pollination by honey bee

1. BEES POLLINATOR IN
INCREASING CROP
PRODUCTION
BTC CARS SARKANDA BILASPUR(C.G)
Speaker- Dhanendra Dhanuka
Dept –Genetics and Plant
Beeding

2. What is pollination
 POLLINATION- Pollination is the process by which pollen
grain; containing the male gametes transfer from anther to
stigma, of the same or another plant of the same species. This
process results in fertilization and sexual reproduction of the
plant to produce seeds.
 TYPES OF POLLINATION- there are two type of
pollination
1. Abiotic pollination
2. Biotic pollination
pollination

3.  Abiotic pollination- Abiotic pollination refers to situations
where pollination is mediated without the involvement of
other organisms.98% of the abiotic pollination is done by the
wind and 2% by the water.
 Biotic pollination- The process of pollination requires
pollinators or organisms that carry or move the pollen grains
from the anther to the stigma. This is biotic pollination. 80%
of the biotic pollination is done by the honey bees, and 20%
is another organism.
pollination

4. What is pollinators
 Pollinators are the biotic agents (pollen vector) that transfer pollen
containing the male gamete of a plant, from the anthers to the
stigma. Thapa, 2006
pollinators

5. Some important pollinators
Bees
Bees are the main insect pollinators of crops
worldwide. the most recognized pollinators are the
various species of bees which are plainly adapted to
pollination.

6. Honey bees
Honey Bee are the most effective insect pollinators.
Honey bee travel from flower to flower, collecting nectar
(later converted to honey), and pollen grains. The bee
collects the pollen by rubbing against the anthers. The
pollen collects on the hind legs, in a structure referred to as
a “pollen basket". As the bee flying from flower to flower,
some of the pollen grains are transferred into the stigma of
other flowers.
pollinators

7. Five important species of honey bees
1.The rock bee, Apis dorsata (Apidae).
2.The Indian hive bee, Apis cerana indica
(Apidae).
3.The little bee, Apis florea (Apidae).
4.The European or Italian bee, Apis
mellifera (Apidae).
5.Dammer bee or stingless bee, Melipona
iridipennis (Meliporidae).
Apis florea
Dammer bee

8. Other insects
Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) also pollinate to a small
degree. They are not major pollinators of our food crops, but
various moths are important for some wildflowers, or other
commercial crops such as tobacco.
Many other insects accomplish pollination. Wasps (esp.
Sphecidae and Vespidae), bombycid flies and syrphid flies
are important pollinators of some plants. Beetles and even
thrips or ants can sometimes pollinate flowers.
pollinators

9. Importance of Pollinators
About more than 2,00,000 species of the world’s flowering plants
rely on insect for reproduction. Pollinators are vital to agriculture
because most fruit, vegetable, seed crops and other crops that
provide fuel, fiber and drugs, are pollinated by animals.
(https://plants.usda.gov/pollinators/Native_Pollinators.pdf)

10. Effect of bee pollination on crop
-It increases yield in terms of seed yield and fruit
yield in many crops.
-It improves quality of fruits and seeds.
-Bee pollination increases oil content of seeds in
sunflower.
-Bee pollination is a must in some self
incompatible crops for seed set.

11. Enhancement of Crop Production Through
Bee Pollination
Bees are the important components of agro-ecosystem as
they provide free ecosystem services in the form of
pollination, which not only enhance the productivity of
agricultural crops but also help in conservation of
biological diversity through propagation of wild flora
besides, providing honey and other hive products.
Beekeeping as non land based income and employment
generating activity is fast becoming a prime component of
present day strategies for rural development.

12. Some important crops pollinated by bees.
Fruits & veg. Nuts Herbs &
spices
Oil crops
Apple
Grape
Kiwi
Lemon
Litchi, Mango,
Orange
Peach
Strawberry
Watermelon
Cabbage
Cauliflower
Cucumber
Eggplant
Garlic ,Carrots
Onion, Radish
Pumpkin
Pears
Almond
Coconut
Cacao
Coffee
Cashew
Chestnut
Coriander
Dill
Fennel
Lavender
Mustard
Cotton
Palm seed
Sunflower
Source: University Of Arkansas • Division Of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Service USA

13. Honey Bees as a dominant pollinators
Honey bees are the most efficient pollinators of several
Agricultural, Horticultural, Silvicultural, Fodder and wild
plants because of their following characteristics:
 Body parts are specially modified to pick up many pollen
grains.
 Potential for long hours.

14. Management of Bee Hives For
Pollination
Honey bee colonies used for pollination require a
certain minimum management besides protecting them
from diseases and natural enemies. Which are follows
a) Strength of colony:
b) Number of colonies required:
c) Time and placement of colonies
d)Protecting the bees from pesticide poisoning:
e) Distribution of colonies in the field:

15. The absence of pollinators can reduce production of certain
crops
Reduce by
10-40%
Reduced by 40-90 % Reduced by up to
90%
Kiwifruit
Watermelon
vanilla
Coffee
Cashew nut
Cardamom
Mango
Apple
Fig
Strawberries
Sesame seed
Eggplant
Coconut
Source: Klein, A.-M. et al. 2015. Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops.
Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 274, 303–313

16. Causes of pollinator decline
Habitat loss,
Pesticides:
Parasites : Varroa jacobsoni, Acarapsis woodi
Radiation:
Light pollution:
Air pollution:

17. Conclusion
The most important thing that bees do is pollinate. Pollination is
needed for plants to reproduce, and so many plants depend on
bees or other insects as pollinators. Insect pollination enhanced
average crop yield.

18. Reference-
1. Bartomeus & Winfree (2013)
Bartomeus I, Winfree R. Pollinator
declines: reconciling scales and
implications for ecosystem services.
F1000Research. 2013;146:2–4. doi:
10.12688/f1000research.2-146.v1
2. Björkman (1995) Björkman T. Role of
honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in
the pollination of buckwheat in Eastern
North America. Journal of Economic
Entomology. 1995;88(6):1739–1745
3.http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/farm_enterpr
ises/fe_api_beefloraapollin.html
4.https://plants.usda.gov/pollinators/Na
tive_Pollinators.pdf