant actor in warfare, there were
certainly multiple attempts by the State to control, or have governance over warfare as a whole. For the purposes of understanding governance over
privatized warfare, there are three major time periods that should be reviewed: The Middle Ages, the Rise of the State, and Post–Cold–War society. In an
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even though there has not been global governance over the Private Military Corporation, there were some attempts at global governance over
privatized violence as a whole. Two major international documents which contribute to the discussion on global governance over privatized war happen
to be: The United Nation's International Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries and the International
Committee of the Red Cross's Montreux Document. The creation of these documents have also been impacted by non–state actors such as committees
or regional groups.
Governance of the Mercenary Mercenaries have existed for years before the Middle Ages, and have continued well into the 20th century. During the
Middle Ages, the political system of feudalism, and the economies contributed greatly to the prominence and strength of Mercenaries. It is also worth
noting that because of the strength and prominence of Mercenaries, it was hard to have governance over these entities. The rise of the State
fundamentally shifted the way privatized war was looked at. With the rise of the State, warfare shifted from the private sector into the hands

Modernization Theory Of The Post War Years
In his inaugural speech in 1949, Truman captured the United States' optimistic sentiment with regards to development following the Second World
War. The United States found themselves in a unique position where they had shown their military and technological prowess, were the only victor
whose infrastructure had not been damaged by the war and saw themselves as the technological leader of the world and a model to be emulated. Along
with growing fears about Cold War tensions and the threat of communism, the domestic post–war environment contributed to the emergence of the
predominant American sociological and economic theory of the post–war years: modernization theory. Though many new theories have emerged since
the development of modernization theory, of which Walt Whitman Rostow was one of the leading figures, and it has seen fluctuations in its popularity,
it has remained a part of the discourse on development to this day. Over the years, it faced harsh criticism, notably from the Latin American
dependentistas of which Andre Gunder Frank was one of the main voices.
This paper will focus on Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth and Andre Gunder Frank's critique of modernization theory in The Development of
Underdevelopment and Sociology of Development. These two authors offer a limited view of the broader debate between modernization and
dependency theory in the second half of the twentieth century and thus this paper does not claim to be a comprehensive study of these two

Post War Construction
Who is responsible for post war economic rebuild? That is the question that "End and Beginning" poses to the reader. The victor is usually the
responsible party for cleanup and rebuilding. The first line of the poem portrays to the reader that someone must do it, "After each war somebody has
to clear up put things in order by itself it won't happen." (Szymborska 690) What if the victor is an outside influence that has no intention of staying?
The answer is the liberated country is responsible for its own reconstruction, but the outside country is responsible for assisting until that aid is no
longer desired.
Regular day to day activities that can be seen in daily life can be compared to the concept of post war "clean up". While ... Show more content on
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This created a breeding ground for hatred and animosity. At the end of World War II the world leaders learned a valuable lesson from the failures of
post–World War I. In order to regain trust, respect and have positive relations, the victors would have to assist in the rebuilding of the axis powers.
However with the end of World War II Germany was split in two and the Soviet Union controlled one part and theUnited States and its allies held sway
over the other part. After time Germany became whole again and it was then time for the outside influences on both sides to pull back. Recover aid
was no longer needed by Germany, they were back to being a highly productive nation once again. The difference between the two wars is that the aid
in clean–up created a more positive connection between most countries involved.
There are times when aid can last for a necessary extended period of time. The United States of America entered into the Korean War to stop the spread
of communism from Northern Korea to Southern Korea, and to defeat the North Korean communist regime. The Korean War began in 1950 it is now
2011 and the United States is still one of South Korea's biggest supporter. After the armistice the United States and its allies assisted South Korea in
cleaning up the war torn country and gave them aid to rebuild the country and its economy. It has been some time since monetary aid was given to
South Korea, but the United States has kept a fully functional

