The Demand And Production Of Atlantic Salmon Essay

The Demand And Production Of Atlantic Salmon Essay
In the ever–expanding field of aquaculture, the demand and production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) has increased substantially, having grown over
six–fold in the last two decades worldwide (Howard, 2014; Murray, 2014). Increased emergence of parasitism and disease has met this expansion,
particularly in areas where disease–control strategies are not yet locally coordinated (Murray, 2014). Salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) have
significantly impacted the salmonid farming industry since the 1970s, affecting economic costs and fish welfare, and contributing to secondary
parasiticide effects and drug resistance (Costello, 2009; Ljungfeldt et al., 2014; Torrissen et al., 2013). As of 2009, L. salmonis has affected the
industry in Norway, Canada, Ireland, Scotland and Chile, whereas in other countries, including New Zealand, it has not yet presented a problem
(Costello, 2009). Various treatment, management and prevention strategies have been suggested and implemented in high production areas, which may
provide useful models for potential risk of sea lice parasitism in New Zealand.
In the last decade, a high demand for protein–rich, heart–healthy salmon has precipitated an aquaculture surge, which currently supplies seventy
percent of the global salmon market (Howard, 2014). Due to consumer and environmentalist demands and the risk of spreading disease between farmed
and wild populations, nationally directed aquaculture legislation has bolstered industry regulations
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Advantages And Disadvantages Of Biomaterials
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Biomaterials2
Advent2
Advantages and disadvantages3
Uses:4
Disposal:5
Their economics:6
Biological materials8
Advent8
Uses:9
Disposal:10
Their economics:10
Nanomaterials12
Advent12
Uses:13
Disposal:14
Their economics:15
References:17
BIOMATERIALS
ADVENT
One of the earliest uses of non–biological materials within the body was the wooden toe prosthetic in 1065–740BC in early Egypt. However, research
within the field and therefore the 1st generation of biomaterials was recognized a lot of conspicuously in 1960 to 1970. Throughout this time period
biomaterial research encompassed all materials designed to be used within the body. These materials were designed to "achieve an acceptable
combination of physical properties to match those of the replaced tissue with a smallest deadly response within the host." Eventually the field started

focusing a lot of on categories of materials like metals, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nanomaterials can be manufactured with extraordinarily smooth surfaces.
(ii)In macroscale geometries, fluid flow through conduits like pipes is restricted by friction between the moving fluid and the pipe walls, leading to
resistance to flow. In nanoscale geometries, molecular forces will build it such that fluids can "slip" past the pipe walls without significant resistance.
This may be used to lower the pressure drop across filtration devices.
(iii)At small sizes, the flexibility of a particle to scatter lightweight of various wavelengths is predicated on particle size. An example of this is zinc
oxide, which appears white in sunscreen once the particles are macroscale, however transparent when the particles are nanoscale. In a similar fashion,
thin films composed of our silver nanowires are extremely clear albeit they are composed a material that is opaque at a macroscale.
Disadvantages of

Key Elements For Tissue And Organ Regeneration
Introduction Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary approach that basically replaces, restore the function and regenerate the damaged cell or tissue
using biological substitutes. Succinctly, extracellular matrix (ECM) in human tissue is a key element for tissue and organ regeneration. It provides a
convenient environment for the cellular attachment, growth and migration stimulate by specific signals. This solid matrix has a complex mixture of
structural and functional proteins that serve as a reliable source of nutrient for the cells. ECM also associated with the cell behaviour, tissue
differentiation, organisation and neovascularisation. In tissue engineering, the suitable scaffolds are use to act as an ECM analogue (1). The various
roles and complicated composition of ECM become a great challenge for the scaffolds to mimic the native ECM in repairing the diseased or damaged
tissue. Thus, it is important to develop the ideal scaffolds with optimal properties and architecture since its mechanical characteristics will greatly affect
the activity of cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. Apparently, the biomaterial used in fabrication of scaffolds may influence its significant
features, such as biodegradability, bioactivity and porosity. The bioactivity, including cell adhesion, cell alignment and interaction between scaffolds
and cellular components could be enhanced by adding the biological cues onto the biomaterials. Besides that, it is also important for

The Clean Water Act ( Cwa )
In 1972 the Clean Water Act (CWA) was passed, and it established the infrastructure for waste
–water management in the U.S. The CWA's main
objective is to 'recover and preserve the physical, biological, and chemical purity of water. The CWA formed a program that would ensure communities
had clean water by limiting the exposure of contaminants in U.S. waterways. Waste–water treatment is essential to the world because it gives people
ability to use streams and rivers for swimming, fishing and drinking water. In the early part of the 20th century, pollution in the U.S. urban waterways
caused negative side effects like fish kills, low dissolved oxygen, bacterial contamination, and algal blooms. Early attempts of controlling water
pollution kept human waste from contaminating water supplies or reduced floating junk that hindered shipping. Problems with Pollution and control
were mainly local concerns. Industrial and population growth have increased the requirement for natural resources, changing the situation drastically.
Advancements in decreasing pollution can hardly keep in front of the increase in population, development of technology, adjustments in industrial
processes, business breakthroughs, increased land use, and several other factors. The growth in both the variety and quantity of goods manufactured
has greatly altered the size and complexity of waste produced by industries and it challenges standard treatment technology. The use of pesticides and
commercial

Environmental Assessment Of A Landfill And The Dulverton...
Assessment Task–3 Environmental Assessment
Introduction
This report has been prepared to detail the operations and environmental compliance at the Dulverton Landfill and the Dulverton Compost Facility
based on our visit on 28th April 2016. This report also covers the requirements of the six (6) "environmental issues of primary concern" listed in Section
1.2.2 of the Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment publicationLandfill Sustainability Guide 2004.
Proponent
Dulverton Regional Waste Management Authority, now trading as Dulverton Waste Management was established for the management and disposal of
waste generated predominately by its owners ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Land operations
Weighbridge and boom gate Site office and lunch room
Two lined leachate storage dams for collection of leachate from landfill
Two unlined stormwater collection ponds
Bulldozer for spreading and compacting waste
Fire fighting pump and stormwater storage dam
Pump to transfer leachate through pipeline to Latrobe sewerage system plant
Leachate pipeline from site to Latrobe sewerage system
Compactor for compacting waste
Vehicles for moving personnel around site
Pollution discharges and Waste
This section briefly discusses the pollution discharges and wastes generated by the Landfill, and their control measures, in relation to air, water, noise
and soil. It also covers general waste & energy use, water use, measure to manage and minimise greenhouse gas emissions.
1) Water quality
Leachate is a massive ongoing potential issue in landfill that could pollute both surface water and the ground water (Environmental Protection

Authority 2013). There are two leachate storage dams, which are used for the collection of contaminated rainwater from the landfill shown in figure 1
in order to prevent the environment of the ecosystem of nearby waterways and make sure that the contaminated water does not leave the site. This
Landfill site is monitoring in a way that satisfies all the

Blacktown Water Treatment Plant Project Brief
Blacktown Water Treatment Plant
Project Brief
Version: 1.1 Date: 8/22/2014
Copy: Uncontrolled
Document Acceptance and Release Notice
This is Version 1.1 of the Blacktown Water Treatment Plant Project Brief.
Title:
Blacktown Water Treatment Plant.
Background:
This treatment plant is designed to remove potentially harmful substances from waste water. It also includes safe effluent discharge and production of
agro–ash. This is the process diagram of the treatment plant:
[pic]
Process flow – step 1 Preliminary treatment bar screen
Removal of large objects As wastewater enters ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The filters consist of finely crushed coal, about one meter in depth, and sand, half a meter in depth. This provides the final step in the treatment process.

