New granada (reading)
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1) New Granada was a former Spanish colony in northern South America that originally included the territories of present-day Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela. 2) Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada conquered and explored the region between 1530-1538, founding Santa Fé de Bogotá (later known as Bogotá) and naming the region the New Kingdom of Granada. 3) To further stabilize colonial rule, New Granada was made a presidency in 1564 overseen by a governor and attached to the Viceroyalty of Peru, though disputes later led to the creation of the Viceroyalty of New Granada in 1717.
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![New Granada, former Spanish colony, N South America. It included at its greatest extent present Colombia, Ecuador, Panama,
and Venezuela. Between 1499and1510a hostof conquerorsexplored the Caribbean coastof Panama and South America.After
1514, Pedro Arias de Ávila was successfulin assuring permanentcolonization of the isthmus of Panama. At Santa Marta (1525)
and Cartagena (1533), Spanish control of the Colombian coast was firmly established, and in the next few years the northern
hinterland was explored.
German adventurers, notably Nikolaus Federmann, penetrated the Venezuelan and Colombian llanos between 1530 and 1546.
By far the greatest of the conquerors was Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, who in 1536 ascended the Magdalena River, climbed
the mighty Andean cordillera, where he subdued the powerful Chibcha (an advanced native civilization), and by 1538 had
founded Santa Fé de Bogotá, later known simply as Bogotá. He named the region El Nuevo Reino de Granada [the new kingdom
of Granada]. During the next 10 years the conquest was virtually completed. No civil government was established in New
Granada until 1549, when an audiencia court, a body with both executive and judicial authority, was set up in Bogotá.
To further stabilize colonial government, New Granada was made a presidency (an administrativeand political division headed
by a governor) in 1564, and the audiencia was relegated to its proper judicial functions. Loosely attached to the viceroyalty of
Peru, the presidency cameto include Panama, Venezuela, and mostof Colombia. Disputes with—and thegreat distancefrom—
Lima led to the creation (1717) of the viceroyalty of New Granada, comprising Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela.
Later the captaincy general of Venezuela and the presidency of Quito were detached, creating a political division that was to
survive the revolution against Spain and the efforts of Simón Bolívar to establish a republic of Greater Colombia.
The struggle for independence began in 1810, and by 1830 Venezuela and Ecuador had seceded, and the remnant (Colombia
and Panama)wasrenamed theRepublic of New Granada.Thisbecame theRepublic of Colombiain 1886,fromwhichthepresent
Panama seceded in 1903.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/newgranadareading-200510132259/85/New-granada-reading-1-320.jpg)
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12 The Imperial Era The United States entered this con
12 The Imperial Era
The United States entered this contest shortly after achieving inde-
pendence ("playing the European Game," as Mark Twain would acidly
observe). Having established national sovereignty, U.S. leaders would
seek to extend territorial reach over European colonies and prevent other
powers from challenging this expansion. As a result, U.S. relations with
Latin America during the nineteenth century represented a continuation
and culmination of European incursions into and struggles over the New
World that dated back to the late fifteenth century.
From the outset, in other words, the United States was an aspiring
imperial power. It entered the international arena as a relatively minor, al -
most insignificant actor; within a century the young nation became a for-
midable contender. The United States embarked on its imperial course
neither by impulse, miscalculation, or accident. Its behavior represented
long-term policy and national purpose. As historian William Appleman
Williams has observed, "Americans thought of themselves as an empire at
the outset of their national existence. . . . Having matured in an age of
empires as part of an empire, the colonists naturally saw themselves in the
same light once they joined issue with the mother country." 1 In an ethical
sense, U.S . conduct was neither better nor worse than that of other ambi-
tious powers. All played by the same rules of the game.
Once engaged in this contest, the United States adapted its policy in
accordance with conditions and circumstances particular to the New
World. While European powers engaged primarily in colonization of
overseas possessions, the United States tended to rely, first, on territorial
acquisition and absorption, and, second, on the estaplishment and preser-
vation of informal spheres of influence. The means thus varied, but the
ends were much the same.
European Rivalry in the New World
European powers began to compete for control of the New World alm_ost
immediately after Christopher Columbus announced his earth-shattering
"discovery" in 1492. Protesting Spanish claims to total monopoly ov~r
the Americas, King Joao II of Portugal convinced the "Catholic kings" U1
1494 to modify the original ruling of Pope Alexander VI and accept the
Treaty ofTordesillas, which ceded to Portugal dominion over the easte~n
half of South America-much of present-day Brazil. Theoretically, Spall1
and Portugal thus possessed exclusive title to the newly found territo~ies.
