Aids, Hiv, And Aids

Aids, Hiv, And Aids
AIDS and HIV in Africa
Picture this: a young child who is very skinny, ribs and all other bones are showing through the skin,
they are born with HIV. it then leads to AIDS, due to their parents. HIV is a Human
Immunodeficiency Virus. If HIV is left untreated, it can lead to AIDS, which is an acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome. In Nigeria, Africa millions of people have the disease of AIDS and
HIV. There is not many treatment options or solutions for this serious issue that takes place all over
the country. There are a few aspects one must understand about this movement to fully understand
its importance, whether those are what exactly HIV/AIDS is and how deadly it actually is, how
potently it is actually affecting Nigeria and other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Clean needle exchange is not available in Nigeria. HIV is not only spread through sexual contact.
Sex workers are another common way for people to carry the disease. The majority of the people do
not know their HIV or AIDS status. There are many solutions that may have worked in the past, but
with a twist to this solution of people living with AIDS and HIV. For the people who do not know
their HIV and AIDS status, at home tests would allow them to test themselves. This would give
individuals the knowledge of what their own status is if they were HIV positive or HIV negative. If
the people were more educated about their health and disease, these problems would not be so bad
in Africa. Another way to treat these people with the disease is by medications and antibiotics. In the
United States, they are using many medications to fight HIV infection. The medication they are
using is called Antiretroviral therapy, also known as ART, this medication is not a cure. Although it
does control the virus so they can live and reduce the risk of transmitting HIV to others, from the
"Overview of HIV Treatments" (2015), they state that, These HIV medicines prevent HIV from
multiplying (making copies of itself), which reduces the amount of HIV in your body. Having less
HIV in your body gives your immune system a chance to recover and fight off infections and
cancers. Even though there is still some HIV in the body, the immune system is strong enough to
fight off
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Mother to Child Transmission of Aids in Africa
Mother to Child Transmission of AIDS in Africa
G.T.
English Composition II
A.L.
Jan 26, 2010
How do you tell a child they have AIDS? How many kids are born with AIDS in Africa?
Due to the epidemic of AIDS in Africa should the United States assist in supplying mothers who test
HIV positive baby formula to discourage breastfeeding? HIV is not spread through pregnancy, but
in breast milk. It would make a difference if mothers who are HIV positive in Africa did not
breastfeed. Being that Africa can lay claim to having two–thirds of the worlds HIV positive
population, one way to help stop the spread among kids would be to eliminate the breastfeeding
altogether. While the world keeps supplying condoms and other ... Show more content on
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When volunteers do go Africa to do education, what and how are they teaching? The very first step
should be teaching the proper use of condoms. This alone could help slow the spread of HIV
however it will not stop the spread completely. Another myth that is very hard to believe exist is that
infected males belief is that if they have intercourse with a virgin they will be cured of the AIDS
virus. Getting volunteers to educate men about the false claims of this myth is very hard to do. This
woeful myth leads to the rapes of very young girls to include babies as young as six months old.
This has taken years and years to spread and will continue to spread until people are educated. In
order to minimize the transmission of AIDS from mothers to infants, women should be encouraged
to breastfeed for a shorter amount of time or, if possible, eliminate breastfeeding altogether. In a
WHO study, out of 397 women who had HIV and breastfed, 24 of those infants died. This is
compared to six out of 200 HIV–infected women who used formula ("HIV Transmission").
UNICEF suggests that "When replacement feeding is acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable
and safe, the avoidance of all breastfeeding by

A Brief Note On The Sub Saharan Africa
Crisis in Sub–Saharan Africa
In today's world it seems as if people and society care more about how people dress and how they
look ignoring what's around them. In reality, many countries are facing problems that seem to be out
of their reach, and the countries simply cannot control nor fight the problem. One of many large
global health issues is HIV/AIDs. Although the virus exists in many places all around the world, it is
affecting and impacting poor, undeveloped countries the most, for example Sub–Saharan Africa.
Sub–Saharan Africa is facing this epidemic in which many of its people are suffering from the virus
HIV/AIDS. There are many methods in which a person can get infected. HIV/AIDS is also affecting
the countries, but most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The data available is limited for Sub–Saharan Africa, but it's reported that contracting HIV/Aids is
very high. Homosexual relationships are not the only cause to blame for HIV/Aids in Africa.
Heterosexual sexual relationships are also a big factor.
According to the article "HIV and AIDS in Sub–Saharan Africa Regional Overview", 45 studies
were done all across Sub–Saharan Africa. In which it was discovered that relationships among
young women and older men are very common and linked with the practice of unprotected sex and
very low condom use, which increases their risk of transmitting the disease (HIV and AIDS in Sub–
Saharan Africa Regional Overview |AVERT). Although unprotected sex is very common all around
the world, in Sub–Saharan Africa the rate of unprotected sex is much higher due to the lack of
money and prevention methods given to the people. Since many parts of Sub–Saharan Africa are
facing problems with poverty, it is not uncommon for poor, new urban migrants to become involved
in the sex industry just to be able to get money to survive (Pulsipher et al, 317). As stated in the
book, World Regional Geography, many people turn to the sex industry (mostly women) to get
money in order to survive economically and in order to provide for their family. Sex workers are on
the rise, and many of them are

Aids in Africa Essay 21
Africa's AIDS Epidemic Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has become an epidemic
for many underdeveloped regions. Although it does exist in the developed nations, it is more
prevalent in places like South America, Asia, the island countries and most heavily of all Africa.
There are many aspects to the problem of AIDS in Africa. Public health departments lack the
resources to treat patients properly and to control the epidemic through education. Thirty–three
million people have AIDS in the world. Africa has two–thirds of that number. According to the
United Nations Aids Program on HIV/Aids, and World Health Organization (WHO), estimates,
seven out of ten people newly infected with HIV in 1998 live in sub Saharan Africa. ... Show more
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According to Jill Sherman in Pretoria of Times Newspapers Ltd., a 100 million–dollar program to
fight AIDS worldwide has been announced by Tony Blair. Officials say the money will go towards
the United Nations AIDS program (UNAIDS) and to projects to help particular victims such as
those at Nazareth House, an orphanage in Cape Town, South Africa, where most of the children are
HIV positive or have AIDS (The Times). Scientists said that they have harnessed a protein that can
force cells infected with HIV to commit suicide. "It's absolutely amazing. It's literally a gift from
God, " said Steven Dowdy of the Howard Hughes Institute at Washington University in St. Louis,
who led the study. (Reuters) Also, an AIDS virus obtained from a patient in Kenya has been used to
prepare a new vaccine against the AIDS menace, the Pan–African News Agency (PANA) reported.
The project is called the internal AIDS vaccine initiative. Universities rather than pharmaceutical
companies head the program, the vaccine would be affordable to poor people in Africa if it is proved
viable. (Dr. Omu Anzala, Kenya's leading virologist) The vaccine will be tested first in England to
allay any potential allegations the people in Africa were being used as guinea pigs.
There are13 sub–types of the AIDS virus worldwide with strains A, C and D common in Africa,
while strain B is common in America and Europe. In making the vaccine the scientists were

