Sir William Harvey Research Paper

Sir William Harvey Research Paper
My client sir William Harvey had a new idea that the heart pumps blood!He had discovered that the heart pumps blood during his vascular system
studies.In 1616 he finally announced his discovery of the circulation of blood within the body.My client should be set free for his fantastic discovery
not punished or kept in bars of a prison.Harvey's towering discovery lead us to new theories and connections for the future! Sir William Harvey
discovered the heart pumps blood.My client studied and experimented heart pumps blood.He discovered that veins don't carry air they flow blood.He
was able to make these discoveries by giving surgey.This discovery gave us new ways of thinking.He proved his theory with mathematical data. These
discoveries are
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Importance Of Cerebral Circulation
Cerebral Circulation
A constant flow of blood to the brain is vital to its proper functioning. Blood supplies the brain with oxygen and to perform maximally the brain
requires about 25% of the body's oxygen (Webb, 2016). Lack of oxygen for a prolonged period results in cell death causing irreversible damage to the
brain. Two paired arteries, four total, supply the vital source ofblood to the brain and spinal cord.
Arterial Structures
Blood supply to the brain is divided between the internal carotid arteries (ICA) and the vertebral arteries. As stated in Cippola's text, the right and left
ICA from the bifurcations of the common carotid arteries and the ICA itself also split in the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. Its primary function
is to supply blood to the cerebrum. The vertebral arteries originate from the subclavian artery and then "join distally to form the basilar artery",
(Cipolla, 2009). The basilar artery later bifurcates into two posterior cerebral arteries , these arteries "supply the inferolateral surface of the temporal
lobe and the lateral and medial surfaces of the occipital lobe," (Webb, 2016). While the ICA mainly provides blood to the cerebrum, the vertebral
arteries are the primary supply to brain stem and cerebellum. The ICA and the vertebral arteries join together to form what is known as the Circle of
Willis.
Circle of Willis
The Circle of Willis is also known as the circulus arteriosus. It is a structure that is formed by the joining of the two

Chronic Bronchitis
The clinical findings that correlate with M.K's Chronic bronchitis are the chronic cough with sputum and the fact that she has smoked for twenty–two
years. Chronic bronchitis is defined as a daily cough with sputum production for at least three consecutive months for two years in a row. Chronic
bronchitis is also usually associated with long term tobacco use. When you have COPD, the airways of the lungs become inflamed and thickened
which make them narrow. They can become clogged with mucus and makes it difficult for air to get in and out of the lungs. Which leads to persistent
coughing as your body tries to get rid of the extra mucus.
The type of treatment and recommendations that would be appropriate for M.K.'s chronic bronchitis is to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some things that we need and can do to help people reduce the chances of hypertension is make them aware that eating healthy is a key prevention for
hypertension and by having all the fast food restaurants around is a reason that the US has a high rate of hypertension. A healthy diet consists of eating
fruits, vegetables, whole grains, poultry, fish and low–fat dairy foods, and less saturated fat and trans–fat. Exercising and maintain a healthy weight is
another key component. Limiting alcohol and smoking and controlling stress. High blood pressure can lead to other diseases including heart failure and
kidney disease.
According to the lipid panel, M.K. is also at risk for heart disease or stroke. Her total cholesterol is 242mg/dL which is high and increases her risk for
heart disease. A normal range for cholesterol is below 200mg/dL. A level of 201 to 240 mg/dL is borderline, and a level of more than 240 mg/dL is
high. Her HDL is 32mg/dL which is really bad. You want this to be as high as possible any level that is 60 mg/dL or higher is good or normal, levels
of 40 to 59 mg/dL is borderline and levels of less than 40 mg/dL is low and bad, it increases your chances of heart disease.
An optimal LDL level for adults is less than 100 milligrams per deciliter, according to MedlinePlus. An LDL level of 130–159 milligrams per deciliter
is considered borderline high, while a level of 160–189 is considered high. An LDL level over 190 milligrams per deciliter is very

Major Cardiac Circuits
The two major cardiovascular circuits in the human body is the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit. Both of these circuits work together in
order to make the body function properly. The major difference between these two circuits is where the blood travels and what areas of the body the
blood reaches. The pulmonary circuit carries blood to only the lungs which focuses more on gas exchange. The systemic circuit carries blood to the
tissues in the entire body which focuses more on supplying the tissues with oxygen and nutrients. Another interesting fact that separates these two
circuits is the blood itself and the process that which it flows. At the beginning of the pulmonary circuit, the blood is deoxygenated. The oxygen poor
blood then