Soldier Post War
Life of a Soldier Post–war: Pension? John here, today we're going to discuss soldiers. War was a difficult time for all of us, but now that it's over,
should soldiers be compensated for their years of service with a pension? Sickness and injury were common during the Great War. Between October
1914 and May 1915 at the No 1 Canadian General Hospital, there were 458 cases of influenza and 992 of gonorrhoea amongst officers and men. Some
injury was not exactly 'physical', thousands of Canadian and non–Canadian soldiers alike suffer from 'Shell–shock'. Doctors describe shellshock as
"nervous or mental shock." Veterans are still being treated for shell–shock today, years after the end of the Great War. Currently, Veterans are not
receiving steady pensions, or medical benefits. It is also very hard for veterans to find... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before March 2nd, Canada negotiated and co–signed all treaties under the guidance and supervision of Britain. Consequently, the Halibut Treaty was
not. Halibut is a very large source of income for people living on the West Coast of North America. When the Northern Pacific railway was built, there
was now more business abroad, which caused the halibut population to rapidly decline creating a drive for strict conservation methods. Negotiations
began in 1918 between both Canada and America. Both nations participated in halibut fishing, and most of which occurred in international waters,
which is why the Halibut Treaty is an international agreement. The final treaty established the International Pacific Halibut Commission (IPHC) to
create a joint management of Halibut between Canada and America. The treaty also includes a 'closed season' for halibut season, which occurs in the
winter months. On March 2nd, 1923, Canada signed its first treaty without the provision of the British, which brings Canada one step closer on its long
road to

The Post War Period Of Italy
The post war period in Italy represents a time of cultural, economic and political instability, as the nation tried to re–create the social bonds broken by
the war and attempted to understand, and take advantage of, the effects of mass industrialisation and urbanisation thanks to the 'economic miracle'. It
was during this time from 1945 to 1960, with the people increasingly disenchanted with the ability of the camera to truly portray the turmoil of recent
history, that a new form of popular, neorealist cinema emerged to reflect social reality and "expand the viewer's moral, cultural and geographic
perspectives". This instability and new cinematographic outlook was the backdrop for two pertinent Italian films: Rossellini's Roma CittГ Aperta, an
authentic depiction of the daily lives of Italians in Nazi occupied Rome, and Visconti's Rocco e i Suoi Fratelli, the journey of one Southern Italian
family as they migrate to the North during the economic boom in search of prosperity. For both of these films, the ideas of resistance and struggle are
two closely linked themes which play an integral part in the portrayal of this period of Italian history. In order to gain a more insightful understanding
of how each of these are conveyed in Roma CittГ Aperta and Rocco e i Suoi Fratelli, it is beneficial to analyse these films with reference to two
sub–themes: resistance to oppression and economic struggle. This approach will make evident the comparisons between the two

The Post Ww2 During The Cold War
The post–WW2 period brought to the fore an intellectual divide that drove a wedge between the victorious United States (US) and Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics (USSR); the West disliked Communism; that dislike was reciprocated by the USSR. As a result of this wedge, both countries found
it difficult to trust each other. This mistrust alarmed members of both governments, who saw a need to prevent war by keeping tensions low between
the two super–powers. During this period, the social psychiatrist Charles E. Osgood developed and practiced a theory wherein tensions could be
reduced "more by deeds than words" led to a clearing of the air for negotiations: it was coined "Gradual Reciprocation In Tension–reduction," (GRIT).
This paper will examine the application of GRIT in two Cold War situations; specifically John F. Kennedy's speech at American University, and
Mikhail Gorbachev's unilateral moves at the end of the Cold War, and determine if the application was successful, and what may have contributed to
the success. The GRIT strategy calls for a public announcement that reveals a desire to reduce tensions, then make a corresponding move that backs
up your claim. To qualify as a move in the GRIT strategy, or a concession, the move has to fulfill several qualifications: First, the move must be
publicly announced. Publicly announcing the concession gives the opposing government time to study the move, and decide if it worth reciprocating
or if it a trap of some sort.