Process flow – step 6 Chlorination/dechlorination Chlorine is added to the effluent to disinfect any remaining microbiological pathogens; this takes at
least half an hour. The effluent is then treated with sulphur dioxide gas to remove excess chlorine, which would be harmful to the river ecosystem. The
effluent is then ready for discharge into the river.
Process flow – step 7 Solids separation and incineration The sludge and scum, removed in step 2 of the process, are dealt with separately. The
sludge is stored in a sludge holding tank where it is then pumped to the centrifuge at a controlled rate. Polymers are added to the sludge to aid in the
thickening of the sludge during this process. Water is separated from the sludge by spinning in a centrifuge to form a thick, muddy substance known
as "cake", a process known as "dewatering". The cake is then conveyed to the furnace where it is incinerated at 750–1000В°C to produce Agri–Ash.
The scum, however, is stored in a heated tank to thicken it prior to its transfer to the furnace, where it is also incinerated. Approximately 700,000 litres
of sludge is treated each day to produce 47 tonnes of dewatered solids. After

Waste Water Treatment
Sewage treatment
The objective of sewage treatment is to produce a disposable effluent without causing harm to the surrounding environment and prevent pollution.[1]
Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and household sewage, both runoff
(effluents) and domestic. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its
objective is to produce an environmentally–safe fluid waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste (or treated sludge) suitable for disposal or
reuse (usually as farm fertilizer). Using advanced technology it is now possible to re–use sewage effluent for drinking water, although ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
If it is sufficiently clean, it can also be used for groundwater recharge or agricultural purposes.
Process Flow Diagram for a typical large–scale treatment plant
Process Flow Diagram for a typical treatment plant via Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands (SFCW)
[edit] Pre–treatment
Pre–treatment removes materials that can be easily collected from the raw wastewater before they damage or clog the pumps and skimmers of primary
treatment clarifiers (trash, tree limbs, leaves, etc.).
[edit] Screening
The influent sewage water is screened to remove all large objects carried in the sewage stream.[5] This is most commonly done with an automated
mechanically raked bar screen in modern plants serving large populations, whilst in smaller or less modern plants a manually cleaned screen may
be used. The raking action of a mechanical bar screen is typically paced according to the accumulation on the bar screens and/or flow rate. The
solids are collected and later disposed in a landfill or incinerated. Bar screens or mesh screens of varying sizes may be used to optimise solids
removal. If gross solids are not removed they become entrained in pipes and moving parts of the treatment plant and can cause substantial damage and
inefficiency in the process.[6]:9
[edit] Grit removal
Pre–treatment may include a sand or grit channel or chamber where the

Essay on Magnetic Water and Treatment: Myth or Magic?
It is important that everyone know of the need to improve our energy and water savings and assist in reducing the use of electricity, water, and
non–renewable fuel sources. There are a number of non–chemical, non–mechanical water treatment technologies. Many of these are known by names
such as electronic, magnetic, electrostatic, electromagnetic, and AC induction. The history of these devices goes back to at least 1952. Claims for and
against the effectiveness of such systems have a long history. One would think that if these types of systems were truly effective, then the knowledge
of their successful deployment would be common place in the industry. In September 2001 the US Army Corps of Engineers (COE) published
TR–01–63,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On page 19 there is the statement "The electrostatic field reduces the surface tension of water and boosts the surface charge of colloidal particles
and wetted surfaces". Relevant literature on the internet was searched to find other instances where this type of application or technology may be
in use. No corroborating studies or other applications of successful water treatment using an electrode inserted into a pipe were found, except
those instances offered by Zeta Rod. In reviewing figure 7 on page 19 of the COE report, the particles are shown as positively charged, the vessel
wall is positively charged. It is not clear where the negatively charged particles are located. There are more negative charges shown on the inside of
the particles. But there is no explanation of how the inside of the particles became negatively charged. Even if the particles became positively
charged as they passed close to the electrode, there is no explanation as to why the particles would remain charged after moving away from the near
electromagnetic field of the electrode. On page 19 the power consumption is listed as less than 5 watts, a small amount of electrical power considering
the significant benefits provided. How these effects are brought about with the

Spinal Cord Injury ( Sci )
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can be dated back to the Egyptains, "who described it as an ailment not to be treated" (Sarhan, Saif, & Saif, 2012 p .319).
SCI victims had no hope for a normalized future and were confined to wheelchairs and experienced poor survival rates because of the demands of
care. Advancements in emergency care and rehabilitation practices increase neurological function to the spine which has increased the SCI victim's
changes of survival and return to normal locomotion. The spinal column can be divided into "31 segments" and "comprise seven cervical, twelve
thoracic, five lumbar and five sacral vertebral segments" which protect the spinal cord (Sarhan, et al. p. 319 & 320). The nerves of the spinal column
relay biological information to and from the brain by ascending and descending tracts. A SCI occurs when acute trauma is generated to the spinal cord.
Significant pathology and pathophysiology damage blocks communication between the brain and the rest of the body. A person's motor skills,
autonomic functions, and sensations are affected by the initial injury. The higher the injury occurs on the spinal column, the more dysfunctional the
person may become. "The primary injury determines a given patient's neurologic grade on admission and thereby is the strongest prognostic indicator"
(Dumont, Okonkwo, Verma, Hurlbert, Boulos, Ellegala, & Dumont, 2001 p. 254). Secondary injuries can occur from vascular, cellular, and/or
biochemical changes at the injury site.

What is Atherosclerosis?
Introduction
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease that causes formation of plaques under the intimal layer of the blood vessel wall. As the plaque grows and
calcifies, it narrows the blood vessel lumen and decreases blood flow to the downstream tissue. Also, risk of plaque rupture increases. Plaque rupture
leads to platelet adhesion that results in a thrombus, which occludes the artery. Occlusion of the coronary arteries results in myocardial infarction.
Pathologies affecting small and medium sized arteries are the leading cause of death worldwide. Due to development of better treatments, mortality
rates after myocardial infarction have decreased in the last decades (REF). However, replacement of the occluded artery is often necessary. The
currently available options for these transplants are limited. The most frequently applied treatment for coronary artery occlusion is a bypass operation.
During this operation, an autologous blood vessel (often a saphenous vein or a mammary artery) is used to bypass the coronary artery. The use of
these so–called autografts is invasive and may be limited due to previous harvesting and anatomical variability. Furthermore, atherosclerosis is often
found in almost all blood vessels of the patient. The risk of occlusion of the autograft is high (Hasan et al., 2014).
Developments in tissue engineering allow for the creation of new vascular grafts from synthetic or natural polymers and patient derived cells. Given the
occurrence of