Diagnosis Of Disease Of A Patient
The first step in correct diagnosis of disease of a patient is to know his medical history. Physician should carefully ask patient information about his/her
symptoms such as the onset, duration, and possible relief. The next step is physical examination of the patient. After listening to the patient 's
description of the history of the symptoms, physicians generally conduct a physical examination. Inspection, Palpation, Percussion and Auscultation are
the four components of physical examination. In general inspection, physician examines general body posture and proportion of the patient and then
site of injury is inspected locally. After inspection, physician uses his/her hands and fingers to feel the body of the patient to know the body
temperature as well as to feel underlying parts of body of the patient. This procedure is known as palpation. After palpation, physician taps body parts to
get information about density of tissues and this is known as percussion. Finally, Auscultation is listening to body sounds with the help of stethoscope.
The pressure of blood exerted on the walls of arteries is called arterial blood pressure or simply blood pressure. It helps to propel blood at a high
velocity along the arteries. Blood pressure is taken with an instrument called sphygmomanometer and the unit of blood pressure is usually millimetres
of mercury (mm Hg). The blood pressure, by this instrument, is measured in terms of air pressure when the air pressure becomes equal to the

The Effect Of Temperature On Blood Pressure And Heart Rate
Teacher's Instruction:
Design a lab that will examine a factor that affects blood pressure and heart rate.
Research Question:
What is the effect of temperature on blood pressure and heart rate?
Introduction:
Blood transports nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, antibodies, urea and heat through our body. The heart is transports blood by pumping it
through blood vessels.
Blood flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. The pressure of blood in the circulatory system is a value called blood pressure
(mmHg: "millimeters of mercury"), which is measured by two numbers: systolic pressure and diastolic pressure. The systolic number is the pressure in
the arteries when the heart beats (when the heart muscle contracts), while the diastolic number is pressure in the arteries between heartbeats (when the
heart muscle is resting between beats and refilling with blood). The ideal blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg.
Heart rate on the other hand is the number of times (in one minute) that the heart beats or contracts. A heart rate can be anywhere between 60 and 100
beats per minute.
This experiment will involve five individuals putting their left hand in different samples of water of varying temperatures. Their blood pressure and
heart rate will be recorded before the experiment, and after each water trial, to determine the effect it has on both the blood pressure and heart rate.
Variables:
Independent
1.Temperature of water samples – Subjects will be put in

Cardiac Overloads
Abstract
Cardiac output is the amount of blood the heart pumps in 1 minute and depends on heart rate, contractility, preload, and afterload. Understanding the
supply and the practical relevance of each of these four components is important in interpreting the values of cardiac output.
Afterload is the intraventricular pressure sufficient to open the aortic valve allowing ejection of the ventricular contents, Or the load against which the
ventricle contracts or otherwise stress the wall during ventricular ejection.
On the right side, it is expressed as Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR) and on the left side as Peripheral Vascular Resistance (SVR). The greater the
afterload, the lower the cardiac output, the greater the pressure of the right atrium.
The higher the aortic pressure, the higher the LV afterload. It is usually measured at the end of systole. The most common influence on afterload is
vascular tone or resistance to blood flow. In addition, other factors, such as valve stenosis or blood viscosity, can affect the afterload. Vascular
resistance is controlled and manipulated with drugs to increase or decrease afterload.1–2
When considering post–load equivalent to systolic stress, an interrelation and interdependence between preload and afterload are revealed.
The increase in afterload ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Diuretics and digitalis constitute conventional therapy for congestive heart failure, but systemic vasodilators offer an innovative approach in acute and
chronic heart failure by decreasing the increase in systolic wall ventricular stress by reducing aortic and/or impedance reduces cardiac venous return.
As a result, vasodilators increase cardiac output (CO) by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) and/or decrease left ventricular end–diastolic
pressure (LVEDP) by decreasing venous

What Is Deoxygenated Blood?
The heart is a muscular organ in charge of pumping blood to all parts of the body. As the heart contracts, the blood is forced out through blood vessels
and begins to follow a specific pathway. The blood makes it way through pulmonary circulation (to the lungs) and then through systemic circulation (the
rest of the body).
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava. It then is transported to the right ventricle through the right
atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve). The ventricles contract and the valve closes so that blood does not flow back into the atrium. As the right
ventricle contracts, it forces the deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve and into the pulmonary artery.