Post World War 1
Since 1918, the US is characterized by its isolationist stance towards international affairs and protecting American economic interests. However,
considering its economic and social superiority, the US took advantage to try and diffuse its economic model and promote capitalism through global
diplomacy throughout the world, which lead to free trade and open markets established with other nation–states. Consequently, it became the reference
country, in phase 2, to all the other nations in terms of power. However, due to America's role in the Allied victory and its economic and financial
might,President Woodrow Wilsonwas in charge of dictating the terms of the settlement post World War 1. He tried to use its increased power in order
to reorganize ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1918, President Woodrow Wilson gave a speech to Congress establishing post World War 1 aims and promoting World Peace; " the process of
peace [...] shall be absolutely open." However, after the rejection of the Versailles Treaty by the Republican Senate in 1920, the US continued its place
of isolationism, thus refusing to play an international role corresponding to its economic might. After the failure of the Versaille Treaty, many turned to
the League of Nations to bring global stability. The League Of Nations was created in 1920, in order to ensure another World War would not break out
and provide a way to resolve international disputes. The main aims of the organisation included disarmament, preventing war through collective
security, settling disputes between countries through negotiation and diplomacy, and improving global welfare. However, though championed by
President Woodrow Wilson, in 1919, the U.S Senate rejected the League Of Nations and chose not to join in order to maintain their isolationist stance.
Furthermore, on August 27 1928, fifteen nations signed the Kellogg– Briand Pact in Paris. The Kellogg Briand Pact was an international agreement in
which fifteen nations gathered to renounce war/ aggression as instruments to settling disputes. However, they had no substantial means to enforce the
policy considering every nation had their

The Post-Civil War: An Analysis
PoliticalA result of growth in the industry and social change often crashed political views. Labor unions formed first in the northeast. Laws that allowed
segregation put people down made it hard for the southern African American's to enjoy the Second Industrial Revolution. Riots due and discriminatory
laws increased tension between immigrants and whites. In rural areas farmers were politically active. The region in which social and political
campaigns took change. SocialWorkers wanted better payment and working conditions. Wealthy entrepreneurs want an increased profit. There is a gap
between the rich and poor. The post–civil War the south continued to have problems

The Post War Era
The zeitgeist of the post war era was change, encompassing both personal, social and political transformation explored by composer's experimentation
with form and subject matter. The dominant discourse of power during the Cold War was the ideological conflict between Capitalism and Communism.
The dominant ways of thinking were profoundly challenged by the emergence of an alternative, youth–driven culture. A composer's disillusionment
with the world in the 'After the Bomb' period acted as a catalyst for them to not only challenge ways of thinking but also the traditional form of
literature. The era saw widespread criticism of government systems and of the military–industrial complex as hegemonic ideas about "America" were
being questioned. There was a widespread perception that society had lost touch with the cornerstone of American values and pillars of democracy and
it was the role of the writers, filmmakers and poets to recapture its emphasis on idealism rights and liberty and challenge the world that rejected these
ideals. The texts which challenged the values and ways of thinking of the time coupled with their exploration of universal themes and the victims
perspective enables these texts to continue to hold enormous significance and influence in today's society. Accordingly a sense of discomfort pervades
confronting texts of the era as composers experiment with subject matter by amplifying humanity's growing dissension with towards the values and
ideas that shaped

Post War Soviet Outlook Essay
Section 1: Basic Features of Post–War Soviet Outlook, as Put Forward by Official Propaganda Machine, are as Follows:
(a) USSR still lives in adversarial "industrialist enclosure" with which over the long haul there can be no perpetual quiet conjunction. As expressed by
Stalin in 1927 to an assignment of American specialists:
"In course of further improvement of universal unrest there will rise two focuses of world criticalness: a communist focus, attracting to itself the
nations which incline toward communism, and an entrepreneur focus, attracting to itself the nations that slope toward free enterprise. Fight between
these two habitats for the order of world economy will choose the destiny of free enterprise and of socialism in the whole ... Show more content on
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In climate of oriental mystery and connivance, which overruns this Government, conceivable outcomes for contorting or harming sources and streams
of data are boundless. The very lack of regard of Russians for target truth– – in fact, their doubt in its presence – drives them to view every expressed
reality as instruments for advancement of some ulterior reason. There is justifiable reason motivation to suspect that this Government is really a
scheme inside of an intrigue; and I for one am hesitant to accept that Stalin himself gets anything like a target picture of outside world. Here there is
abundant extension for the sort of unpretentious interest at which Russians are past experts. Powerlessness of outside governments to put their case
decisively before Russian approach creators – degree to which they are conveyed up in their relations with Russia to great graces of dark and obscure
consultants whom they never see and can't impact – this to my brain is most troubling element of discretion in Moscow, and one which Western
statesmen would do well to remember in the event that they would comprehend nature of challenges experienced

