Classification of Materials

1. COURSE NAME: MATERIAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
COURSE CODE : ME 2101
LECTURE SERIES NO : 02 (TWO)
CREDITS : 3
MODE OF DELIVERY : ONLINE (POWER POINT PRESENTATION)
FACULTY : DR. DHANESHWAR MISHRA
EMAIL-ID : dhaneshwar.mishra@Jaipur.manipal.edu
PROPOSED DATE OF DELIVERY: 17 August 2021
B.TECH PROGRAM
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2021-2022

2. SESSION OUTCOME
“UNDERSTANDING ON DIFFERENT
CLASS OF MATERIALS AND THEIR
APPLICATIONS”

3. ASSESSMENT CRITERIA'S
ONLINE QUIZ I
MID TERM I
END TERM EXAM

4. PROGRAM
OUTCOMES
MAPPING WITH
CO1
[PO1]
ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE:
APPLY THE KNOWLEDGE OF MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE, ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS, AND AN ENGINEERING
SPECIALIZATION TO THE SOLUTION OF COMPLEX ENGINEERING PROBLEMS.

5. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
 Materials used in the design and manufacture of products
Acrylic lens
Plastics
Wood
Composites
Balsa wood model
Layers of polycarbonate,
aluminium & acrylic

6. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
CeramicsTungsten carbide tool bit
Metals
Fabrics
Steel, aluminium
Linen, cotton,
nylon, Kevlar

7. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS (PLASTICS)
Plastics can be further classified as;
•Thermoplastic
•Thermoset
•Elastomers
Thermoplastics Thermosets Elastomers
Acrylics Epoxy resins Rubbers
Nylons Phenolic Silicones
PVC Polyesters Polyurethanes
Polyethylene
Polyethylene
PVC gutters
Phenol formaldehyde
Urea formaldehyde
Rubber
Rubber

8. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS (WOOD)
Wood can be further categorised as;
• Hardwood
• Softwood
• Manufactured board
Hardwood Softwood Manufactured
Board
Oak Pine Plywood
Ash Cedar Blockboard
Beech Fir MDF (Medium
Density Fibre
Board)
Sycamore Spruce Melamine board
Mahogany
Oak
Ash
Beech
Cedar
Chipboard with Veneer
Plywood

9. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS (COMPOSITES)
 A composite is a combination of two or more chemically distinct materials whose
physical characteristics are superior to its constituents acting independently.
 Because of their high strength/stiffness to weight ratio they are widely used in the
• Aerospace industry
• Offshore structures
• Boats
• Sporting goods

10. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS (COMPOSITES)
Examples of composites include;
• Reinforced Plastics
• Ceramic-matrix
• Metal-Matrix
• Laminates
Kevlar, taffeta polyester sails
Glass reinforced plastic hull
Carbon reinforced plastic
Thrust chamber for rocket
Combustion chamber of jet engine
Cylinder linings
Cylinder linings
Outer skin panels & fuselage A380

11. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS (CERAMICS)
Ceramics are compounds of metallic and non-metallic elements,
examples include;
• Oxides (alumina – insulation and abrasives, zirconia – dies for
metal extrusion and abrasives)
• Carbides (tungsten-carbide tools)
• Nitrides (cubic boron nitride, 2nd in hardness to diamond)

12. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS (METALS)
Metals can be further classified as Ferrous & Non-Ferrous; some examples
include;
Ferrous Non-Ferrous
Steels Aluminium
Stainless Steels Copper
High Speed Steels Brass
Cast Irons Titanium
Aluminium
Copper
Brass
Stainless Steel
High Speed steel

13. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS (FABRICS)
Fabrics can be further classified as natural and synthetic
Natural Synthetic
Cotton Nylon
Canvas Polyester
Colourful nylon spinnaker
Canvas deck chair
Polyester marine rope- less
stretch than nylon- resists UV light
Polyester kite
Cotton T-shirt (design & print projects)
Materials used in space suits include aluminized Mylar, neoprene
coated nylon, dacron, urethane coated nylon, tricot and spandex.
The outer layer is a blend of Gortex, Kevlar and Nomex

14. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS (SMART MATERIALS)
A smart material can be described as a material that has a useful response to
external influences or stimuli.
There are many examples of smart materials in everyday use that are not modern developments
• Metal springs
• Light bulbs self regulate because as
the filament temperature increases
their resistance rises
• Ancient civilisations have long used
porous ceramics for self regulated cooling
Wine Cooler

15. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS (SMART MATERIALS)
Examples of smart materials
Smart Wire
• Actuators, linear, angular and rotary
• Anthromorphic actuation – human like
robotic motion
Piezoelectric Materials
• Sensors, musical cards, motors,
actuators, clocks
Chameleon Colours
• Car paints, printing inks, packaging

16. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS (SMART MATERIALS)
Smart Link Silicone
 Allows rotary motion between shafts up to 3600
Shape memory polymers and alloys
 Heat shrink tubing and packaging
 Automatic actuators – open/close greenhouse
windows
 Thermostats for heating control
Smart Fluids
• Motion control gel – CD tray opening/closing,
camera lenses
• Ferro fluids – earthquake dampers in buildings, hard
disks

17. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS (SMART MATERIALS)
Examples of smart materials
•Polymorph
This is a unique polymer that fuses in hot water
and can then be moulded to any form. When
solid it has similar properties to nylon
Used to make the moulds for the
vacuum formed seat and fuel tank of
this motorcycle project

18. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS (SMART MATERIALS)
Examples of smart materials
•Thermocolour Sheet
This is a self-adhesive sheet whose colour
changes according to the temperature. Used
for thermometers, heat warning patches and
novelty advertising of products
Inactivated Sheet
Finger placed on sheet
Sheet changes colour according to temp

19. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS (SMART MATERIALS)
Examples of smart materials include
Phosphorescent Sheet
This is a sheet that absorbs light energy and
re-emits it as white light for up to eight
hours. Used extensively for emergency
lighting in the event of a power cut

20. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS (SMART MATERIALS)
Examples of smart materials
•Magnetic Sheet
This is a flat polymer magnetic sheet as used in
fridge magnets. Also available in thin A4
sheets that can be printed on

21. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS (SMART MATERIALS)
Examples of smart materials
•Rigid PVC Foam Plastic
This is a new generation of sheet material
used widely for signs and exhibitions.
It is widely used for ‘plug and yoke’
mouldings

22. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS (SMART MATERIALS)
Examples of smart materials
Lenticular Sheet
This sheet is about 1mm thick but gives the
illusion that it is nearer to 6mm thick. An
object placed on the sheet appears to sink
below the surface
The camera lens does not capture the effect

23. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS (SMART MATERIALS)
Examples of smart materials
•Anodised Effect Card
Ideal for project mock-ups.
It is relatively cheap and cuts
easily with a scissors or craft
knife

24. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS (SMART MATERIALS)
Examples of smart materials
•Galvanised Effect Card
This is almost identical to the real thing.
Ideal for project mock-ups. It is relatively
cheap and cuts easily with a scissors or
craft knife. Used for packaging of top
branded goods

25. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS (SMART MATERIALS)
Examples of smart materials
Quantum Tunnelling Composite (QTC)
• A QTC in its normal state is a perfect insulator
• When compressed it becomes a perfect conductor
• If only lightly compressed its conductivity is proportional to the pressure applied
• How does it work?
• In normal physics an electron cannot pass through an insulation barrier.
• In Quantum physics theory a wave of electrons can pass through an insulator – this is what is happening!

26. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS (SMART MATERIALS)
Examples of smart materials include;
Quantum Tunnelling Composite (QTC)
Battery
LED
QTC Pill

27. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS (SMART MATERIALS)
Examples of smart materials include;
Quantum Tunnelling Composite (QTC)
Before pressure is applied
Light Pressure being applied
Firm pressure being applied

28. Thank You