Synthetic Nervous System
There are varies glands, organs, and systems that are affected by the sympathetic nervous system, and they include the lacrimal gland, the eye, the
parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, blood vessels, the heart, the trachea,and the lungs. As well as the liver, gallbladder, stomach, pancreas,
the small and large intestines, and many more internal organs. I chose to write about the cardiovascular system, and how the organs in this system are
affected by the sympathetic nervous system, as well as how a lie detector test would assess these internal changes in the human body. First, I will start
with the blood vessels of the cardiovascular system. When stress is at an all time high, "the blood vessels that direct blood to the large muscles

Ekg Vs Ecg
Your heart does more in one minute than some people do in years. Hundreds of thousands of signals are sent throughout the heart in the forms of
electrical impulses, which tell the heart when to expand and contract at the correct times. These actions are recorded on an EKG or ECG, which helps
doctors determine whether or not something is wrong with your heart.
There are multiple parts of the heart that plays a role in the electrical conduction of the heart. First off is the SA node which is commonly known as the
pacemaker of the heart – this can be found in the right atrium inferior to the superior vena cava. This node sends electrical impulses (to both atria) to
tell the heart to expand and contract. On the opposite side of the right atrium is located the AV node which makes sure all theblood is in the ventricle
before they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You use it by placing skin electrodes on the body in specific places. There are multiple letters shown in the animation– P, QRS, T, and U. The letter "P"
represents the depolarization of the atria. Next, the QRS complex shows the depolarization of the ventricles. The QRS complex wave is much bigger
than the "P" wave because the atria is much smaller than the ventricles. After, the "T" shows the REpolarization of the ventricles. The "U" wave does
not appear very much, but shows often when something is wrong with the heart – some also can believe it is the repolarization of the purkinje fibers.
Conclusively, the SA node controls heart rate, and also sends signals through the heart, to the AV node, down to the AV bundle and up on the purkinje
fibers which spread the signal through the ventricles. The EKG scan is used to show the heart rate, and how the heart is functioning at that moment.
There are multiple letters involved in this – P, QRS, T, and sometimes

Strength And Strength Of Muscular Endurance
Strength Muscular strength is much different from muscular endurance. Strength is the extent to how much force your muscles can use and apply.
Strength concentrates more on quick and short spurts of energy. An example of how this component of fitness can be tested in an assessment is in the
'Upper body push and pull strength test'. For this test the equipment used is a Strength Meter dynamometer. You have three tries when doing this test
and the best of three is recorded for each test (the push and then the pull) and the dynamometer must be set to zero each time. This assessment works by
the person taking the test having the Strength Meter dynamometer placed over their shoulders where the handles are placed at the front of the
body–around... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The participants must continuously run between two cones or lines which are set up 20 metres apart between two recorded beeps. The CD had
all the instructions on and will tell the participants when to start; the first level is a slight jog and gradually gets quicker up through the levels. If
you reach one of the lines before the beep has sounded then you must wait for it to sound before you start running again. Before you drop out you
have to miss three consecutive beeps (one after another). Speed Speed is the skill to move with a quick pace or move parts of the body quickly.
When you think about speed you usually think its how fast someone can run but it's not just that, as it's also to do with their acceleration, maximal
speed of movement and speed maintenance. This is because speed needs other components to help it move along in a rapid way, which includes:
strength and power. An example of how this component of fitness can be tested in an assessment is the '100m Swim Time Trial'. This test is used to
measure the participant's ability to sprint swim a given distance, in this case 100m in a timed environment. This is often used for athletes to practise
for when they are doing triathlons. More than one participant can take part at one time and the pool should ideally be 50 metres but any pool will do
as long as the distance that the participant completes is 100