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in War Veterans
POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
IN WAR VETERANS
SC–PNG–0000009299
Alwin Aanand Thomson
American Degree Program
SEGi College Penang
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to any event that results in psychological trauma. This
event may involve the threat of death to oneself or to someone else, or to one's own or someone else's physical, sexual, or psychological integrity,
overwhelming the individual's ability to cope. As an effect of psychological trauma, PTSD is less frequent and more enduring than the more commonly
seen acute stress response. Diagnostic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, according to The New England Journal of Medicine, out of 1709 Soldiers and Marines surveyed, those who returned from Iraq reported
higher rates of combat experience and frequency than those returning from Afghanistan. ItГўв‚¬в„ўs probable that those who experience more combat
situations are more likely to suffer to PTSD.
As noted in The New England Journal of Medicine, out of those surveyed, 71 to 86 percent deployed to Iraq reported engaging in a firefight as
apposed to only 31 percent in Afghanistan. Soldiers and Marines returning from Iraq were significantly more likely to report that they were currently
experiencing a mental health problem, were interested in receiving help for their mental problems, and actually used mental health services (Hoge et al,
2004).
As noted earlier, according to William Welch of USA Today, PTSD is produced from a traumatic event that provoked intense fear, helplessness, or
horror (2005). Being wounded while in combat is a perfect example of an event which provokes intense fear. Among those who participated in a

recent survey, 11.6 percent reported being wounded or injured while in Iraq compared to 4.6 percent of those in Afghanistan (Hoge et al, 2004). This
is a clear indication that the events a soldier experiences during deployment will have influence on the possibility of PTSD after redeploying to the
United States.
Intense situations do not

Post War Of World War II
Throughout Art History, it is apparent that techniques are established and flaunted to create some vivid image of a story, or a message. Up to the post
war of World War II, art has delivered a scene which can be interpreted through context clues such as; current philosophies, current events, and
folk–lore. Then, mainstream art had undergone a significant change in theme post World War II. New York City,United States of America, became the
art capital of the world. Why? It is arguably due to Abstract Expressionist art andPop Art known as Modernism. Modernism completely new to the
world, and both of which abandoning some common core themes to art. Two famous artists whom facilitated and practiced such dramatic
alterations in art culture are Paul Jackson Pollock, or just known as Jackson Pollock, and Andy Warhol. At first glance, someone with the an eye
trained in art history and lore would look upon some of Jackson Pollock 's art and think, "How is this even art?" Maybe even said with some foul
language. Some may even take it as an insult to Art History. "How can someone completely disregard the divine techniques in which our classic art is
founded upon?" Well, this is all in the perspective of following the suppressive laws of a mind which may not be be susceptible and/or unwelcoming
to change. At first glance, Jackson Pollock 's controversial work, "Number Thirty–one" is a messy, unsuspecting work of art. "Number Thirty–one"
labors your eyes to follow the nearly

Post War America Summary
The return of World War II veterans instilled change on various fronts in America. From the G.I. Bill, to the regression of civil rights progress and rise
of nuclear fears, Americans faced an uncertain future. To cope with the many changes occurring within America, individuals sought refuge in their own
homes and local communities. Many arguments have been proposed to showcase how important the central nuclear home was. In the "Visions of
Family Life in Postwar America" excerpt, from the historical complication Major Problems in the History of American Families and Children, historian
Elaine Tyler May analyzes the impact post war American homes had on society. May's argument is presented in a complex way, but is primarily
conveyed in the statement,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
May's inclusion secondary sources in the form of specialists who analyzed the power experts held during the postwar era increased the strength of her
argument. May's first secondary source is the use of opinions from sociologist William Whyte, who discussed how society became closer and more
unified after World War II due to the migrating population seeking refuge in one another. May's second use of a secondary source came from
anthropologist Margaret Mead, who explained the increased tension created by the new, uncertain domestic population when they latched onto the
advice of antique consultants. The population's reliance on professional guidance created a daunting task for the sought after experts. As a result,
professionals pushed Americans towards adaptation rather than defiance, which would result in the conversion to domestic