According to the terms of papal endorsement, it was the religious obliga-
tion of Spain and Portugal to spread the Catholic gospel to the heathen.
So long as they fulfilled this missionary duty, Spain and Portugal would
have complete control of lands and peoples of the New World. Frorn
1580 to 1640, when Portugal fell under Spanish control, this claim be-
longed to Spain alone . . d
The Iberian monopoly did not last long. Protestant:J.sm took hol_
......... .. ...
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- Under King Charles I and King Philip II, Spain built a vast overseas empire through further exploration and conquest, most notably defeating the Moors in Granada. However, the costs of maintaining this empire began to economically drain Spain.
Modern times
The document summarizes the history of Spain from the 15th to 18th centuries. It describes Spain's rise to power under King Carlos I and Felipe II due to territories inherited in Europe and the colonization of America. The 17th century was a crisis period with costly wars in Europe ruining the economy, population decline, and political rebellions in Catalonia and Portugal. At the end of the 18th century, King Carlos II created the Royal Academies and Factories to promote science and the economy. Socially, the nobility and clergy were privileged groups who owned most land and paid no taxes, while common people paid taxes. In the 17th century, Spain experienced a cultural Golden Age with great painters like Velaz
Theme 3- spain and portugal
The document provides an overview of the history of the Portuguese and Spanish Empires from their origins to their decline. It discusses how Portugal rose to become a global power during the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries as they explored the coasts of Africa, Asia, and Brazil. Spain likewise grew powerful under the Habsburg dynasty in the 16th century, controlling territories in Europe and colonies in the Americas, though both empires began declining by the 17th century as they lost territories to other European powers like Britain and the Netherlands.
12 The Imperial Era The United States entered this con
12 The Imperial Era
The United States entered this contest shortly after achieving inde-
pendence ("playing the European Game," as Mark Twain would acidly
observe). Having established national sovereignty, U.S. leaders would
seek to extend territorial reach over European colonies and prevent other
powers from challenging this expansion. As a result, U.S. relations with
Latin America during the nineteenth century represented a continuation
and culmination of European incursions into and struggles over the New
World that dated back to the late fifteenth century.
From the outset, in other words, the United States was an aspiring
imperial power. It entered the international arena as a relatively minor, al -
most insignificant actor; within a century the young nation became a for-
midable contender. The United States embarked on its imperial course
neither by impulse, miscalculation, or accident. Its behavior represented
long-term policy and national purpose. As historian William Appleman
Williams has observed, "Americans thought of themselves as an empire at
the outset of their national existence. . . . Having matured in an age of
empires as part of an empire, the colonists naturally saw themselves in the
same light once they joined issue with the mother country." 1 In an ethical
sense, U.S . conduct was neither better nor worse than that of other ambi-
tious powers. All played by the same rules of the game.
Once engaged in this contest, the United States adapted its policy in
accordance with conditions and circumstances particular to the New
World. While European powers engaged primarily in colonization of
overseas possessions, the United States tended to rely, first, on territorial
acquisition and absorption, and, second, on the estaplishment and preser-
vation of informal spheres of influence. The means thus varied, but the
ends were much the same.
European Rivalry in the New World
European powers began to compete for control of the New World alm_ost
immediately after Christopher Columbus announced his earth-shattering
"discovery" in 1492. Protesting Spanish claims to total monopoly ov~r
the Americas, King Joao II of Portugal convinced the "Catholic kings" U1
1494 to modify the original ruling of Pope Alexander VI and accept the
Treaty ofTordesillas, which ceded to Portugal dominion over the easte~n
half of South America-much of present-day Brazil. Theoretically, Spall1
and Portugal thus possessed exclusive title to the newly found territo~ies.
According to the terms of papal endorsement, it was the religious obliga-
tion of Spain and Portugal to spread the Catholic gospel to the heathen.
So long as they fulfilled this missionary duty, Spain and Portugal would
have complete control of lands and peoples of the New World. Frorn
1580 to 1640, when Portugal fell under Spanish control, this claim be-
longed to Spain alone . . d
The Iberian monopoly did not last long. Protestant:J.sm took hol_
......... .. ...
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