The High HIV / AIDS Rate In South Africa
Assignment
Module
Module code
Student Numbers:
Abstract
In a recent article that was done by (James Thurlow, 2009) shows that South Africa has one of the
highest HIV/AIDS rate with KwaZulu–Natal (KZN) being the worst affected area with the results
estimate that almost 26.4% of the working class in the area of (KZN) are affected with HIV which is
in comparison with the 15.9% in the rest of the country.
The article done by, (James Thurlow, 2009)show that the HIV/AIDS rate has a significant impact on
the economic grow as well as the poverty rate. It also shows how the different households as well as
racial groups are affected, and the impact that this has on the economy as well as the growth rate.
We have decide to compile our research ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Physical findings that suggest HIV infection:
Unexplained weight loss
Person with active TB
Generalised lymphadenopathy
Herpes zoster
Oral thrush, oral hairy leukoplakia etc.
People suffering with STIs or STDs
(Dr L. Pein (ED), 2012)
HIV has shown to be one of the most destructive epidemics in history affecting the population,
education rate and economy rate as well as the rate of poverty.
Although there is an Anti–Retroviral therapy (ART) that treats the virus, reducing the number of
CD4 cells that are duplicated, the ARV treatment is not a cure for HIV but just a way to keep the
virus under control. Keeping your viral load low also helps prevent the HIV from being passed on.
The activities that allow HIV transmission are:
Unprotected sexual contract with an HIV infected person
Direct blood contact, including sharing injection blood needles, blood transfusions, accidents in the
health care settings etc.
Mother to baby (before birth–invitro, during birth intrapartum or after birth through breast milk)
(Health, 2016)
We have decided to pick this destructive epidemic as our research topic so that we can highlight the
shortcomings in the different provinces with regards to the supply chain, compare which province

between KwaZulu–Natal and Gauteng suffers from a higher rate of infection and why, as well as
provide different solutions/ suggestions that can be

Essay about Foreign Aid in Africa
Over the last 50 years, the world has struggled to maintain an economic balance and stability, while
flourishing countries try to maintain a steady income to support its people and relations with other
countries. Therefore, when a continent like Africa fails to maintain a stable government and
economy, super powers such as America decide to intervene with its relations. Africa has great
potential to become another pillar of the world's economic structure with its mass amounts of
uncultivated land. Unfortunately, corruption and irresponsible governments hinder that progress.
Foreign aid while helpful should be limited to a yearly amount because it allows the government to
repudiate responsibility and gives room for corruption; it creates a ... Show more content on
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The donations or tax paying dollars that go through the governments doesn't go to the intended uses
that the people would have hoped. Money that is spent goes to paying off the drug cartels and gangs
to ensure safety for certain people. The trickle–down effect no longer applies when the flow is
stopped before it even begins. This is where the missionaries take a part in the problem. These
organizations and churches begin supplying directly to those in need. While this aides the needy it
doesn't stop the problem; it simply postpones it for when they leave. This allows the governments to
place blame on the organizations that are trying to help. The government no longer becomes
accountable to its people. Foreign aid should be limited which would in turn limit the media bias
that also helps provide get out of jail free cards when things don't go as planned. "African
governments, even those run by the military, have not in the past few years been spending more on
weaponry, but private markets are flooded with affordable small arms. In this situation, the line
between criminality and politics has become blurred."(Whitaker) When turning on the television,
commercials come on that are told about the missionaries and the wonderful work that's been done,
but there's not any insight into how the government is contributing. "Far too many major countries
remain

Hiv/Aids South Africa
The HIV/AIDS Epidemic
In South Africa
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus
(HIV) is one of many infectious diseases that plague the world today. According to the 2007 AIDS
epidemic update put out by The United Nations Joint Program on HIV/AIDS (UNIADS) there were
approximately 2.1 million AIDS related deaths and 33.2 million people infected with HIV world
wide (UNAIDS/WHO Working Group, 2007). Despite its abundant resources and its well–
developed financial sectors, South Africa has the largest HIV infected population in the world with
approximately 5.7 million of its 44 million citizens living with HIV/AIDS (Global Health Facts,
2007). These 5.7 million cases alone account for over 28% of ... Show more content on
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During the attachment phase, HIV binds itself to a CD4 receptor sites on a CD4 + cell. Once this
initial binding takes place, the virus then beings to bind with near by chemokine coreceptors which
then bind with glycoproteins. These chemokine coreceptors and glycoproteins bound to the virus
make up what is called a viral enveloped peptide. The viral enveloped peptide then fuses itself to the
CD4+ cell releasing the virus inside the cell. Once the virus is inside the cell, it then releases two
strands of viral RNA that then begins the process of reverse transcriptase within the cell.
During reverse transcriptase, a mirror image of the single stranded viral RNA is produced and then
fused together with its counterpart to make up double stranded viral DNA that can now infiltrate the
nucleus of the infected CD4+ cell. Once the virus is inside the nucleus, it inserts itself into the
infected CD4+ cells' DNA so that it can begin the replication process. Transcription then takes
place, transforming the double stranded virally infected DNA into single stranded messenger RNA
(mRNA), that now contain the blueprint for the new viruses. The single stranded viral mRNA then
pairs up with ribosomal RNA (rRNA) to create what is called a polyprotein chain. The polyprotein
chain is then cut and separated into several single proteins that make up new viruses. These newly
formed viruses are then distributed throughout the bloodstream to attack other CD4+ cells by exiting
its host

The HIV-AIDS Epidemic in Africa
HIV/AIDS is a significant public health concern and a leading cause of death in many parts of
Africa. Although Africa is home to about approximately 15 percent of the world's population, the
same region is the world's epicenter of HIV/AIDS. The numbers are overwhelming as adult HIV
occurrence is 1.2 percent around the world but it is approximately 9.0 percent in sub–Saharan
Africa. UNAIDS (The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS) estimated that at the end of the
year 2001, there were 39.8 million people living with HIV/AIDS, 28.5 million of them from sub–
Saharan African alone. Another 4.9 million adults and children were newly infected with HIV/AIDS
in the year 2001, 3.5 million of them from sub–Saharan Africa. An estimated 3 million people died
from AIDS–related causes in 2001 and of these deaths, 2.2 million were among sub–Saharan
Africans. Sub–Saharan Africa alone accounts for an assessed 71.3 percent of all individuals living
with HIV/AIDS and approximately 70 percent of all total AIDS deaths in the year 2011 alone
(AVERT). HIV is a relevant topic because unmanageable financial and coordination burdens have
been forced upon the health systems (Beaubien). Some countries in Sub–Saharan Africa have seen
success in curbing the rate of AIDS previously. Uganda had a 26% rate of HIV/AIDS infection in
1986, and in 1987, Ugandan president Yoweri Museveni introduced a five–year government–led
plan to reduce the rate (AVERT). The plan was defined by an approach to