Focused Ultrasound Essay
Focused ultrasound (FUS) is a platform technology based on sound waves above the range of human detection that enables noninvasive treatment of
numerous clinical conditions via the variety of biological effects (bioeffects) it can produce in tissue. Though sound can be defined as waves of
compression and rarefaction propagated through an elastic medium, FUS is analogous to light passing through a magnifying glass, in that multiple
intersecting beams of sound can be concentrated on a target within tissue with high precision and accuracy using an acoustic lens. The diameter of the
targeted focal point can be large or small and depends on the design of the lens and the acoustic parameters. There is no bioeffect in the areas where
each of the individual beams passes through the tissue. However, the convergence of the multiple beams of focused ultrasound energy at the focal point
results in significant bioeffects. Because ultrasound can be transmitted through the skin and skull noninvasively to targeted deep brain regions, it may
offer alternative approaches to existing methods of neuromodulation. While the exact mechanisms of neuromodulation via FUS are not fully
understood, a general overview of potential mechanisms underlying the actions of ultrasound on neuronal excitability can be provided.
Localized ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tyler et al. propose a continuum mechanics hypothesis in which ultrasound can, "modulate neuronal activity through a combination of pressure/fluid
/membrane actions involving stable cavitation and acoustic streaming (microjet formation, eddying, and turbulence) in addition to acoustic radiation
force, shear stress, Bernoulli effects, and other fluid–mechanical consequences, which stem from small acoustic impedance mismatches (boundary
conditions) between lipid bilayers, surrounding intracellular/extracellular fluids, and interleaved

Kudzu Vs Herbicides
Most mechanical means of kudzu removal practiced in the southeastern United States involve mowing the vine or cutting it back. These methods,
though more effective than herbicides, are more time consuming. Vines must be mowed down just above ground level every month or two during the
growing season in order to prevent them from growing back. When using this method of kudzu control, all of the plant material must be removed and
/or destroyed (burned) to prevent the vines from taking root and re–growing (Miller, J. H., & Edwards, B. , 1983). A different, and sometimes less time
consuming option for the control of kudzu is chemical treatment with herbicides. However, chemical treatments are expensive, and killing off the plant
completely requires

Environmental Compliance At The Dulverton Landfill
Introduction
This report has been prepared to detail the operations and environmental compliance at the Dulverton Landfill and the Dulverton Compost Facility
based on our visit on 28th April 2016. This report also covers the requirements of the six (6) "environmental issues of primary concern" listed in Section
1.2.2 of the Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment publicationLandfill Sustainability Guide 2004.
Proponent
Dulverton Regional Waste Management Authority, now trading as Dulverton Waste Management was established for the management and disposal of
waste generated predominately by its owners and North West community with an expected life exceeding 50 years. This is a Level 2 landfill that has an
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It also covers general waste & energy use, water use, measure to manage and minimise greenhouse gas emissions.
1) Water quality
Leachate is a massive ongoing potential issue in landfill that could pollute both surface water and the ground water. There are two leachate storage
dams, which are used for the collection of contaminated rainwater from the landfill shown in figure 1 in order to prevent the environment of the
ecosystem of nearby waterways and make sure that the contaminated water does not leave the site. This Landfill site is monitoring in a way that
satisfies all the requirements sampling and testing of surface and ground water, and leachate mentioned in Landfill sustainability Guide 2004.
2) Air quality
There is always some sort of odour at the landfill due to the nature of the

The Pros And Cons Of Biological Warfare
Throughout the course of history, several methods of warfare have been practiced. One of the standard procedures for war is to use weapons such as
pistols, shotguns, grenades, and automatic infantry. The other method is known as biological warfare, which is the use of diseases and other biological
agents to harm enemies or citizens of an opposing country. Considering that the world flourishes in science today, scientists are researching for more
efficient ways to handle war, which is were biological warfare comes in. After this method was discovered, many armies looked to it as the savior of
war. Unfortunately, people are not aware of the many consequences that biological warfare holds.
Biological weaponry offers a couple of positives. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Biological warfare presents many problems compared to the positives. First off, biological weapons can potentially live in infected areas for long
periods of time. For example, one of the more common diseases used in biological warfare is Anthrax. Anthrax has the capability to transform into
spores which protects the bacteria for decades (Hoyle). This offers the chance of spreading the biological agent in the future to other people who were
unintended targets. Another example is the incapacitating agent known as the bomblet. When used, the bomblet leaves a remainder of five percent of
the agent behind (Eitzen). If the leftover agent is identified, the opponent can research and produce a medical treatment, rendering the agent useless.
Another major disadvantage relates to the U.S. The knowledge of the general population is that the U.S. holds no biological weapons (Eitzen). If this
is true, another country could easily attack us with biological agents and the U.S. army would not know how to approach such a devastating hit.
Although biological warfare is cost effective, this means enemies can get ahold of the agents easier and research more. I believe that if a group of
terrorists were to spend a decent amount of time studying the agent and manipulating it, the agent could become super

The Use Of Nanomedicine
The essence of pharmaceutical treatment is for the administered drug to be present at the site of action in a concentration that exceeds the minimum
effective concentration. This is not always the case most times because of some unchallengeable properties of the drug. As a matter of fact, there
have been several effective therapies made available for many disease conditions that have failed in their effectiveness because of their inability to
reach the site of action. The possible reasons for the poor bioavailability of these drugs at the required site of action include; their inability to permeate
biological membranes, poor solubility in water as well as the drugs been rapidly broken down through metabolism and cleared from the body... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nanocellulose are an excellent choice material because they are obtained from cellulose which is abundantly available in nature, renewable,
biodegradable, with low cost, low density, low ecological toxicity risk, low cytotoxicity to a range of animals and human cells and unique mechanical
properties. It is an evolving renewable polymeric nanomaterial that holds promise in diverse applications including food and pharmaceuticals. Interest
in the production and utilization of nanocellulose have in recent times attracted a lot of attention from both academic and industrial researchers
resulting from their mechanical strength, transparency and proven biocompatibility. This attention is mirrored in the flow of publications in scientific
literature in recent years. Exceptional discussions on the chemistry, preparation, and the general properties of nanocellulose are obtainable from
numerous literatures.The surface chemistry of nanocellulose materials makes them an interesting podium for ready and easy functionalization because
they are almost entirely made of hydroxyl groups. This tendency coupled with their biocompatibility is propelling their use within different
(bio)materials. Nanocellulose materials are in three categories depending on whether the cellulose is of bacterial origin or derived from the

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Bio Composites
Abstract–The Report contains basic details of Bio–Composites, its types and uses.
I.INTRODUCTION
Bio composite (bio from Greek 'alive') is a composite material formed by a matrix (resin) and a reinforcement of natural fibers. These kinds of
materials often mimic the structure of the living materials involved in the process keeping the strengthening properties of the matrix that was used, but
always providing biocompatibility. The matrix phase is formed by polymers derived from renewable and nonrenewable resources. The matrix is
important to protect the fibers from environmental degradation and mechanical damage, to hold the fibers together and to transfer the loads on it. The
commonly used fibers are from crops (cotton, flax or hemp), recycled wood, waste paper, crop processing byproducts or regenerated cellulose fiber
(viscose/rayon).
II.TYPES OF BIO–COMPOSITES AND THEIR USES
1.Hydroxyapatite (HA):
Properties: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These may be classified into two categories according to the types of reinforcement used: (i) particle or short fibers and (ii) continuous fibers. For
continuous fiber reinforced bio–composites, woven fabric preforms processed from natural fibers have been introduced as the reinforcements.
Fabrication of laminated composite with four layers of jute woven fabrics has been done. Prior to their impregnation in the resin matrix, the jute fabrics
were treated with alkali in the biaxial tensile stress state. A significant improvement of the mechanical stiffness was achieved in the composite with the
fibers treated with alkali under applied stress.
The two main drawbacks of presently developed bio–composites from its rival glass fiber composites are: poor moisture resistance and low impact
strength. Recent research results show that there is some large lays either in pre–treatment of the fibers, engineering of fibers or in improving the
chemistry while impregnating the fibers with the matrix