The Post War World War II
The post–war world was one of complete ruin. More than 40 million Europeans died and at least 25 million of them were civilians that had been killed
in bomb raids, concentration camps, and during famine or starvation. Cities, towns, and villages on the home fronts were destroyed and nothing
remained of many homes. Because of all of the distress, thousands of people all turned to their governments for assistance. Unfortunately for almost
everyone in Europe and Japan, their governments had all failed. Thus, a lot of their problems were rightfully blamed on their governments. After all,
Hitler and Mussolini had both run their countries and fascist parties into the ground. Due to the fact that no one could find solutions in their own
country's... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Everything would be the same under communist rule. This is what all of the Europeans believed communists would do for them. All they wanted
was order and happiness so that things would get better for them. Additionally, they didn't have much success with any other types of government
in the past. After all, the USSR had been standing for thirty to forty years by this time. The last reason that I believe Europeans favored
communism was because they simply offered change. It was a very enticing offer, but in the end, it wasn't enough. To summarize, I think
Europeans favored communism because it would have provided them with necessities that they were lacking, it gave them a sense of order and
structure, and it offered them change. Section 5: Question 7: After the war, the Allies wanted to make sure that any and all war crimes were
avenged. It was now that the Nuremberg Trials began. This was where the leaders of both the Nazis and the Japanese were sentenced based on the
degree of their offense or crime. As a whole, I think that it was right for the Allies to try only the Nazi and Japanese leaders. If we had tried those
who were supporting them, although they are equally guilty, it would have been quite difficult. After all, if it weren't for the leaders it probably never
would have happened. The first reason to justify only trying the leaders is that

Post War Soviet Outlook Essay
The first feature "Basic feature of Post–War Soviet outlook" in which Kennan believed that the Soviet Union has international intentions he describes
as "capitalist encirclement". Kennan mentions that socialist centers will draw countries that are in favor of socialism and capitalist centers will draw
countries that are in favor of capitalism. Kennan says "Battle between these two centers for command of world economy will decide fate of capitalism
and of communism in entire world" (Kennan 1946). He believes the USSR is using any opportunity to gain strength and did not want to co–exist with a
capitalist world. Capitalism and Communism are opposed to one another to the Soviet Union.
The Second feature "Background of Outlook" says that the coexistence

Analysis Of Post Traumatic Stress: The Battle After War
Post Traumatic Stress: The Battle after the War
When a person suffers or endures an extremely tragic event in their life, they can end up suffering from Post Traumatic Stress ( Disorder), or PTS(D
. PTS(D) is " an anxiety disorder that may develop after exposure to a terrifying event or ordeal in which severe physical harm occurred or was
threatened" (Psychology Today). When coming back from war, Many people suffer from Survivor's guilt, a mental condition where someone thinks
they have done something wrong by surviving a tragic event that someone else did not.(The evolution of mental disturbances in the concentration camp
syndrome). As well as Survivor's guilt, people also can suffer from extreme depression. When people become depressed, one of the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because PTS(D) has caused someone to become depressed, the cope with excessive drinking, so PTS(D) has caused alcoholism. The novel
Ceremony by Leslie Marmon Silko, and the films Smoke Signals and Reel Injun provide evidence of this. Many people, including Native Americans,
who come back from war experience PTS, which causes depression, alcoholism, and survivor's guilt.
When coming back from war, or after any traumatic event Native Americans often suffer from Post TraumaticStress (Disorder), which leads to
Alcoholism, which has unfortunately become a stereotype for the Natives.Tayo, Emo and Harley all fought in World War II together. In the War,
Harley did not drink , or at least not a lot as he did not like the taste of beer. Now that Harley has experienced the trauma of war he was different.
Tayo says Harley didn't use to like beer at all, and maybe this was something different about him now, after the war. He drank a lot of beer
now"(Silko:18). This quote from Tayo shows that the war changed