Aid to Africa: A Review of the Efficacy of International...
Despite the hundreds of billions of dollars that have been poured into Sub–Saharan Africa over the
past century in an effort to propel development, Africa remains by far the poorest continent in the
world. Failure has arisen from the problematic nature of the administration of the aid. Traditionally,
aid has come in the form of military aid, and large international financial transactions. Although
these forms of aid have overall failing track records, targeted developmental assistance has been
historically successful. In order to pull Africa out of poverty, the international community should
focus on targeted developmental assistance.
Military Aid
Recent military conflicts have broken out all across northern Africa and the sub–Saharan ... Show
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The conflict in Mali originated from ethnic tensions between the Northern Tuareg rebels, and the
Southern Malians who had long controlled the country's politics. The Tuaregs in collaboration with
several Islamist extremist factions e.g. Ansar Al–Dine, Ansar Al–Sharia, and AQIM, formed the
National Movement for the Liberation of the Azawad (MNLA), and seized control of Northern
Mali. Once Northern Mali had been compromised, some Islamist extremist factions began
implementing harsh Muslim Sharia Law. In response to this, the Tuaregs joined forces with the
Malian army and the international coalition to retake Northern Mali. "France deployed a powerful
military force in Mali...that easily pounded the separatist rebels and Islamist extremists into hasty
retreat....By the end of January 2013 the military objectives of Operation Serval had been achieved"
(Francis 6). Though the conflict in Northern Mali is far from over, the French intervention in Mali
was decisively successful, showing that targeted military aid to counter extremist pressure can be an
essential first step to stabilizing the region to allow economic and political development. But not all
military aid has been so successful. In many cases, military aid has exacerbated instability by
inadvertently empowering antagonistic factions. The Malian conflict was a spillover from a 2011
conflict in Libya.
"As the U.S.–backed war in Libya

Should The United States Provide Foreign Aid To Africa?
Currently numerous African nations receive millions even billions of dollars worth of foreign aid
from western nations such as the United States, United KIngdom, France, etc. The main goal of
providing foreign aid to African nations is to help provide a base to improve the conditions of
developing African nations. This aid works to varying degrees of success some nations use the
foreign aid to help improve their economies and infrastructure others dedicate a small portion to
helpful services the rest go to the pockets of corrupt leaders and politicians. Foreign aid to Africa is
not very effective in the positive development of Africa because the aid has caused little to no
investing and accumulation of savings within the nations of Africa, dependencies on foreign aid and
the destruction of local businesses, and foreign aid ends up in the hands of corrupt and inefficient
leaders.
Foreign to Africa has caused little to no outside investment in business within the continent and a
sizable portion of the continent's savings are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Africa has become aid dependent in the sense that "few of its states can carry and routine functions
or deliver basic public services without external funding and expertise"(Goldsmith, Foreign Aid and
Statehood in Africa). Foreign aid is meant to be used as a means of creating the infrastructure and
institutions to carry out the functions of a nation. African nations have become so used to foreigners
providing many basic functions and necessities of their people they do not feel the need to provide it
themselves. This thinking has allowed for unneeded increases of foreign aid because of the lack of
progress made by Africa with the current spending. Western nations have done little to nothing to
give African nations incentives to use the foreign aid in an effective manner so that less and less
foreign aid has to be provided to

Hiv Is A Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Picture this: a young child who is very skinny, ribs and all other bones are showing through the skin,
they are born with HIV. it then leads to AIDS, due to their parents. HIV is a Human
Immunodeficiency Virus. If HIV is left untreated, it can lead to AIDS, which is an acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome. In Nigeria, Africa millions of people have the disease of AIDS and
HIV. There is not many treatment options or solutions for this serious issue that takes place all over
the country. There are a few aspects one must understand about this movement to fully understand
its importance, whether those are what exactly HIV/AIDS is and how deadly it actually is, how
potently it is actually affecting Nigeria and other countries, and what can be ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
HIV is not only spread through sexual contact. Sex workers are another common way for people to
carry the disease. The majority of the people do not know their HIV or AIDS status. There are many
solutions that may have worked in the past, but with a twist to this solution of people living with
AIDS and HIV. For the people who do not know their HIV and AIDS status, at home tests would
allow them to test themselves. This would give individuals the knowledge of what their own status
is if they were HIV positive or HIV negative. If the people were more educated about their health
and disease, these problems would not be so bad in Africa. Another way to treat these people with
the disease is by medications and antibiotics. In the United States, they are using many medications
to fight HIV infection. The medication they are using is called Antiretroviral therapy, also known as
ART, this medication is not a cure. Although it does control the virus so they can live and reduce the
risk of transmitting HIV to others, from the "Overview of HIV Treatments" (2015), they state that,
These HIV medicines prevent HIV from multiplying (making copies of itself), which reduces the
amount of HIV in your body. Having less HIV in your body gives your immune system a chance to
recover and fight off infections and cancers. Even though there is still some HIV in the body, the
immune system is strong enough to fight off infections and cancers (para.

The Problems Caused by AIDS in Africa
Did you know "AIDS is the leading cause of death in Africa" (Quinn, online). Twenty percent of
Africa's population has died from AIDS. Poverty is a big problem in Africa. Men have been forced
to become migrant workers in urban areas. And antiretroviral treatment at this time is not available
to African people. AIDS is a big problem in Africa today that is now requiring help from the world.
There are an immense amount of problems in Africa caused by the AIDS disease. Healthcare
providers are available and located all over Africa. Even though they are available, they have only
"enough medicine for long–term survival available for 30,000 Africans" (Copson, 3). The continents
political, religious, media, and other leaders are unwilling to open up and fight the disease. The
problem with this is no one is spreading awareness about AIDS. To add, the World doesn't know
much about AIDS and how much it is affecting Africa as a country.
Poverty is the biggest problem of all in Africa. In addition, it is limiting the blood supply in Africa.
Next, because of low blood supply they are not able to help people with the AIDS disease. Finally,
another big problem caused by AIDS is orphans. There are eleven million orphans in Africa. "Health
officials begun to refer to these parentless children as the Lost Generation..." (PBS, video). Many
children in Africa are orphans as their parents were killed from the disease. The home life for these
children is very different

The Importance Of Food Aid In Africa
Food aid is hard to summarize succinctly due to many related issues, but in general it is about
providing food and related assistance to tackle hunger, either in emergency situations, or to help
with deeper, longer term hunger alleviation and achieve food security (where people do not have to
live in hunger or in fear of starvation). Food aid constituted over 20% of global aid flows in the
1960s, but is now less than 5%. Yet, it is still important because of the prevalence of world hunger
and the increase in food emergencies in the past decade. The decline of food aid, as well as the way
in which it is delivered and used, are therefore of importance. Food aid started off in the 1950s with
the US and together with Canada accounted for over 90% of global food aid until the 1970s when
the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) became a major player.
International food aid is largely driven by donors and international institutions (typically influenced
by the interests of the donors). In 1967, the Food Aid Convention (FAC) provided a set of policies
for the donor countries, and is monitored by the Consultative Sub–Committee on Surplus Disposal
(CSSD). The CSSD's primary purpose is to ensure that food aid does not affect commercial imports
and local production in recipient countries. In effect, the CSSD ensures that food aid does not
displace trade. And so it is criticized for serving the interests of donors, because when accepting
food aid, recipients commit to pay for imports of commercial food along with food aid as Frederic
Mousseau notes in a report titled Food Aid or Food Sovereignty? Ending World Hunger In Our
Time.
In 2002 the Zambian government rejected 35,000 tons of food aid because of the possibility that it
could be genetically modified (GM). During this time roughly 3 million people in Zambia faced
severe food shortages and extreme hunger. As the government turned away this food aid, a debate
over GM food aid arose globally. The government of Zambia remains firmly against both milled and
nonmilled GM food imports. Other governments throughout southern Africa have placed similar
restrictions, although most will accept milled GM food aid. Much of southern Africa remains
skeptical of GM food for a