The Pros And Cons Of Stem Cells
INTRODUCTION
All organisms depend on stem cells for their survival. Accordingly, stem cells may be a requirement for the evolution of specific characteristics in
organisms that include regeneration, multicellularity and coloniality (Chakraborty and Agoramoorthy, 2012). Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that
are found in the body which have the ability to continuously divide, self–renew and differentiate into various kinds of cells. The production of an
engineered tissue in vitro requires the use of cells to populate matrices and produce matrix resembling that of the native tissue (Howard, 2008). With
the capability of self–renewal, pluripotency and differentiation, stem cells were believed to be useful in treating a wide variety of diseases ... Show more
Stem cell study focusses on stem cells, which got the capacity of regenerating. A stem cell is highly capable of emerging to other forms of cells like
liver, kidney and heart cells. These cells are circulating and functioning in order to substitute cells that are no longer functioning well. Stem cell
research carries with it sets of advantages and disadvantages that individuals need to be aware of.
Stem cell – Pros
Offers a lot of medical benefits in the therapeutic sectors of regenerative medicine and cloning.
Stem cell research paved way for effective treatment discoveries.
Helps researchers know more about the growth of human cells and their development.
In future, stem cell study can permit the scientists to test some of possible medicines and drugs without carrying out any test on animals and humans.
The stem cell therapy lets scientists study the developmental stages that cannot be known directly through the human embryo and can be used in the
treatment of a number of birth defects, infertility problems and also pregnancy loss.
Stem cells can reverse effects of aging and lengthening life.
Stem cell therapy sets into use the cells of the patient's own body organs and henceforth the risk of rejection can be reduced because the cells were
belong to the same human body.
Stem cell –

Essay On Corneal Ectasia
ECM proteins are known to play a significant role in the maintenance and preservation of tissue ultrastructure and biological function. This study
investigates the potential application of leveraging these roles of ECM for structural reinforcement of the cornea to tackle the clinically relevant
challenges of corneal ectasia. We evaluated the benefits of ECM via biomechanical, thermal, ultrastructural andgene expression characterization, by
treating enzyme digested corneas with ECM conditioned media. ECM treatment demonstrated an increase in Young's modulus on the KC corneas.
Moreover, it restored thermal stability, and regulated gene expression of corneal stromal cells. We have therefore conclusively established that
tissue–derived ECM ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the native cornea, the proteoglycans containing chondroitin sulfate chains plays an important role on regulating collagen size and inter–fibrillar
spacing [43]. In this ex vivo model, KC corneas have larger inter–fibrillar spacing and fibril diameter, which could be attributed to the degradation of
chondroitin sulfate chains via enzymatic action, thus weakening inter– and intra–fibrillar collagen binding. The loss of inter–fibrillar collagen binding
results in lower collagen fibrillar density. Meanwhile, the weakened intra–fibrillar collagen binding causes loosening of the tight packing in individual
collagen fibrils, thereby changing the collagen fibril diameter distribution. ECM treatment restored the fibril density and altered the fibril diameter
distribution. Treatment with different ECM groups (COR, CART, LN) resulted in different fibril sizes and density distributions. The differences
observed after treatment could potentially be attributed to the varying biological components in the tissues from which the ECMs were extracted.
While dissimilar in the ultrastructures produced, all ECM treatment groups restored mechanical properties of the cornea equally. Tensile strength is an
important parameter for evaluating crosslinking efficiency, to ensure that the corneal stroma can resist deformation due to intraocular pressure. The
enzyme activity decreased the tensile strength of KC corneas due to the degradation of proteoglycans,

Case Study Of Naorobot
Design of NANOROBOT in Human Body
By, G. Gokul, Mechanical Engineering, 3rd Year, Sri Sai Ram Institute Of Technology, Sai Leo Nagar, West Tambaram, Chennai
–44
ABSTRACT
Imagine there's no need to go to the doctor, not even to the pharmaceutical shop. No more health problems now, not even an opportunistic cold. This
dream will soon come true because of a wizard by the new technology called nanotechnology & the miracle is NANOROBOT.
This paper depicts on case study of NANOROBOTS IN HUMAN BODY which comes from NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY, the science which deals with
production of 'new' materials and devices from precise placement used in biology.
The Nanorobots hold promise for a strong ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many scientists are in opposition to the use and prosperity of Nanorobots. They think that Nanorobots in future will surpass humans. Dystopian vision
"a wretched, hard–scrabble existence under cruel oppression" is also supported by some people. This technology will lead to "an accumulation of
great power and, concomitantly, great danger", with the knowledge behind the technologies available for abuse, specifically by "individuals or small
groups". Nanorobot will become intelligent, demolish every thing in their way, and we can't control them. So and so, there are some people to place
this opinion. Since many objections to the feasibility of nanotechnology have still been

Objectages And Disadvantages And Disadvantages Of...
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Biomaterials2
Advent2
Uses:4
Disposal:5
Their economics:6
Biological materials8
Advent8
Uses:9
Disposal:10
Their economics:10
Nanomaterials12
Advent12
Uses:13
Disposal:14
Their economics:15
References:17
BIOMATERIALS
ADVENT
One of the earliest uses of non–biological materials within the body was the wooden toe prosthetic in 1065–740BC in early Egypt. However, research
within the field and therefore the 1st generation of biomaterials was recognized a lot of conspicuously in 1960 to 1970. Throughout this time period
biomaterial research encompassed all materials designed to be used within the body. These materials... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Growth enhancing materials are added to cell media to promote cell line growth.

Disadvantages:
Inhibit biomedical analysis by limiting access to materials and strategies that are key to developing new treatments. Patents may also impede analysis if
they produce a cumbersome or costly "tollbooth" through that researchers should pass.
Provide no incentive for biomedical analysis if there's no profitable market for ultimate treatments, as is the case with some rare diseases or diseases
affecting individuals within the developing world.
Drive up the price of health care if patent holders charge excessive costs for proprietary diagnostic tests and treatments. (Josephine Johnston and Angela
Wasunna,2007)
USES:
The use of biological materials is generally safer for human patients by reducing the chance of infection and rejection. Biological materials can be found
in many industries including education, research, medicine, dentistry, engineering, and paper and textile development. Examples of biological material
application are given below.
Uses:
Dental implantsGrafting and scaffolding