Pulmonary Embolism Research Paper
A pulmonary embolism (PE) is an obstruction of a blood vessel in the lungs, usually due to a blood clot. A saddle pulmonary embolism means that the
obstruction or clot is blocking both sides of an arterial branch of the lungs. We are all subject to developing a pulmonary embolism, but conditions such
as immobility, cancer, heart disease, and surgery can increase our risk. Some common signs and symptoms include shortness of breath, chest pain and
cough. A pulmonary embolism can threaten your life, but immediate treatment can greatly reduce the risk of death. In addition to prompt treatment, we
can all take measures to prevent blood clots by knowing our family history, remaining mobile, and staying hydrated. PE's can be treated surgically,...
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A V/Q scan uses radioactive material to see how well air and blood are flowing to all areas of thelung. A pulmonary angiography is an accurate,
invasive test that is used to diagnose pulmonary embolism. A trained specialist threads a catheter through the groin or arm to the blood vessels in the
lung. A dye is then injected so that a picture can be taken of the blood flow through the blood vessels in the lungs. Not available at all hospitals, this
test is administered by a trained specialist. A spiral CT scan is a special type of x–ray that takes pictures of structures inside the body. A doctor will
inject a dye into a vein, which will allow the blood vessels in the lungs to be seen. This is a very quick test and results are available shortly after the
scan is completed. A MRI is a test utilizing radio waves that shows pictures of organs and structures inside the body that may not show up on an x–ray.
To check for blood clots inside the heart and to view heart function, an echocardiogram may be ordered. This test uses sound waves. It can also
determine other possible causes for the symptoms that are being experienced. A D–dimer is a blood test that measures a substance in the blood that is
released when a clot breaks up. High levels may indicate a clot. A

Cardiovascular Disease Is The Leading Cause Of Death For...
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women and has an average of 610,000 casualties in the United States every year.
This could be contributed to the fact that as adults, we tend to lead a very demanding lifestyle and constantly struggle through a never–ending to do list
that diminishes the majority of our day. Inside our home, the office, events for the holidays, and perhaps even school, our responsibility to take care
of ourselves doesn't quite make the priority cutoff. For one thing, it is my understanding I'm supposed to exercise at least three times a week. About
one in every three U.S. adults has reported that no leisure time was spent doing physical activity to which I can relate. The first hour and... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the same time, with a little research it's never too late to change a bad habit and there is a light at the end of the tunnel. Significant progress has
been made over the last 50 years in understanding the causes of chronic illnesses, as well as development in areas that provide knowledge to detect,
prevent, and maintain comparable diseases. Improvement in public health and health care have increased life expectancy by approximately 30 years
and has led to dramatic changes in the leading causes of death. With this information we now have a better understanding of the long term effects our
choices will make and those results have already affected the market around us. Fast food chains now provide menu selections for their
health–conscious customers such as nutritional listings, optional cooking methods, and the use of organic and Non–GMO ingredients. Similarly,
patients that suffer from congestive heart failure and smoke may be drawn to the more recent e–cigarette. Although e–cigarettes still have years of long
term testing in order to determine their overall hazards and benefits, current research shows that there is potential for smokers to reduce their health
related risks if electronic cigarettes are used in place of tobacco cigarettes when on the road to the ending tobacco or nicotine use.

Gut Worms Research Paper
Gut worms are a type of roundworm that infect cattle in their stomach by causing eggs to form in their feces. Also known as Parasitic Gastroenteritis
(PGE), this disease causes the cattle industry to lose millions of dollars each year. The cycle of gut worms begin within the remains of cattle feces.
Once cattle are infected, the eggs pass through the digestion system and the remains are left in the pasture. They then eat the larval stages that have
migrated to the pasture. There is further development through several more larval stages in the cows gastrointestinal system before the worms
become sexually mature and can start producing eggs. The development inside the cow usually takes about 3 weeks to reach the egg producing stage.
The whole cycle from egg to a mature, egg producing worm takes around 5 weeks. In some cases, the development within the cow can stop and the
larvae become... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Benzimadazoles are known as white drenches. These kill adult worms and the eggs. Levamisoles are the yellow drenches. These are responsible for
killing only adult worms. Macrocyclic Lactones are the clear drenches. They can have many actions, including killing external parasites. It is
important to never under/overdose animals with a worming product and use them as recommended by the manufacturer. In order to get the correct
dosage, it is helpful to weigh animals in order to know what amount to correctly administer. Also, remember to calibrate the injectors/dosing guns etc.
to ensure a full dose is given every time. Underdosing has the potential to select for worms with an increased resistance to that particular wormer.
Depending on the damage caused, most animals will recover from moderate parasite disease. However, parasites can slow growth and development–
particularly of calves– and it has been suggested that burdens in adults, if left untreated, can improve fertility rates and