AIDS In Sub-Saharan Africa
I come from Los Angeles, a city over 7,500 miles away from Nambonkaha, yet I am not new to the
African culture. Having friends and teachers from various countries within the continent such as
Ghana, Namibia, Egypt, and Rwanda. I remember my first introduction to my friend, Justin, who
was from Ghana. I can distinctly recall the aroma of Coco Butter, which I only learned to identify in
the following weeks. Growing up with a friend who is from Ghana never seemed odd to me, other
than I would rarely be able to meet his entire family. I often would catch myself thinking about the
cliché thoughts, What is it like over there? Is it safe to go? Should I go when I'm older? Each of
these questions proved to be a fruitless argument, cycling through my ... Show more content on
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This is the start of her changing from a watcher of the village, to a member of the village. This scene
is a turning point in her relationship because it shows the trust and respect she has and the
Nambonkaha people have for her. Just like with Wangari, Erdman becomes increasingly popular
with small tokens of kindness. In the eyes on Wangari Maathai, Erdman would have been a symbol
of hope and modernity. Here an individual who receives minimal pay is here to further grasp her
understanding of the people. She is not in Nambonkaha for herself, and after chapter 17, Wangari
would agree that she is here for the people and will do anything for them. As Erdman consistently
writes, they are her brothers and sisters. Wangari's entire life was full of ups and downs, but when it
comes to doing the right thing, the person needs to step back and look at the greater picture. Wangari
did this with the deforestation and the need for women's rights, fighting for something that is greater
than them. In a way, this is what Sarah Erdman is doing after she had stayed with them for so

South Africa and the AIDS Crisis
The AIDS crisis has been a very controversial issue in the history of South Africa beginning in
1982. During this time South Africa has made a government transition from apartheid to a
democracy. Since many national issues needed to be address, the AIDS crisis was pushed aside,
leaving a pandemic in the process. Many factors have contributed to the issues including: poverty,
social instability, high levels of sexually transmitted infections, the low status of women, sexual
violence, migrant labor, limited access to quality medical care, and a history of poor leadership in
the response to the pandemic. After three decades of controversy in South Africa dealing with issues
involving the government, medicine, and conflict the country is still feeling the after–effect today
regarding the largest AIDS pandemic.
In 1982 the first case of AIDS in South Africa was diagnosed in a homosexual white man who was
believed to contract the disease while in California. Later that year two hundred and fifty random
blood samples were taken from homosexual men living in Johannesburg, the virus infected 12.8%
of the men. When AIDs was first diagnosed, many Africans believed it was only a disease for
homosexuals and drug addicts, this did not prove to be the case. The first death of a South African
with AIDS occurred in 1985, while the apartheid government was under the control of President
P.W. Botha. Botha held a press conference to address the threat of this disease for the country. As

Space Constraints Will Not Allow For A Complete Overview...
Space constraints will not allow for a complete overview of the vast literature on northern aid
policies towards Africa in general. As such, this literature is heavily focused on trends in aid quality
and quantity, as it relates to the Cameroonian question (Lumsdaine 1993; Therien 2000; OECD
annual Development Cooperation reports). There is also a strong emphasis on the evolution of aid
policy in the wake of particular events e.g. the end of the Cold war (Cumming 2001; Lancaster
1999), 9/11(Macrae 2005; Howell 2010), the Arab Spring (Frot 2012; Independent Commission for
Aid Impact Report 2013) or particular development strategies such as structural adjustment (Wilson
1993; Wuyts 1995) or good governance as it relates to the disbursement of aid (Crawford 1996;
Epstein 2008). More specifically, Van Dijk (2009) underlines the increasing activities of the Chinese
in Africa. Zahariadis et al. (2000) highlight the limited involvement of America on the African
continent, in particular in East Africa. Those studies, when taken together, link directly to the
hypothesis of the thesis which focuses on France's post independence behaviour, and the way in
which it contrasts with the aid behaviour or its global peers. French policy makers make decisions
and policy that dictate the way in which aid is disbursed, should result in change in instruments
used, and the aid tends seen on the ground. However, literature indicates that it often fails to follow
the logical, or indicate, pattern.

Impact Of HIV / AIDS In South Africa
South Africa has the largest population of people living with HIV/ AIDS. In 2016, South Africa had
an estimated 7.1 million people living with HIV/ AIDS [1]. This epidemic has ripple effects across
micro & macro–levels of the economy. HIV/AIDS negatively impacts labor supply, total labor
productivity & exports among other economic channels. Given the significant impact this disease
has on the economy, this is a top priority for the business community and the government.
Labor Supply & Structure
South Africa's labor supply is negatively affected by incidences of HIV/AIDS because of increased
mortality and morbidity. AIDS decreases fertility rates and deaths from the disease ultimately lowers
the population and labor force. Workers in key sectors of the economy such as mining and
healthcare have been particularly affected. One study done by researchers, (R Elias, University of
Botswana, personal communication, 2000), estimated that the mining workforce aged between 30
and 44 would see a decrease from 60% to 15% in 2015. South African Healthcare professionals are
also heavily impacted, 20% of student nurses are infected with HIV [2]. There is a dearth of data on
HIV prevalence in the public domain but a few studies have been done in high risk sectors like
transport and mining.
Beyond the size of labor force, the structure of SA's labor supply will be adversely impacted due to
Aids related mortality. HIV/AIDS disproportionately affects the age group 15– 49. This age

The AIDS Epidemic In Africa
The AIDS epidemic has been has been affecting many lives, especially the lives of those living in
Africa. The United States has invested more than 50 billion dollars in PEPFAR in the past decade
for the fight against AIDS in developing countries. America has been, and should continue to fund
Africa to end the spread of AIDS and HIV. When it comes to AIDS, there are no boundaries. AIDs
have spread to many different countries and continents around the world. It is easily spread by
simple hertosexual contact, also spread by shared needles, prisioners, sex workers and even Men
who have sex with other Men. Women alone constitute 51% of those living with HIV in the world.
When Women enter their reproductive age, the leading cause of death during

Hiv/Aids in Africa Essay
Sub–Saharan Africa is the region of the world that is most affected by HIV/AIDS. The United
Nations reports that an estimated 25.4 million people are living with HIV and that approximately 3.1
million new infections occurred in 2004. To put these figures in context, more than 60 percent of the
people living with the infection reside in Africa. Even these staggering figures do not quite capture
the true extent and impact that this disease causes on the continent. In 1998, about 200,000 Africans
died as a result of various wars taking place on the continent. In that same year, more than 2 million
succumbed to HIV/AIDS (Botchwey, 2000).
The pandemic can be likened very much to the Bubonic Plague of the fourteenth century in terms of
its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The impact of AIDS may be felt as an immediate shock, as when a family loses a breadwinner, or in
the case of a firm, an important employer leaves. However, at the national level the impact is felt as
the gradual accrual of losses. The toll of HIV/AIDS on households can be very severe. Many
families lose their bread winners. Many of those dying have surviving partners who are themselves
infected and are in need of care. They leave behind children grieving and struggling to survive
without the care of the parents. The disease strips the family assets further impoverishing the poor.
In many cases, the presence of AIDS means that the household eventually dissolves, as the parents
die and children are sent to relatives for care and upbringing. The gravity of the impact depends not
only on the numbers infected and directly affected by the pandemic, but also on the resources
available to manage the situation. This may be resources accessible at family, community or
national level.
The pandemic also has dire impacts on the demographics of a country. This impact is usually more
difficult to assess as it is largely dependent on data from birth and death certificates, and health
records, all of which are poor or almost non–existent in that part of the world. Due to this, life
expectancy at birth has fallen, dramatically, and the population structure has changed shape eroding
years of progress made by many African countries. This obviously