Air Toxins, Landfills, And The Solution
Air Toxins, Landfills, and the Solution– Plasmafication
Introduction
Landfill growth is inevitable. As landfills grow, they release toxic chemicals in the air and harmful pollutants into groundwater. These hazardous
chemicals make our tap water undrinkable and our air unbreathable. Residents who live near landfills are most likely to encounter health problems. A
few of these problems include: lung and respiratory problems, heart disease, nervous system damage, and cancerous illness. Residents who live
nowhere near a landfill may think they are safe, when the risk may be just as high. The truth is, no matter if you live across the road from a landfill,
or if you live 100 miles away, everyone is at risk. To better understand how people hundreds of miles away are at risk, it's important to know how
landfills came about, what kinds of toxins landfills produce and how they travel, and what can be done.
Airborne Toxins
There are over 10 harmful toxins that leave landfills and become airborne. 90% of airborne toxins come from methane gas and carbon dioxide. These
are considered "small" toxins. The remaining 10% includes: hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfides, and ammonia. These too are considered "small" toxins.
Larger toxins, better known as "particles," include: smoke, dust, mold, spores and pollen. These larger particles are approximately 2.5 to 10
micrometers in size (25 – 100x smaller than a human hair). The smaller toxins are 2.5 micrometers or less in size (more than 100x

Ceramics in the Medical Field
Ceramics have been used for thousands of years and have been used in a multitude of different application. In the past 70 years ceramics have started
to be used in the medical field1. Ceramics can be categorized by its bio–safety and bioactivity. Bio–safe materials are non–toxic and non–inflammatory
as to avoid rejection from the body. Where the bioactivity is how it reacts to biological material and processes. Typically ceramics have been used in
surgical replacements such as bones and teeth. These ceramics must be designed and optimized in order to perform in the body's aggressive internal
environment. Newer ceramics are being researched in order to improve structure, functionality, and life expectancy. Some ceramics likecalcium
phosphate ceramics increase the bioactivity by stimulating bone growth2. Some are designed to incorporate drugs that can be release by external
stimuli or by time releasing mechanisms. These bioceramic drug delivery systems are being researched, as well as nano scale ceramics. Current
research is not only looking at new and improved bioceramics but is also looking into using ceramics for use in cancer treatments. The use of ceramics
in hyperthermia therapy is one of the methods currently being looking into3. The ceramic that is used in have magnetic materials incorporated into the
ceramic this allows for external magnetic forces to heat up the ceramic which cause an increase of heat at the site of implantation. This can causes

The Pros And Cons Of Heart Transplants
The Problem that we have nowadays is that 29.1 million people have diabetes and 2.1 billion people are obese these statistics all show that the
heart will have no blood sent to the organs or extremities, your body will have no way of transporting oxygen, blood clots will occur and in a short
period of time you will die. Being over weight makes you prone to get heart problems taking into account such variables as age, physical activity,
sex and smoking habits, the researchers found that people that are moderately overweight have a 32% higher risk of heart disease compared to
people who have a good health and good a diet. For an obese person, they have, the risk is 81% higher. The problem is significant because Every day,
2,200 people die from... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Families that need a heart transplant will be very happy if the transplant works. The negative of the heart is usually it beats about 50 to 70 times each
minute, and the heart rate may increase 2– to 3–fold during stress or exercise. The economical disadvantages for the person receiving the treatment
Estimates of the cost of the artificial heart include charges for the surgical procedure, device and console, and continuing medical surveillance.
These estimates range from a low of $100,000 to a high of $300,000 per patient in the initial year. The stress and lack of exercise will restrict the
patients from doing regular exercise because the new heart wouldn't be able to pump fast enough so it could lower the patients moral. Economical
influences consist of the amount of money that is available to the patient so people living in second and third world countries wouldn't be able to
afford the heart. The positive affect for the moral of the patient would be the patient receiving the transplant would be alive and their moral will be
high. This will factor the limit of how much sport and everyday activities like going in the pool and climbing because the heart stays the same beat
the whole time and wouldn't be able to get wet a lot. Even though you wont be doing a lot of things you would normally do you can still do activities
but with a lower intensity. If you do normal day activities and high intensity running the mechanical or biological heart will cause the heart that you
have to have a even more limited life span or even causing the artificial heart to stop functioning. If your artificial heart stops working that will cause
you to be rushed to hospital or if you cannot get to hospital quick enough you will have no blood pumping though your

Hydrilla Florida Waterways Case Study
VIII. Interdisciplinary Understanding/Solution
In studying the problem of hydrilla Florida waterways, it was apparent that management of this invasive species must take an interdisciplinary
approach. The economic indicators with the possibility of lost revenue, water usage, and habitat biodiversity drive the need for control. According to
Corn, at the federal level there is a need for comprehensive legislature to address invasive species. The current process in reporting an invasive species
problem can run into time constraints working through the many agencies to achieve funding. A rapid response is desired to quickly remove theplant
before it spreads beyond the ability to control. It is believed that hydrilla is so wide spread today that control can only be achieved through managing
feasible levels of it within the limits of funding. Two new integrating approaches are proposed to aid in the goal of reaching sustainable ... Show more
The new plan proposed would begin with establishing the sources of nutrient loads and making sure they all have plans for complying with
mandated maximum loads. Economic impact analysis will drive the location of the endangered body of water and begin the process to apply for
validation and funding options from the ISCHO. In Florida, agencies responsible for invasive species response are the Florida Department of
Environmental Protection (FDEP) and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Commission(FWC). These agencies will get notification from the federal level if
a management plan is recommended to go forward. This will also open up options for funding. At the state level, funding from the November 4th
passing of Amendment 1 will greatly enhance the ability to begin hydrilla management programs (Houser 2014). Governor Scott has budgeted millions
for nutrient limits and restoration plans, more will be available for all programs due to Amendment 1 tax

Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitates ( Micp )
ABSTRACT
Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitates (MICP) is a new and sustainable technology used to improve the properties of construction materials. This
technique works by introducing bacteria solution (e.g., Sporosarcina pasteurii, B. megaterium, Spoloactobacilus, Clostridium and Desulfotomaculum )
into the soil matrix , and then injection of a chemical solution consisting of urea and one of calcium salts (e.g., calcium chloride and calcium acetate )
into the soil matrix several times.
A number of factors must be considered to enable the use and control of the MICP process in field applications, including the concentrations of bacteria
solution, the concentrations of the chemical solutions, in addition to methods to introduce the bacteria and these chemical solutions to the soil.
The main aim of this research is to provide an overview of the various factors affecting the MICP within the soil, where the research studied the effect
of bacteria, soil particle size, nutrients, chemical solutions, pH, temperature and injection strategies on the efficiency of MICP as a method to improve
the chemical and mechanical properties of the soil.
Keywords: MICP, Bacteria, Nutrients, Chemical Solutions, PH, Temperature, Injection Strategies, Soil Particle Size
1.INTRODUCTION
In the last two decades, new and sustainable technology appeared to improve the mechanical and physical properties of construction materials, this
technique is called Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitates

The Importance Of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Samaj vassar
"Manufacturing is more than just putting parts together. It's coming up with ideas, testing principles and perfecting the engineering, as well as final
assembly" (Dyson). You may find yourself asking, "What is engineering?" It is defined as "the application ofscience and mathematics by which the
properties of matter and the sources of energy in nature are made useful to people" (Merriam Webster). However, there has always been one specific
aspect that interests me, and that is mechanical engineering and its impact on the world. Oddly enough, when you ask what mechanical engineering is
you'll get hundreds of different answers. Although, there is a pretty unanimous misconception about this subfield; ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(Environmental Control Engineer Career Information). In latent terms, environmental control engineers help control air pollution, water reclamation
land preservation while managing material that is hazardous to the environment. Without these engineers dedicating their lives to this field we may
have never made advancements such as the Cyclone. In the book Air Pollution Controlling Engineering, the author Lawrence K. Wang described
cyclones as "...one of the most utilized drives for solid gas separation. It works by forcing gaseous suspensions to flow spirally within a confined
space so that the particles are expelled toward the wall of the vessel by centrifugal; force... cyclones have a wide range of industrial applications
either in product recovery or gas cleaning" (Wang, 98). By doing so, cyclones help to remove particulate matter which is is a complex mixture of
extremely small particles and liquid droplets that get into the air. If inhaled, these particles can affect the heart and lungs and cause serious health
effects from the air. They are able to remove 50–99% of all particle pattern from the gas that is in

Biological Psychology
Melissa Thompson
University of Phoenix
Biological Psychology When most hear the words biological/psychology, many tend to have trouble rapping their mind around it. Psychology is the
study of behavior, so how does biology fit into this equation? Well we have to assume that ourbrain has influence or somehow effects are behavior. In
order to prove or disprove this theory, we have to research the biology and psychology of both the brain and our behavior. So how do we do this, well
first we have to understand the brain and how it functions, as humans we have roughly 100 billion nerve cells in the brain. This is an overwhelming
amount to keep track of at one time but ever so important to researchers. Nerve ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The same with alcohol and drug addiction is it biological or an implication of a weak character? These are just a few of the question's psychological
biology theories hope to answer one day through reasearch. It is important to understand how the behavior and brain are connected. There are many
alcoholics and homosexuals who would be eternally grateful to know for a fact that there disease is biologically based and it is not something they
them selves have done wrong. So where do we go in the way of biopsychology? In each disorder the tramition of the neurons is disrupted, meaning that
if researchers can narrow down where the disruption occurs, and when the effects of the mood beings
References:
Descartes, Rene, (1986) Descartes psychology by J. Cottingham, Cambridge: Cambridge Cottingham J. (1986) University Presshttp:/
/fatimahye.muslimpad.com/2010/03/05/descartes–mindbody–dualism/
Cochran R. Barbra (2003–2010) what is Biological Psychology, http://www.wisegeek.com/what–is–biological–psychology.htm
. (2010). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved March 23, 2010, from Encyclopedia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic
/458833/biological–psychology
Hernandez Carrie Ann (2002–2010) what is Biological Psychology? http://www.helium.com/items
/1415090–psychology–what–is–biological–psychology
Breedlove S. Marc,

Essay on Botulinum Toxin and Botx Injections for Cosmetic...
It is widely known that a multitude of people use Botox injections for cosmetic purposes without any significant adverse side effects. However, not
many Botox patients are aware that what they are injecting into their bodies, botulinum toxin, is one of the most lethal substances known to mankind.
This neurotoxin poses a major threat to be used in a bioterrorism attack, killing thousands of people. If it is truly as toxic as scientists claim, then how
can botulinum toxin possibly be used in facial injections? This is a very controversial substance that possesses an intriguing mixture of paradoxical
uses. Uncovering the puzzle pieces of botulinum toxin's chemical composition and history, as well as the positive and negative effects it... Show more
botulinum causes the botulism disease, which kills through muscle paralysis. The article additionally specifies that the muscles used in breathing
become dysfunctional from the prevention of the release of acetylcholine; thus, people infected by C. botulinum most often die from oxygen
deprivation. Pursuing this further, Deborah Josko, a clinical laboratory scientist, clarifies that these bacteria result in three categories of
botulism–foodborne, wound, and infant botulism. Moreover, Josko articulates that unless proper care is initially administered, the deterioration of the
respiratory system can potentially lead to death. When ingested, botulinum toxin works its' way through the body and causes many difficulties. The
Johns Hopkins working group on civilian biodefense has stated that this neurotoxin functions by affecting the central nervous system. When someone
has contracted the botulism disease, it is necessary for them to use mechanical ventilation in order to breathe often for prolonged periods of time.
Additionally, an article from the eLibrary Science database clarifies, "[Botulinum toxin] resists the acid and enzymes of the stomach by creating
complexes with other bacterial proteins... The toxin is bound and internalized into the presynaptic nerve endings, preventing release of the
neurotransmitter acetylcholine" (Hawley). This article by H. Bradford Hawley warns that the binding

The Complexity Of Sociological Concept Of Health And Illness
The complexity of sociological concept of health and illness is not easy to define and measure. As was summarised by Nettleton (2013) and
according to Blaxter (2010) the definition of health can be both negative and positive. On the one hand there is a medical model of health, which
tends to be negative and it is based on body's ability to function and body's chemistry. This biomedical perspective describeshealth as the absence of
disease in measurable biological norm. On the other hand a positive definition, which is linked to well–being of individual, stated that "health is a
complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity", was established by World Health Organisation
(WHO) in 1948. Being ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore care and treatment should be only delivered by trained medical specialist and health professionals. Alternative and complementary medicine
cannot challenge the dominance of biomedicine. As was summarised by Barry (2011) study of Illich (1993) stated that there are also harmful
consequences of medical intervention. These implications of the power of medicine are referred to the term of Iatrogenesis, which implicates that
without the medical intervention no harm would be done. Medical errors, negligence and adverse effect of drugs can affect patients' health.
Furthermore in some cases health professionals sometimes neglect patients' right to inform about their health, which can play a major role in their
process of recovery from illness. Illich (1993) also uses a term of medicalization of life where medical professionals, pharmaceutical companies
promote sickness of society for their interest to gain power over society (ibid). Nettleton (2013) described medical model in the way that it is only
aiming to restore body from disease to the normal state of being, free form any form or symptoms of disease. This matter is rather personal for
individuals, what is 'normal' and what is not tends to be subjective. Furthermore according to Walsh (2004) the biomedical model has been criticised
and challenges since 1960 for only focusing on biological causes of illness. The critique is based on fact that this model is neglecting the impact of
environmental, sociological and psychological aspects on health and illness. Famous study by McKeown (1979) provides another criticism of medical
science by questioning their validity. McKeown thesis stated that growth of population in Western societies was mainly due to economic conditions,
better nutrition and improvements of personal hygiene rather than improvements of