Normal Heart Rate Chart
Normal Heart Rate Chart
The heart is an organ located just behind and slightly to the left of the breastbone, and pumps blood through a network of veins and arteries known as
the circulatory system. The right atrium is sent blood from the veins, and delivers it to the right ventricle. It is then pumped to the lungs where it is
oxygenated. The left atrium collects the oxygen enriched blood from the lungs and delivers it to the left ventricle, where it is pumped throughout the
body, and the ventricle contractions create blood pressure.
A pulse is the beating of the heart as it is felt through the walls of an artery, such as the radial artery at the wrist. Pulse rates can also be felt and
measured at the carotid artery located on the side of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Heart Rate During Exercise
Your maximum heart rate is the highest heart rate that is achieved during strenuous exercise. One method to calculate your approximate maximum
heart rate is the formula: 220 – (your age) = approximate maximum heart rate. For example, a 30 year old's approximate maximum heart rate is 220 –
30 = 190 beats/min.
You can maximize the benefits and reduce the risks when you are exercising within your target heart rate zone. Your target heart rate when exercising
is normally 60 to 80 percent of your maximum heart rate. This may be increased or decreased depending on your health factors, and your health care
provider may want you to limit the target heart rate zone to 50 percent. However, it is not recommended to exceed 85 percent of your maximum heart
rate. Anything above 85 percent increase risks to the orthopedic and cardiovascular system, with minimal added benefits from the exercise.
Normal Maximum and Target Heart Rate Chart
The following table shows the approximate target heart rates for various age groups. Find the age group closest to your age and find your target heart
rate. The guidelines for moderately intense activities is about 50–69% of your maximum heart rate, and hard physical activity is about 70% to less than
90% of the maximum heart

Advantages Of Satellite Health Care
The satellite community–based health center was established through the cooperation and contribution of the area community. The aim of setting up the
Health Center was to alleviate the myriads of health issues concerning the heart diseases and the associated illnesses for the old people.
The health center has since its establishment offered excellent and quality services to curb the formerly alarming mortality rates for the elderly. The
targeted age bracket if the elderly people over 60 years who are majorly affected by the devastating effects of heart diseases and health conditions that
come as a result of the old age.
The major contributing factor is the physical inactivity of the old people and the poor eating lifestyles. Many families ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Like much other health facilities, Satellite health Centre receives the ailing elderly people where proper diagnosis is done, and appropriate
medication is administered to alleviate the problem. Satellite carries out training sessions meant to equip the staff on how to deal with dementia
people. The Satellite health center also has provision for boarding facilities and hence is a home for the ailing elderly, where they receive homely
care that improves the lifestyle of the people. A public health service has a responsibility to sensitize on the need of adopting proper eating habits and
involvement in the physical activities. All these activities are mainstreamed in the Satellite health facility. Satellite, like other health services, has put
strategies to come up with more advanced methods through research in order to deal effectively with the disease (Tang et al. 2014, pp. 748) Most
public health facilities conduct free voluntary guidance and counseling that helps people adopt new ways of viewing life hence helping solving of
psychological problems that may culminate to dementia and other related mental disorders. I believe such a center for counseling at Satellite health
center will boost their efforts in dealing with most of the

The Lymphatic System: A System Of Hubes That Go Across The...
The lymphatic System
The lymphatic system is a system of thin tubes that go throughout the body. The tubes are called lymphatic vessels.
The lymphatic system is similar to the circulation of blood – the tubes branch into every part of the body like the arteries and veins that carry the blood
also do, but the lymphatic tubes are much finer and thinner and carry lymph which is clear and colourless.
Lymph is a fluid that flows around the body tissue. The lymph contains a high concentration of lymphocytes (white blood cells).
Plasma leaks out of the capillaries to surround and bathe the body tissues. This then drains into the lymph vessels. It is now known as tissue fluid.
Not all of the tissue fluid is then re–absorbed into the capillaries, excess tissue fluid is transferred into the blood through the lymphatic system. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Valves in the lymph vessels stop the lymph flowing backwards. Lymph glands make lymphocytes to prevent infection. Along the lymph vessels are
small nodes.
Lymph nodes are small bean like structures that filter out harmful substances. They contain immune cells that can help stop infections by attacking and
destroying germs in the lymph fluid. There are lymph nodes in many parts of your body. They can be found in the chest, the neck, the pelvis, the
axillary region, the abdomen, the groin and behind the knee.
The lymphatic system participates in many functions. The lymphatic system drains fluid back from the tissues into the bloodstream, fights infections,
and also filters the blood and