28 Stories of AIDS in Africa, by Stephanie Nolen
Stephanie Nolen was already known for her work as the Globe and Mail's Africa correspondent,
ranging from the effects of war on women and children, to Stephen Lewis' fight to end AIDS in
Africa, when she published 28 Stories of AIDS in Africa in 2007. 28 is Nolen's attempt to reflect the
28 million Africans who had HIV in 2007. Nolen gathered the testimonies of 28 individuals
including orphans, miners, grandmothers, soldiers, the clergy, and Nelson Mandela. In this book,
Nolen seamlessly integrates personal stories of the victims with shocking statistics and engrossing
quotes, effortlessly bring a 'human face' to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. This is a great piece of work
demanding both empathy and immediate action.
The issues discussed in 28 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But as Mamba took in more and more children, this rescued her overall economic wealth and
strained her financial means, keeping the children in poverty and bringing Mamba into poverty
herself. AIDS weakens not one person, but a whole community when it strikes.
Additionally, Siphiew Hlophe and Andualem Ayalew were both denied opportunities to improve
themselves with study–abroad programs due to their HIV–positive status. This bonds the people to
their current positions, giving them no hope for the future and detracting for their potential to
contribute to society and to make a comfortable life for themselves.
Likewise, HIV/AIDS also takes away educational opportunities from the younger generations. For
instance, Lefa Khoele, a very intelligent young boy, was forced to stay behind many years due to
sicknesses caused HIV, hindering his full development. In these instances, AIDS causes poverty by
barring individuals from achieving proper educations and ameliorating their capital worth. When
even the younger generation is affected, hope for the future is truly grim. Families must rely on
older individuals, like Mamba, who have escaped the epidemic unscathed.
The low income due to HIV/AIDS leads to low consumption of goods and little savings, which
results in malnutrition, inability to combat illness and a lack of education and skills. The low capital
worth, low

WIll Condoms Really Stop AIDS in Africa?
The article above is retrieved from a community–contented website. The article, "Will condoms
really stop AIDS in Africa?" was written by Brian Saint–Paul, a journalist and also the editor of
Crisis magazine. As the tittle of the article indicates, the author is against the use of condoms as an
effective sollution to AIDS crisis in Africa. Because the article relates to a controversial social issue,
the targeted audience can be scientists, educators, youngsters and students doing research. After
one–week looking deeply into this article, I figured out that inspite of containing some good points,
this article also has minor drawbacks. Therefore, in this critical review, my evaluation mainly bases
on the content, relevance and the author's arguments.
In the first place, a summary is necessary in better understanding the main points of this over 1500–
word article. Initially, the author gave out two contending views on the use of condoms in Africa:
one is that condom distribution is among the most effective ways to control the spread of AIDS and
the other is that condoms are useless and even one cause of high HIV transmission rate in this
region. Then, he raises the question whether condoms really stop AIDS and gradually explains his
reason for agreeing with the latter view. As for him, there is only one simple reason: Condoms
provide a false sense of security to the users; therefore they keep using them without being aware of
the high risks. According to him, instead of

HIV/AIDS Public Health Policies: A Comparison Between...
HIV/AIDS is still a current public health concern for all countries of the world. Research has helped
progress the education and treatment of the virus, but some areas of the world still have difficulty
with this public health concern. Out of all developing countries, South Africa has one of the highest
percentages of their population living with HIV/AIDS while Cuba has one of the lowest percentages
of their population living with the virus. In this paper, the public health policies of South Africa and
Cuba regarding treatment, prevention and transmission will be discussed and compared. South
Africa is one of the countries that are part of Sub–Saharan Africa. Sub–Saharan Africa has the
highest prevalence of HIV/AIDS infected people in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The government of South Africa still continues to deal with the above issues in order to deal with
their population that is infected with HIV/AIDS. The NSP of 2007 set goals to deal with the
problem of HIV/AIDS in South Africa. Their primary goals were to reduce the amount of new
HIV/AIDS infected people by 50% and improve the care and support to infected individuals, their
families, and the community (South African Government Information, 2007). The plan focuses on
educating the public about voluntary testing, empowering women, discussing domestic violence,
and sexual education between parents and children (South African Government Information, 2007).
By educating the public on how to prevent HIV exposure, the rate of newly infected individuals will
dwindle. Through the NSP, the South African government has set up a plan for universal healthcare
for people with HIV/AIDS. Public and private sector entities joined and created a comprehensive
healthcare plan so their citizens can obtain the care that the need for treatment for HIV/AIDS.
Treatment also includes the antiviral medication needed to treat HIV/AIDS as well as screening for
tuberculosis. The NSP also addresses high risk groups such as orphans and the poor, providing food
and baby formula to families dealing with the disease, increasing healthcare centers and increasing
the staff to meet the needs of the community (South African Government Information, 2007). The
NSP covers all

HIV/AIDS In Sub-Saharan Africa
Topic: Select a serious problem directly related to HIV/AIDS and discuss facilitators and barriers to
its resolution.
In recently, the HIV and AIDS are rapidly spread in world societies in early 1980 and found it from
America in 1981. However, human societies were still not able to realize the exact reason for HIV.
Each year this disease kills millions of people around the world. This virus devastated so many
continents, such as Africa, North America, Latin America, and some parts of Asia. The reason why
the virus has devastated lots of people was because of the lack of AIDS knowledge and education
program and most serious HIV/AIDS epidemic in the world. Especially, Sub–Saharan African has
high rates of HIV epidemic, "an estimated 24.7 million people were living with HIV, accounting for
71% of the global total. In the same year, there were an estimated 1.5 million new HIV infections
and 1.1 million AIDS–related ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Sub–Saharan African area, sex worker is also at particularly increasing risk of HIV. "Average
HIV prevalence among this group is an estimated 20% compared to just 3.9% globally. In fact, 17 of
the top 18 countries where HIV prevalence exceeds 20% among sex workers are in sub–Saharan
Africa."(Avert.org) Secondly, Men who have sex with men is really dangerous activities to infection
AIDs. Furthermore, Sub–Saharan Africa has very limited data on men who have sex with men
(MSM) which mean people were not able to realize why MSM is really dangerous and keep doing
this tragedy. Lastly, as parent die children tried to find destitute and homeless. "The combination of
high birth rates and high AIDS mortality among adults, including many parents, has meant that
more than 90 percent of children who have been orphaned as a consequence of the HIV/AIDS
epidemic are in this region"(Goliber). Poverty makes society to prostitution and rapidly the cycle of
HIV and

Early Spread Of AIDS In Africa
One common theory about the origin of AIDS is that the virus originated in Africa. They believe
that AIDS was transferred to humans by route of either eating infected chimpanzees or their blood
infecting a human through an open wound or sore. After the first human was infected, the infection
soon spread as Brandon Keim wrote in "Early Spread of AIDS Traced to Congo's Expanding
Transportation Network". "The number of infections soon tripled, and the virus's range expanded."
It is said that HIV was transported to a Kinshasa by an infected individual by way of river down into
the Congo. In that time, many of the people in the area were men and there was a vast sexual
network in the city. Being so promiscuous led to the rapid spread. This is when they think the first
outbreak of AIDS had begun. Within years it devastated parts of Africa, partially because they had
no healthcare. They wouldn't have had any way of knowing how to stop or treat the epidemic.
Around the time of the greatest outbreak in Africa, doctors were noticing AIDS in the U.S. They
believe that the virus was spread to the U.S. by air travel. This idea seems plausible because of the
global trade economy of the U.S. With as many imports and exports as our nation has made in our
history, it seems to be a possible explanation.
Many groups of people have the idea that getting infected was entirely each person's fault. They say
that the gay community should have just had safe sex and that drug users