Approaches For Clinical Care For Patients With...
OBJECTIVE: To explore the approaches for clinical pharmacsists in clinical treatment and provide pharmaceutical care for patients with
pharmacotherapy and adverse drug reactionsz. METHODS: The clinical pharmacsists participated in glycemic management of a patient with type 2
diabetes mellitus (T2DM) following severe insulin resistance, presented with coma, mechanical ventilation with tracheotomy, enteral nutrition support.
RESULTS: Considering the complexity of these issues, the clinical pharmacists make medication therapy modifications to assist physicians in
achieving blood glucose and HbA1c goals and reduce adverse drug events. CONCLUSIONS: The participation of clinical pharmacsists can help clinical
pharmacists in pharmacotherapy help ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is the first case report on blood glucose management with these conditions in worldwide. Clinical pharmacists assisted physicians in making
individualized regimen to improve the therapeutic efп¬Ѓcacy and ensure the patient safety.
Case report
An 89–year–old Chinese woman (body mass index 29.3kg/m2) with a 4–year history of T2DM was diagnosed by Tianjin first center hospital in 2010.
In 2013 due to cerebral infarction with coma and respiratory failure, this patient was in ICU treatment. Until now, the patient is still in coma,
mechanical ventilation with tracheotomy, with nasointestinal tube feeding.
The patient was in coma, unable to eat normally. The good glycaemic control with continued intravenous human insulin (Novolin RВ®пјЊNovo
Nordisk, Denmark) 2U/h therapy was injected to the patient, considering the creatinine clearance rate (Ccr 40ml/min), combined with pioglitazone
(ActosВ®, Takeda, Japan)22.5mg daily via nasointestinal tube for improving insulin resistance. Due to hyperglycemia and HbA1c 8.8%, the patient
was added subcutaneous liraglutide (VictozaВ®, Novo Nordisk, Denmark)1.2mg daily and a long–acting insulin analogues–glargine (LantusВ®,
Sanofi–Aventis, France)40U daily; After these treatments, glycaemic control remained poor. So therapy was changed from insulin glargine to detemir
(LevemirВ®, Novo Nordisk, Denmark) 16U twice daily, then gradually increased to

Biological And Psychological Aspect Of Schizophrenia Essay
Biological and Psychological Aspect of Schizophrenia
Antone Graham
National University
Professor Matthew Sanders
October 20, 2016
Abstract
This paper defines schizophrenia from a biological and psychological perspective and also provides treatment to help combat symptoms of
schizophrenia. This paper has three important contributions. First, by defining and expanding on schizophrenia from a biological perspective, I can
identify the nature related predispositions. After expanding from a biological approach, secondly, I will analyze schizophrenia from a psychological
aspect by determining if there is any environment or nurturing externals that can result to schizophrenia. Lastly, I will provide treatment details and also
reveal early signs to schizophrenia. This paper is important because schizophrenia is an epic mental disease and it is crucially important to bring
awareness to the public of how we can limit the illness. It is unclear whether schizophrenia have only a biological background or psychological
background, but what was discovered is that both contribute to schizophrenia. Positive and negative treatment can be combatted undergoing
pharmaceutical and psychotherapy,
Basis
The scientific interpretation of schizophrenia was one that supported a physical basis which was attributed to an imbalance in the cognition of humans.
The goal of natural science aimed in finding rational, scientific causes, that would lead to biological

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Recycling Plastic
Introduction
Plastic in its various forms is the most useful but cheap invention that mankind has ever made . Having widespread applications from industries to
minute household stuff, its utility cannot be expressed in a few sentences.
But, at the same time, plastics possess a property which makes nature quite vulnerable to their misuse. This property namely is
NON–BIODEGRADABILITY. By closely observing the structure ofplastic, we come to know that plastic is made of extremely strong carbon–carbon
bonds, which cannot be easily broken down into small units by any natural processes. This property of non–biodegradability poses a serious threat to
the environment.
So what is the solution to this problem? This problem has a simple, yet effective ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* It has a better Particle compression ratio of 3/1 to 5/1.[6]
* Most importantly, this works on the principle of continuous compressions, wherein plastics are not physically damaged due to plastic's less
deformable nature. This can be explained with the data [6] that fracture point in the stress strain graph for plastic material such as Polypropylene
may be as high as 80 Mpa, whereas that of organic material such as wood is 40 Mpa. Other organic things are easier to break. So, if we apply a stress
between these two critical pressures we can break the organic matter keeping the plastic intact. The exact value should be optimised experimentally.
(a) (b)
Fig.(a ) Animation and (b) Details of Jaw Crusher[2]
Only organic wastes entering the jaw crusher are crushed into finer particles. Plastics remain intact. This will help in better biodegradation of the
organic wastes as it will increase the surface area of the particles so that microbes can attack the organic wastes easily.
Biodegradation of organic wastes
Different microorganisms transform the organic compounds into simpler compounds ultimately releasing CO2, CH4, water as the main products,
reducing the volume and weight of the organic wastes and increasing proportion of plastic in waste, making the separation of plastic

Categories of Human Environmental Hazards
Background There are various categories of human environmental hazards: chemical, biological, physical and psychosocial/cultural. Each, in its own
way, contributes to an overall situations or threats that affect both the environment and human life. Sometimes a fifth category is included, mechanical,
which include energy plants, factories, etc.
Chemical Hazards Chemicals are both naturally occurring and man–made. From the environment, exposure to chemical agents in our air, water, food
and soil, have shown to be hazardous to human health causing cancer and lung disease, metabolic issues, brain damage, and even birth defects.
Essentially, these chemicals act as toxins and poisoning, also playing a role in infectious diseases and causing the body's immune system to break
down. The World Health Organization, for instance, believes that billions of people are exposed to chemical hazards on a regular basis (solvents,
acids, pesticides, etc.), but at different levels and differing levels of toxicity and over differing periods of time. The exposure rate, especially from
heavy metals and agricultural waste and products, seem to be the most serious over time, but even such products as led and arsenic can cause cancers
that are serious and attributable to environmental standards (World Research Institute, 2000).
Biological Hazards A biological hazard might be a microorganism, virus, or toxin from a biological source that can negatively impact human health.
The U.S. Centers for

The Effect Of Scaffolds On Bone Tissue Engineering
Development of scaffolds plays a vital role in bone tissue engineering in order to repair, regenerate tissues by mimicking of natural bone extracellular
matrixes. Considering that bone is a composite of minerals and proteins, it is preferred to develop a composite that mimics natural bone. The ideal
nanocomposite materials should have biocompatibility, suitable mechanical and antimicrobial properties, nontoxicity and surface functionality to favor
cell proliferation.1,2
Many organic–inorganic materials have been developed to mimic natural bone which is composed of inorganic hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2)
and organic collagen fibrils. Among these, chitosan (CTS) and hydroxyapatite (HAP) has been selected extensively due to their excellent
biocompatibility with human body.3 CTS is a natural bidegradable polysaccharide, served as the best bioactive biomaterials in bone grafting and
well–known for their excellent biocompatibility with the human body environment. CTS composed of glucosamine and N–acetylglucosamine units,
linked in ОІ (1–4) manner, obtained from chitin by partial or complete deacetylation. It is flexible in nature and has a resistance upon heating. CTS is
excellent biomaterial due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, non–toxicity and non–immunogenicity.4,5 HAP has attracted much attention as a
biomaterial because its chemical composition is identical to that of human bone. HAP is a highly biocompatible, biostable and bio–adoptable natural
ceramic with