Heart Structure
This passage is mainly about the structure and function of the heart which is located in the middle compartment of the chest but also tells about
cardiovascular system, pulmonary system and so on.
In the first paragraph, author illustrates about the heart shortly. The heart is a muscular organ in humans and other animals, which pumpsblood
through a 60,000 mile of blood vessels of the circulatory system. Blood moves through many tubes called arteries and veins which together are called
blood vessels. It weighs between about 280 to 340 grams in men and 230 to 280 grams in women. Size of the heart is about your fist. Pumping of the
heart relies on a complicate system of muscle which is called myocardium, valves, coronary vessels, the conduction ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Like contraction and relaxation of the heart, myocytes and myocardium. Squeezing blood out of its heart chamber is name as contraction but
relaxation is expanding to allow the blood inside the heart chamber. In last sentence, narrator had added the similar action to explain about
contraction and relaxation. Myocytes works together to contract and relax the heart chamber in right sequence to pump blood to the lungs and the
body. There are various blood cells in our body. Those are red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and all that sort of things. Red blood cells
transport and carry oxygen to all body. On the other hand, white blood cells attack bacteria and help to fight disease or infection. Lastly, platelets help
the blood if you get cut.
Narrator informs the heart in the right side, left side, pulmonary circulation and the function of the blood. The right side of your heart receives blood
from the body and pumps it to the lungs. Though, the left side of your heart is given the blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the body. For more
information, heart has four different kinds of chambers. Two upper chambers and two lower ones. Therefore, formulate of the right atrium and right
ventricle, is in control for pulmonary circulation. Narrator told that the blood must rotate from the right part of the heart and through the lungs before
being moved to the left side and throughout the whole

Contraction Of Exercise Lab Report
Obervations
–Systolic pressure increases significantly when intensity of exercise increases.
–It refers to the peak blood pressure during the contraction of ventricles.
–It could be used as an indicator of the pumping force of the heart.
–When heart pumps stronger, systolic pressure increases.
–Compared with systolic pressure, diastolic pressure has a rather mild increase when intensity of exercise increases.
–It refers to the lowest blood pressure when the contraction of ventricles ends.
–It is mainly affected by the dilation of arteries during diastole.
–When arterioles dilate, the peripheral resistence decreases, resulting in a lower diastolic pressure.
–Pulse pressure increases when intensity of exercise increases.
–It is essentially

Gas Exchange Or External Respiration
Gas exchange or external respiration is where we get oxygen from the air into the blood and remove waste carbon dioxide from the blood into the
air. Gas exchange happens in the lungs between the alveoli (air sacs) and a network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries. The capillaries are
located in the moist thin walls of the alveoli. The alveoli give the lungs a really big surface area for diffusion to take place. There are millions of
alveoli in the lungs. When inhalation occurs oxygen is taken in through the mouth and nose flowing along the trachea and bronchial tubes to the alveoli
of the lungs. The breathed in air, which is now rich with oxygen comes into contact with the blood in the capillary network surrounding the alveoli,
which

Difference Between Systole And Divert Flow To The Heart
2.The heart rate is controlled by the PNS, SNS, and endocrine glands.
3.The difference between systole and diastole is the pulse pressure. Systole is the contraction phase, while diastole is the relaxation phase. Systolic
blood pressure is the highest pressure on the wall of the arteries. And the diastolic blood pressure is the lowest pressure, corresponding to when the
ventricles are filled with blood during diastole.
4.For blood to flow, there must be a difference in pressure at both ends. Blood flows from an area of high to low pressure. The pressure difference is
also created by the resistance in the blood vessels themselves. Blood flow is compared to the pressure difference and resistance. So, pressure drives the
flow. And vasoconstriction and vasodilation divert flow to the regions that need it the most.
5. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The distribution of blood flow in and around the body depends on its immediate need, compared to that of other areas in the body. At rest, the liver
and kidneys receive about 50% of CO, while skeletal muscle tissues receive 15–20%. During exercise, muscles that are contracting receive 80% of the
cardiac output.
6.During exercise these 3 mechanisms are important for returning blood to the heart. It is important to have valves in the veins to prevent backflow and
leakage. A muscle pump and a respiratory pump.
7.The primary functions of the blood is to transport oxygen, CO2, nutrients and wastes. Blood aids in the regulation of temperature. And keeps the
acid–base (pH)