AIDS Prevention in Africa Essay
During the last three decades, the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and the Human
Immunodeficiency Virus have taken the lives of many women and men in Africa, as well as
infecting their unborn children. Is there enough being done to eradicate this disease in Africa, and
will the cost of these treatments limit those who do not have the available income to afford these
drugs? Scientist and researchers have worked over the years to find a cure or vaccine for Acquired
Immune Deficiency Syndrome and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, but it remains the most
incurable infection in the world. "There are several promising drug therapies now becoming
available which are far too expensive for poor countries to afford" (Economist, Vol. 344, ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If all those infected take the antiretroviral–drug therapy they can live a long life and almost never
pass on the virus, even through unprotected sex. If everyone was on therapy, there would be little or
no transmission. Aids prevention has been a challenge for those working in countries that have large
numbers of people infected with the AIDS virus. Education is vital to the eradication of AIDS.
In an effort to halt the spread of the HIV and AIDS epidemic, there are organizations conducting
sustained education, training and community mobilization efforts in close collaboration with African
partner organizations. Existing anti–HIV drugs are being investigated as a method of preventing
transmission in two different ways. One approach is for people who are HIV – positive to start
taking the drugs while their CD4 count, white blood cells used to fight infection, is still high, before
they need treatment for the sake of their own health. The drugs reduce the amount of virus in their
body fluids, making it harder to pass on the virus. "An earlier start to treatment seems to cut
transmission by an impressive 16 percent during the clinical trial" (Pisani). The public health
establishment has procrastinated about the "evidence–based" approaches to HIV prevention, "we
should only do what has been proven to work". The trouble is that things that succeed in "careful
scientific studies can fail miserably when translated into real life. The bottom line to AIDS

The Relationship between the Polio Vaccine and AIDS in Africa
In the late 1950s, several groups of researches and scientists were developing some vaccines against
polio. At that time, polio was still an epidemic worldwide disease. One of these vaccines, made by
Dr. Hilary Koprowski MD (1916–2013) was used to test it on millions of people in Africa, after first
being trailed in the USA. The vaccine virus was grown in tissue cultures taken from macaque
monkeys before being introduced to millions of people , who were largely living in Burundi,
Rwanda, and Congo (now, the Democratic Republic of the Congo) from 1957 to 1960. In 1992,
Rolling Stone magazine published a story that argued about the oral polio vaccine (OPV), which
was developed by Hilary Koprowski as a possible source of the HIV as well as the AID epidemic. In
December 1993, Dr. Koprowski sued Rolling Stone and the writer of the article, and the clarification
statement is been issued in the magazine, saying that the editors of Rolling Stone wish to explain
that they never intended to suggest in the article that there is any logical proof, nor do they have
enough knowledge of any scientific evidence, that Dr. Koprowski, a famous scientist, was in fact the
one who introduced the HIV to a large number of human population or that he is the father of AIDS
epidemic.... Dr. Koprowski's pioneering work in developing oral polio vaccines has assisted spare
suffering and death to hundreds of thousands of possible victims of paralytic poliomyelitis and is
maybe one of his greatest

Aids In South Africa Essay
The number of individuals in South Africa infected with HIV is larger than in any other single
country in the world. The 2007 UNAIDS report estimated that 5,700,000 South Africans had
HIV/AIDS, or just under 12% of South Africa 's population of 48 million. In the adult population
the rate is 18.5%.
Page 2
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It's the virus that causes HIV infection. The human
immunodeficiency virus causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
AIDS means Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. AIDS is the most advanced stage of HIV
infection. AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows
life–threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. HIV destroys CD4 positive (CD4+) T
cells, which are white blood cells crucial to maintaining the function of the human immune system.
As HIV attacks these cells, the person infected with the virus is less equipped to fight off infection
and disease, ultimately resulting in the development of AIDS. People with AIDS often suffer
infections of the lungs, intestinal tract, brain, eyes, and other organs, as well as debilitating weight
loss, diarrhea, neurologic conditions, and cancers such as Kaposi 's sarcoma and certain types of
lymphomas. Most people who are infected with HIV can carry the virus for years before developing
any serious symptoms. But over time, HIV levels increase in the blood while the number of CD4+ T
cells decline. Without

U.S Foreign Aid to Africa
U.S Foreign Aid to Africa Some people speak against U.S foreign aid being sent to Africa for
humanitarian reasons. Others speak out in favor of such actions. All of us have seen the news tickers
with vital headlines about "people being devastated by droughts in Zimbabwe and unhygienic water
in Sudan", but what is their government doing about it. Personally, I've asked myself several
founded inquiries about where is this foreign aid going to and what are some of the achievements
being made. I've acquired over time well–built knowledge in relation to the United Nations and the
work they perform globally to promote stability and development. I will be bringing in several valid
arguments to get to the bottom of this controversial subject of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Almost everything went wrong, but AID kept financing the program long after its failure was
evident. AID paid for the building of eighteen warehouses, but five were not built, three were not
finished, three collapsed, two had their roofs blown off, and three more quickly crumbled owing to
"serious structural deficiencies." Fifty–four open wells with contaminated water were to be
sanitized, but only nine were actually improved. A hundred mills for grinding grain were to be
constructed; the project managers built and tested one mill, then gave up. The road–improvement
project repaired less than one–quarter of the roads scheduled for upgrading. Isn't that marvelous?
The prospect outlook for U.S foreign Aid abroad according to 2010 Budget for the U.S Government
is as follow, there will be a 10 percent increase on U.S Foreign Aid and the State Department
Budget will get a hefty 51.75 billion dollars in the fiscal year 2010. What the U.S State Department
Budget goals are, an estimated $8 billion increase in the annual outlay to the International Monetary
Fund, full funding for scheduled payments to the World Bank, plus "a portion of the outstanding
arrears to reinforce the U.S. commitment to play a leadership in these institutions.", Increases non–
military aid to Afghanistan and Pakistan, to counter the resurgence of the Taliban, Increased
funding, at an unspecified amount, for global health programs, including AIDS

Hiv / Aids Throughout Sub Saharan Africa Essay
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the majority of people in the world
living with HIV/AIDS reside in Sub–Saharan Africa. Since there is currently no vaccine to prevent
the spread of the infection, there have been countless attempts in the past to control the spread of
HIV/AIDS in Sub–Saharan Africa. There are multiple ways of infection spread in Sub–Saharan
Africa. People are contracting the disease through, drug use, sexual relations, giving birth, and
blood–to–blood contact. With so many ways to contract the infection it makes the prevention of
spreading the infection so difficult, especially in such a low–income country. These challenges have
not stopped many scientists, educators, and health–care professionals create interventions to try and
stop the wildfire, that is the spread of HIV/AIDS in Sub– Saharan Africa. Most interventions have
failed and some have helped. There are a huge amount of factors that need to be carefully thought
about when creating an intervention. What looks good on paper may not work for the culture of a
country. Making all people in sub– Saharan Africa listen, understand and act on a plan is nearly
impossible.
Going into a country with an intervention can be overwhelming, that is why it is common for a
group to focus on one demographic of a population to educate. An intervention done from January
2005 to December 2008 by the Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of
Hygiene and Tropical Medicine,