Post-Civil War America
Post–Civil War America
The highest court in the United States (the Supreme Court) made a ruling in 1857 that Africans (blacks) had no rights, could not become U.S citizens,
and that Congress had no powers to abolish slavery. The aftermath of the ruling saw the United States suffer one of the bloodiest wars in world history
– the Civil War. In less than ten years since the ruling was made, Congress together with the Northern states addressed the biases in the ruling. The
biases were addressed through the amendment of the constitution and the civil rights statute. Through the 13th Amendment, slavery was abolished in
all parts of the United States. The 14th Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1866 guaranteed citizenship for all qualified, natural–born, and
naturalized Americans, inclusive of former slaves and free blacks. The civil rights statute, in addition, authorized the transfer of cases from state to
federal courts in cases where citizens' rights could not be enforced through state systems of justice. The 14th Amendment also prohibited states from
infringing the rights enjoyed by American citizens, as well as, ensuring every citizen had the right to due process and equal protection of the law
(Kaczorowski, 1987, p. 45).
The Congressional Republicans held the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The theory of constitutionalism advocated by revolutionary congressional Republicans was rejected. The revolutional aspect of the theory saw its
rejection by the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court, while keeping a modified theory of state sovereignity, re–established the American federalism
theory which observed state rights, and gave the states the powers to exercise authority over its citizens and securing their civil rights. The Supreme
Court decision strengthened the status of the state in the federal system (Kaczorowski, 1987, p.

Gender Roles In Post-Civil War
In some cases, women have come together to facilitate cooperation across ethnic divisions, as gender cuts across social cleavages. Women can use
their "gendered identities and social experiences" where political, ethnic or religious identities are at the root of conflict (Anderlini 2007, 126). Women
have formed cross–party caucuses around common issues and interests that specifically tend to affect women (Anderlini 2007). An example of this is
seen in Rwanda in the formation of the Forum of Women Parliamentarians who "unite as women, irrespective of political parties" and cogitate "the
challenges that surround [them] as women" (140). In order to ensure gender equality, these women review laws and offer amendments to discriminatory
statutes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2008). To measure the level of economic development in this study I use GDP growth. This demonstrates economic development in a state on a
year–to–year basis. This variable is referred to as GDP growth.
Next, I control for several factors that also influence the recurrence of war in a post–conflict society. First, the duration of previous civil wars affects
the probability of winning and the amount of time actors must fight to achieve victory should they choose to resume fighting. Previous war duration in
years is used to control for this.
I also control for a country's regime type using the Polity 2 measure from the Polity IV dataset. These data range from –10 to 10, with –10 being the
least democratic and 10 being the most democratic. I use these to create a dichotomous variable, which equals 1 if a country's polity score is equal to
or greater than 6 and 0 otherwise. This is done in an attempt to consider whether or not the level of democracy is significant to the attainment of gender
equality. This variable is referred to as

The Causes Of The Post-War And The Cold War
Post–War World After World War Two ended, many thought that would be the end for a while. Not too long after the war ended, the Cold War began.
Post–war time was difficult for the countries involved and the difficulties during this time ultimately led to the Cold War. World War Two was fought
on three major theaters and on different fronts. After the war was over, settlement establishing international institutions helped to get the continent of
Europe and other struggling countries back onto their feet again. All the battles that happened during World War Two and the helpful institutions that
came afterwards all shaped European and wider world history for the better because it led to the creation of the United Nations, advancements in
technology, and a huge increase in economic growth for some but a struggling economy for others. The immediate post–war contributed to the
emergence of the Cold War because of the atomic bomb dropping, which ended World War Two, but set the stage for the Cold War. Once World War
Two had ended, the United Nations replaced the League of Nations and was meant to prevent another such conflict. The details of the United Nations
were worked out at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in Washington D.C. in November 1944. The previous League of Nations failed because only two
of the five Great Powers truly attempted to keep the peace. The five powers eventually learned from that mistake. The United Nations included a
General Assembly of all independent

Economic Growth Of Post War Japan

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