Hemodynamics
Question 1: Hemodynamic changes resulting from trauma–associated bleeding
Answer: Hemodynamics is an essential part of cardiovascular physiology dealing with the forces that govern the blood flow in various segments of the
cardiovascular system (Wade, 2013). The pumping action of the heart makes pulsatileblood flow, which flows into the arteries, through the
micro–circulation and finally, returns via the venous system to the heart. In the course of each heartbeat, systemic arterial blood force varies among a
systolic and diastolic pressure. Blood flow ensures the transportation of nutrients, hormones, metabolic wastes, O2 and CO2 all over the body (Wade,
2013). These sustain cell–level metabolic rate, the regulation of the pH, osmotic pressure ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Oxygen is one of the substance that the blood carried, and the heart muscle needs it for survival without it the heart did not function, and it cause
ischemia. The discomfort of the woman speaks out against indigestion is an ischemic myocardium that irritates myocardial nerve fibers. These
sympathetic efferent fibers enter the spinal cord from levels C3 to T4 accounting for the variety of location of angina pains of the body (McCance,
Kathryn, Huether, 2014). Rest and nitrates will stop the pain. Inability to relief indicates an individual may be developing infraction (McCance,
Kathryn, Huether,

Case Study Of Pvss
DISCUSSION
Since most institutions have limited experience with PVS, the data presented are useful because of the large cohort of infants with primary PVS
amassed for comparison. While the present data suggest that primary PVS during infancy has a poor prognosis, lack of harmonized collection, entry
criteria, definitions, and surveillance protocols across studies limits interpretation. Given the large variability and widely ranging heterogeneity of the
studies from which the data were drawn, pooled results should be interpreted with caution. However, the data help to identify sources of variability in
results across studies, represent the best available evidence for clinical care and family–centered counseling, and can be used to inform ... Show more
Echocardiography can underestimate the degree of PVS, because blood flow is redistributed toward the less–obstructed portions of the lung, resulting in
decreased flow through the stenotic vein.81 Alternatively, the pulmonary veins may have been normal initially, and the stenosis developed over
time.3,5 While most studies continue to use echocardiography as the primary modality in the diagnosis of PVS8, potential advantages of cardiac CT or
MRI include better delineation of pulmonary venous anatomy and blood flow distribution.79 To answer questions on the timing and nature of disease
progression, more uniform methods of diagnosis surveillance, with pre–specified cut–off values for defining PVS, are needed.1,79,82
Evidence on longer–term benefits of treatments for primary PVS is lacking.1,41,64,83–85 Poor outcomes following intervention have led some health
care providers to recommend against treatment, particularly in the setting of multi–vessel disease.86 While we observed no differences in outcomes
among infants with severe disease provided surgical intervention compared to those provided non–intervention/medical therapy, baseline heterogeneity
among enrolled patients, marked variation in type of intervention, and inconsistency in the completeness of data reported among studies, limit data
interpretations. Increased awareness and improvements in non–invasive

First Blue Baby Surgery Analysis
that Thomas trains him throughout the first Blue Baby surgery over the protests of Hopkins management. The movie is relevant to what we did in
Biology 2060 class on the Heart, the center of the Cardiovascular System. The mainly common reason of blue baby syndrome is congenital heart defect
that is present at birth. The heart is composed of two sides, the right side and the left side. Each side of the heart has two chambers, a superior chamber
for receiving blood also known as the atrium and inferior chamber for pumping blood away from the heart also known as the ventricle. This makes up
the four chambers of the heart. The left ventricle must produce a force adequate to push blood through the systemic circulation. Therefore, the