What Is HIV/AIDS In Sub-Saharan Africa?
"Everyday the HIV/AIDS pandemic continues to kill three times as many people than died during
the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001" (Elbe 2006, p.119). The Human Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV) weakens the immune system by destroying the cells that fight disease and infection. In
the final stages of the HIV infection, it can lead to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS). Not all people who are diagnosed with HIV progress to acquiring AIDS, although once you
have been diagnosed with the HIV infection, you have it for life. HIV/AIDS have claimed the lives
of more than 39 million people globally since the discovery (World Health Organisation 2014) with
a majority of these cases being in sub–Saharan Africa.
Securitisation can be defined ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Individually, people who are infected with the disease suffer around a twenty–year cut in life
expectancy compared to people who aren't (AVERT 2014). Discrimination is prominent throughout
society towards people infected whereby, in Nigeria and Ethiopia one in five people living with HIV
reported feeling suicidal because of their HIV status (UNAIDS 2012).
Economically, the Sub–Saharan African governments can't afford to diagnose and treat infections.
Expenditure on health is rarely as much as 5% of a country's gross domestic product and can be as
little as 2%. (World Health Organisation 2006 p. 37). Those countries spend on average US$10 per
person per year on health compared to high–income countries that spend around US$2000 (World
Health Organisation 2006 p. 37).
Education is one of the most important methods of implementing HIV/AIDS programs. It is a vital
component in reducing both the impact and further increase of the HIV/AIDS infection However
due to the large number of citizens infected with the virus, and economic status of families means
there is a dramatic decline in school enrolment (AVERT

Foreign Aid For Africa From The International Community
In Dambisa Moyo's book, Dead Aid, Moyo explains how foreign aid to Africa from the international
community has not benefited the African countries as similar types of aid have been used to stabilize
other nations successfully, such as the US aid in the reconstruction of post World War II Europe in
the Marshall Plan. According to Moyo, the challenge that many African countries face is a cycle of
aid dependency, "with aid's help, corruption fosters corruption, nations quickly descend into a
vicious cycle of aid. Foreign aid props up corrupt governments – providing them with freely usable
cash" (Moyo, 2009, 49). These governments typically interfere and disregard the rule of law,
transparency of civil institutions, and the protection of civil liberties, which, according to Moyo,
makes "both domestic and foreign investment in poor countries unattractive" (Moyo, 2009, 49). As
a result, fewer investments lead to declining economic growth which contributes to poverty. In a
growing response to poverty, international donors "give more aid, which continues the downward
spiral of poverty" (Moyo, 2009, 49), which perpetuates underdevelopment and ensures failure in the
most aid dependent countries.
The foundation of Moyo's thesis is that foreign aid flooding Africa for the last half century has not
worked and has actually harmed Africa's growth more than it has helped. Moyo's references that
many countries that have substantially less aid than many of the African countries yet aid have

HIV/AIDS In Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub–Saharan Africa has the most serious HIV/AIDS epidemic in the world. In 2013, an estimated
24.7 million people were living with HIV, accounting for 71% of the global total. In the same year,
there were an estimated 1.5 million new HIV infections and 1.1 million AIDS–related deaths. The
second largest country most impacted by HIV/AIDS in Sub–Saharan Africa is Lesotho.
Nature and Magnitude of the Problem:
HIV corrupts the CD4 cells or T –cells, which weaken the immune system disabling the T–cells
from detecting invaders such as viruses and bacteria. As more and more T–cells are destroyed, the
immune system weakens and eventually progresses to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome.
HIV/AIDS thrives in the blood, semen, vaginal fluids, or breast ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It strongly affects individuals when family members become to sick to work and children are
orphaned as a result of HIV/AIDS. Economically, HIV/AIDS affects the ability of those who are ill
with the virus to work. If persons in our community cannot work, then there will be an increase in
the amount of exports in our country. As a result, this can raise healthcare cost, which most of our
community can not already afford.
Action

Glaxosmithkline and Aids Drugs for Africa
GlaxoSmithKline and AIDS Drugs for Africa
What comes to mind when you hear the words "pharmaceutical company"? There are many ways to
define a pharmaceutical company. According to the Princeton review, a pharmaceutical company is
a drug company that makes and sells pharmaceuticals. Another definition for a pharmaceutical
company is an industry that develops, produces, and markets drugs licensed for use as generic
and/or brand medications. These companies are subject to a variety of laws and regulations
regarding the patenting, testing and marketing of drugs.
One of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world today is GlaxoSmithKline PLC (GSK).
GlaxoSmithKline PLC (GSK) was formed in December 2000 through a merger of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, living in Zambia where 60 percent of the population had AIDS and lived on less than
$18 a month. The high incidence of AIDS and high death rates from the disease in Africa were only
partially due to the high cost of medicine. Other factors that also played a part in the high death rate
consisted of poor nutrition, lack of clean water and sanitation, measles, lack of medical
infrastructure to distribute or monitor demanding drug treatments, lack of education, and culture.
With the AIDS epidemic in Africa, and GSK being the world's leading maker of medicines for the
treatment of AIDS, GSK had been criticized by public health, human rights, and shareholder
activists for not doing enough to ensure access to these drugs being that GSK owned the intellectual
property rights, which were drawn up by the World Trade Organization (WTO). The WTO's main
function was to negotiate multilateral agreements on issues related to international trade, which had
a profound impact on the distribution and pricing of AIDS drugs in Africa. In 1997, the WTO
adopted an agreement on trade–related aspects of intellectual property rights, known as TRIPS.
Under this agreement, all WTO member nations would be required to adopt national legislation
giving patent holders marketing rights for a period of 20 years. However, the TRIPS agreement did
permit some exceptions to protect public health by giving developing countries an

The Role Of AIDS In Sub-Saharan Africa
Cause #3: Religion
The third cause of the spread of AIDS in Sub–Saharan Africa are the religious factors of the region,
which play a key role in the spread of the disease. In 2009, Pope Benedict, during his trip in Africa
banned the use of condoms (medwiser, 2017). This directly helped to increase the spread of AIDS,
as the Catholics in the region had more of an incentive to have unprotected sex. In 2008, Muslim
leaders had shared a similar view with the Pope (medwiser, 2017). The umbrella Somali Ulema
Council said it would use Sharia (Islamic) Law, including flogging, to punish those selling or using
condoms. According to Sheikh Nur Barud, who is the chairman of the Somali Ulema Council, " the
use of condoms will increase adultery ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The average life–expectancy in sub–Saharan Africa is 54.4 years of age because of the HIV/AIDS
(unaids, 2017). In some countries in Africa, adults don't even make it past the age of 49, leaving
many children without parents (unaids, 2017).There are about 34 million orphans in Sub–Saharan
Africa today and around 11 million of the kid's parents have died from AIDS (Gouede, 2017). In
past studies it has been concluded that, eight out of every 10 children in the world whose parents
have died of AIDS live in sub–Saharan Africa (Gouede, 2017). In the past ten years, the proportion
of kids who are orphaned because of their parents dying from AIDS rose from 3.5% to 32% and it is
continuing to rise as the disease keeps on spreading (Gouede, 2017). Becoming an orphan and
losing parents impacts one's health, rights, and their well–being. Most commonly, taking care of
these orphans falls on extended families, such as grandparents (Gouede, 2017). On average these
households earn about 31% less than normal households(Gouede, 2017). Therefore accepting an
orphan into the house would dramatically decrease the amount of food left for everybody else.
According to an article from Wikigender, "Street life is the recourse for many orphans, who often
suffer from poor health, trauma and psychological distress, making them more vulnerable to abuse
and exploitation". Generally, the overall development of the region is hindered from prospering
because all aspects of society are affected, (economy, culture, politics) (Gouede, 2017).The
examples provided above support how an increase in orphans is a major effect of