Essay On Scaffolds
Currently, there is a global increase in cases of bone disorders and conditions, which is expected to increase as twice as much by 2020 particularly in
countries where obesity and poor physical activity are associated with aging[1]. Although reconstructive orthopaedic surgery can be used to treat bone
defects and injuries caused by trauma, additional treatments are required for severe breaks or pathological conditions as well as critical bone defects due
to malformation, cancer or osteoporosis in order to effectively stimulate healing and regeneration. While traditional autologous and allogeneic bone
grafting is ineffective for treating large injuries because of lack of graft vascularization, low cell viability in the host, and other ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Poly (Оµ–caprolactone) is an aliphatic polyester that is commonly used for biomedical applications as well as for tissue engineering and drug
delivery. The physical and biological properties of PCL makes it a useful biomedical material[7].
Because PCL contains five CH2 Moieties in its repeating units, it doesn't degrade quickly which makes it suitable for commercial sutures or delivery
devices as well as for applications requiring a long term load[8]. In addition, due to the fact that the aliphatic ester linkage of PCL is susceptible to
hydrolysis, it is likely to undergo hydrolytic degradation [4, 5, 9].
Poly(lactic–co–glycolic acid) (PLGA) is a good material for preparing scaffolds because its material properties can be modified to be more extensive by
adjusting the molecular range as well as the lactic acid (LA)/glycolic acid (GA) ratios, unlike the poor characteristics exhibited by pure polylactic
acid and polyglycolic acid. PLGA has been extensively used in bone tissue engineering in various ways (7–10). It is widely believed that the
mechanical properties of bone tissue can be supported by PLGA scaffolds which take about 4 to 8 weeks to construct [10–12].
The orange/yellow pigment that is responsible

Bio Prosthetic Heart Failure
Bio prosthetic heart valves are made from biological tissues preferably that from animals like cows and pigs called bovine valves or porcine
pericardium respectively. These biological tissues are sutured to plastic or metal frames to be held in position. Though, comparatively bio prosthetic
valves lack structural integrity and last a shorter time, these valves are used in patients who shouldn't receive a mechanical heart valve, like the geriatric
patients with advanced CHF (congestive heart failure) . Bio prosthetic valves do not require any use of long term anticoagulants like in mechanical
heart valves and have lesser thrombogenicity problems reducing the risk of hemorrhage.[44][45] Due to their functional similarities with the natural
valve ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It had trileaflet equine (horse) pericardial leaflets while the current versions of Edwards SAPIEN XT houses bovine pericardium leaflets. The idea
of catheter valve treatment was laid out long ago in 1965 until in 1986 Professor Alain Cribier's first balloon aortic valvuloplasty for severe aortic
stenosis treatment. Later in 2002 the first implantation of the TAVI has been successful implanted in a 57 year old patient who couldn't be
operated in a traditional methods of heart valve replacements [1].TAVI is a minimal invasive procedure to deliver tissue heart valves using image
guidance procedures like angiography, without the need of open heart surgery. TAVI helps patients who are weak to perform an open heart surgery
on and often on elderly patients [9]. These valves have three main components (i) A Tissue valve, (ii) Support Stent (iii) Delivery System [10]. The
delivery system provides mobility for the valve inside heart for accessing its position to navigate the cardiac chambers to reach its deployment
position. The tissue valve usually a bovine pericardial valve is flexible and is introduced through a (< 24Fr) sheath for target location deployment.
The size of the valve ranges from 18 to 29mm annulus diameter. Medtronic Core Valve system bio prosthetic valves support these annuli diameter
ranges with their valve sizes of 23, 26, 29 mm

Sewage Treatment Of Wastewater Treatment
Wastewater Treatment
Dr.Marion D Schafer
Mahdi Almuhri
11/16/16
Wastewater Treatment
Introduction
The increase in the number of individuals in the planet has established a boom in technology, and industry, which advances the problems in the
economy, and contributes to the degradation of the environment. Evidently, the treatment and collection of thewastewater in urban areas poses a
critical problem especially in developing countries. Wastewater is a practice that has been taken on especially in urban areas where the domestic
effluent pollutes surface water bodies creating health problems for the public. In another word, any water that has been affected by anthropogenic
influence. And Wastewater can produce a group of activity that consists of domestic activity, industrial activity, commercial activity, surface runoff or
storm water, and from sewer inflow or infiltration. Wastewater is the most important thing that can help people moving comfortably for example
when it is raining. Especially, when vehicles move around the city this Wastewater can reduce the hazards of sliding vehicles at road. Also,
wastewater can avoid wastefulness of water and can help the agriculture environment by irrigation. On the top of that, the wastewater will help grow
the lands when planet growing that will reflect to the air and will get pure air. And all people can get purified water from waste water by

Acquire Basic Understanding About Wastewater Treatment...
Task 1. Acquire basic understanding about wastewater treatment systems. Dr. Choudhury pointed me into the right direction. I conducted my own
literature review. Most of the research I studied fell into one of the following categories: Different groundwater supply systems such as dug wells,
driven wells, bored wells, and drilled wells. There are two different types of pumps. Dynamic pump and the positive displacement. Each of these major
pumps has little pumps. The positive displacement pump has the rotary and reciprocating pump. The dynamic pump has the centrifugal and het pump.
The water quality of the water used for consumption must be potable and must meet the minimum standards of qualities. The different aspects of water
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Waste sludge drawn from these operations is thickened and processed for ultimate disposal, usually either land application or landfilling. Preliminary
treatment processes include coarse screening, medium screening, shredding of solids, flow measuring, pumping, grit removal, and pre–aeration.
Chlorination of raw wastewater sometimes is used for odor control and to improve settling characteristics of the solids. Primary treatment involves
sedimentation, and is the process by which about 30 to 50 percent of the suspended solid materials in raw wastewater are removed. Sedimentation must
precede all biological filtration operations. The organic matter that remains after primary treatment is extracted by biological secondary treatment
process to meet effluent standards. Secondary treatment commonly is carried out using activated–sludge processes, trickling filters, or rotating
biological contactors. Tertiary wastewater treatment is additional treatment that follows primary and secondary treatment processes. It is employed
when primary and secondary treatment cannot accomplish all that is required. For example, phosphorus removal may be needed for wastewaters that
are discharged to receiving waters that are likely to become eutrophic, or enriched with nutrients.

Abnormal Psychology-Unipolar and Bipolar Depression Essay
Abnormal Psychology| Unipolar and Bipolar Depression | Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment| Shawn M Best 10/16/2011 | Identifying the causes of
unipolar and bipolar depression can be a complicated task because there are no known exact causes, just theories. These theories include chemical and
hormonal imbalances within the brain, a misfiring of ion activity, and inherited genetics or biological abnormalities (Comer, 2005). Individuals who
suffer with unipolar depression, which is the ordinary template of mood disorders, experience only the depression side of the disorder. Women are
twice as probable to encounter unipolar depression then men. Depression symptoms stretch across five features of human functioning such as... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Behaviorally, individuals experience diminished productivity, activity, move and speak slower, and would rather be in bed and alone for long
periods (Kraines & Thatford, 1972, p. 21, cited by Comer, 2005). In accordance with biological views, minimal operation of neurotransmitters
called serotonin and norepinephrine, are agents of depression. Hormonal elements may also be involved, and the biological issues mentioned could be
combined with genetic factors. Efficacious biological management for unipolar depression are electroconvulsive therapy (ECI) and antidepressant
drugs such as MAO inhibitors, tricyclics, and second generation antidepressants (Comer, 2005). The psychodynamic aspect holds the belief that
particular individual's who experience authentic or conceived losses could backslide to earlier phases of development, melding with the individual he
or she lost, and finally becoming dejected. Psychodynamic therapists assist individuals with unipolar depression by helping him or her identify, and
clarify, his or her losses, and stratospheric reliance on other people (Comer, 2005). The behavioral aspect explains that when individuals endure a
diminished amount of positive rewards throughout life, he or she may become depressed. Behavioral therapists teach patients to reestablishes activities
that he or she once found pleasing and gratifying, effective social skills, and to reward

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