AIDS And AIDS In South Africa
In South Africa, AIDS is one of the top causes of death. South Africa has the biggest AIDS/HIV
epidemic in the world because of violence against women, poverty, and lack of education. Given
this, "Africans account for nearly 70% of those who live with HIV and are dying of AIDS"
(Morgenstern, Dr. Michael).
For centuries, "AIDS has been spread through sexual contact and direct contact with bodily fluids
such as blood, semean, and breast milk" (Disease background). Also, is spread through perinatal
transmission which is when an AIDS–infected mother gives birth and passes the virus on to her
child. The virus develops rapidly in the first few months affecting the immune system and
preventing the body from fighting infections. The sex trade began to grow around the same time
AIDS started to spread. Many say that, "most of the first AIDS cases were recorded in Kinshasa,
Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1920, and by 1980 the disease was spreading in different parts
of Africa" (Origin of HIV and AIDS).
While both women and men are affected by AIDS, younger women have a higher risk of getting
infected "rates of new infections among women aged 15–24 were more than four times greater than
that of men the same age" (HIV and AIDS). Statistics show there is a high efficiency of AIDS
transmission from men to women because of early sexual activity and rape and violence against
women. These intergenerational relationships happen because the men shower his partners with
gifts, money and

What Social Factors Have Driven the Spread of Hiv/Aids in...
What social factors have driven the spread of HIV/AIDS in Sub–Saharan Africa?
The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a disease of the immune system caused by
the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV is transmitted via unprotected sexual intercourse,
contaminated blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic needles, and from an infected mother to
child during pregnancy, delivery or breastfeeding. There is currently no cure for HIV/AIDS. AIDS is
a debilitating condition that has great social, psychological and economic impact on both the
individual and the wider community. Besides causing physical deterioration of the individual, AIDS
can lead to stigmatization and economic hardship. The cost of AIDS to Sub–Saharan Africa is ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Southern Africa, women within the age range of 15 to 24 are eight times more likely to be
infected than their male counterparts (UNAIDS, 2010). The role that gender inequality plays in the
spread of HIV/AIDS is manifested in several ways: social and culture norms, violence against
women, and gender–associated stigmatization.
In many parts of Sub–Saharan Africa, there are long–existing social and culture norms that have, to
some extent, shaped male–female relations and individual social and sexual behaviours. In many
areas, there are double standards for pre–marital sexual behaviours and marriage for males and
females: there is widespread social acceptance of men having sexual "experimentation" before
marriage while this is not encouraged in females, increasing the probability of men being infected
before getting married and putting their spouses–to–be at risk. In Zambia, it is an accepted belief
that men should have exclusive ownership of their wives, but this is not reciprocal. Adultery
committed by men is considered part and parcel of married life, but adultery committed by women
is frowned upon. Together with the culture of polygyny, extramarital affairs often put women at risk
of HIV transmission. In the past, polygyny was common in Zambia, and though the practice is less
widespread

Why Development Aid For Africa Has Failed
The final article is an article translated into English from the German news magazine Der Spiegel
and is a piece published on 16th August 2010, entitled "Why Development Aid For Africa Has
Failed. It is written by Kurt Gerhardt who was a journalist on German radio from 1968 until 2008.
He was a Country Director for the German Development Service in Niger so has first hand
experience of the problems facing impoverished African countries. Additionally Gerhardt was the
founder and is the current chairman of Makaranta; an association aimed at providing education to
Africa which has so far helped develop primary education initiatives in Niger and Uganda since its
formation in 2001. Der Spiegel is a weekly news magazine similar to English–written publication
TIME, with a circulation of around 1 million copies weekly; and is known for its critical stance
towards the German government. Whilst being independent of any political party or business group
it has a left–wing stance and so an article scrutinising aid to Africa is perhaps a slightly atypical
viewpoint for the magazine to publish.
The article begins by claiming that whilst the donors receive good wages with the current aid
system, and the recipients are wise in how to continue to receive sympathy and attention, some of
those on the inside, and even those with little knowledge, are beginning to sense that aid has only
produced paltry results in the last half–century. Gerhardt claims that the West has assumed too much

The Effects Of Hiv And Aids On South Africa
1. Why has it occurred?
The history in how HIV and AIDS in South Africa occurred is one of the most controversial of any
country. There have been many instances where the disease has spread rapidly across the country
due to lack of action and harmful interference, conflict between politicians, HIV and AIDS
organisations and scientists. The consequences of a slow and interrupted response are still being felt
to this very day. Although some groups of society are more at risk then others, South Africa HIV
and AIDS epidemic affects people from all sectors. It is said HIV in South Africa occurred due to
gay men. Two white homosexual men in 1982 were diagnosed with HIV, both whom were flight
stewards. In 1989, a study was reported displaying ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Social factors include: Poverty, as it can drastically limit the access to health care resources, testing,
and medication that has the ability to lower levels of HIV in the blood stream and also help prevent
transmission; discrimination, stigma and homophobia, as these factors most notably reduce the
likelihood for individuals to seek testing, prevention and other treatment; prevalence of HIV, just the
overwhelming issue that if more people are affected by the disease the increased chances an
individual's are going to be affected and also higher rates of incarnation among men, has the ability
disturb sexual and social networks in the broader society and decrease women's ability for women to
find a partner (CDCP, 2015). The relations of these factors mentioned above will not only continue
to fire the epidemic and increase the impact it will have, it also will be significant in determining
which interventions will help prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS.
3. How is currently being dealt with?
The Nation Strategic Plan (NSP) is designed to guide South Africa's response to HIV and AIDS
control and develop strategies and interventions to help prevent and treat the disease.
Priority 1: Prevention. Identifying and keeping HIV/AIDS negative members of society

Dead Aid : Why Aid Is Not Working And How There Is A...
Most african countries, especially those sub of the Sahara, gained independence in the late fifties
through the nineties. It may be expected that, the countries (at least a majority) on the second largest
continent of the world may have made some significant progress in infrastructure, economy, and
other aspects of the country and improve the livelihoods of citizens; just like their coequals in other
parts of the world. Yet, sub–saharan Africa is home to the majority of the world's poor ( Moyo,
2009).
The issue of underdevelopment in this part of the world and the probable cause (though there are
other factors) is what Dambisa Moyo, an African herself, seeks to address in her book, "Dead Aid:
Why Aid is Not Working and How There is A Better Way for Africa."
Moyo was born and raised in the southern African country of Zambia. She holds a master's degree
from Harvard University and a doctorate in economics from Oxford. She worked with the World
Bank in Washington DC for two years, and eight years at Goldman Sachs as a global economist and
strategist.
So, it is no surprise that Moyo dwells heavily on economics in "Dead Aid" to give a roadmap on
how Africa can "wean" itself off aid from the West. Moyo believes that "aid" is the root cause of the
continent's poor showing when it comes to development in all sectors.
This review will try to discuss some of the strengths and weaknesses of the book and her approach
to tackling the issue.
Dambisa Moyo, in her book

Aids, Hiv, And Aids

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