Exercise As A Healthy Lifestyle
Dear Karen, I am addressing you about your interest in exercise as a supplemental component in leading a healthy lifestyle. Based on the results of
your medical evaluations, I believe an exercise prescription is a viable option to help you reach your health and general fitness goals. I am excited
for the opportunity to work with you and think you have made an excellent choice to pursue exercise as a treatment option. I like to stress with my
clients that, although the goal is to get you exercising on your own, I am here to teach and support you so that you are comfortable and confident that
you are making decisions that will impact your health in a positive way. Although my services are science based and effective, it is crucial that you do
not use them as a replacement for general medical care from your physician. Exercise is a significant component to health in many ways. In the United
States, the leading causes of premature death are primarily diseases of the heart and circulatory systems. Diseases of utmost significance are coronary
artery disease, stroke, type II diabetes, and cancer. More and more evidence suggests that the increase in deaths with each of these conditions is
correlated with a decrease in the amount of exercise performed by the general population. The good news is that you have taken the first step toward
reversing this trend and I can help you achieve success. Vast amounts of research suggest exercise can help mitigate your risk for cardiovascular

Hypotensive Effect of Aqueous Extract of the Leaves of...
Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica Г± Drug Research, Vol. 64 No. 6 pp. 547Г±552, 2007
ISSN 0001–6837 Polish Pharmaceutical Society
HYPOTENSIVE EFFECT OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF THE LEAVES OF PHYLLANTHUS AMARUS SCHUM AND THONN
(EUPHORBIACEAE).
*FABIAN C. AMAECHINA and ERIC K. OMOGBAI Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
Abstract: The plant of Phyllanthus amarus is used as diuretic and to lower blood pressure in traditional medicine practice. The effect of the aqueous
extract of the leaves of Phyllanthus amarus on blood pressure was evaluated in normotensive male rabbits. Intravenously administered aqueous doses (5
mg to 80 mg/kg) of the extract to anaesthesized normotensive male rabbits produced a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The infusion of the aerial parts has been reported to be used to manage non–insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, for the relief of stomach ache and to
treat dysentery (5). The plant extract has also been reported to have antitumor and anticarcinogenic activity (6). As a con–
* Corresponding author: amaefabs@yahoo.co.uk; phone: +2341–0802–3303–138.
547
548
FABIAN C. AMAECHINA and ERIC K. OMOGBAI
Effect of extract on blood pressure and heart rate Each rabbit was anaesthetized with pentobarbital at the dose of 40 mg/kg, administered intravenously
through the marginal ear vein, previously canulated with 21–G butterfly canula. The trachea was canulated with a plastic canula to ease respiration.
The vagus nerve was located and separated from the carotid artery, which was cleared of connective tissues and canulated with a plastic canula
connected to a pressure transducer via a three–way tap. The pressure transducer transmitted the blood pressure to Ugo Basile twin channel recorder
(model 7090), which recorded the blood pressure and heart rate. The channel recorder was always calibrated before and after each experiment, using
a mercury sphygmomanometer. When the animal had stabilized and the blood pressure and heart rate had remained constant, the extract was
administered in graded doses of 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg. The effects of the graded doses of the extract on blood pressure

Fallot Colostomy
The most common comorbid cardiac malformation is a ventricular septal defect (VSD). or tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and others are isolated
defects. In Case of VSD the patency of the ductus arteriosus can be maintained by the use of prostaglandin while the colostomy is established. Also
the patent foramen ovale may need to be enlarged by the balloon technique in the case of inadequate atrial mixing. This is the only case where the
cardiac lesion will have to be repaired before the ARM. When EA/TEF is present also then many factors are involved in the treatment. Such as the
ligation or division of the distal TEF along with a colostomy. If the child has TOF the descending aorta may be on the right side, making the definitive
repair of the EA/TEF easier from the left thoracic approach. A systemic–to–pulmonary shunt may be required Only in the presence of a cyanotic
cardiac lesion... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are usually hemivertebrae present that will tilt the pelvis to a varying degree and when severe then it may result in severe deformity of the
lower body. The absence of several pelvic vertebrae is more often associated with urinary incontinence than with bowel incontinence. At times the
spinal malformation may be very severe with lack of development of the sacrum and sacral nerve plexus, a condition known as caudal regression or
caudal dysgenesis sequence. In these instances, the baby's buttocks are flat and the gluteal crease is barely discernable. The clinical import of this
condition is that the pelvic musculature and innervation are impossible to utilize. The establishment of an anal opening on the perineum will result in a
perineal colostomy with little or no bowel control and no possibility of maintaining a colostomy bag seal. In these cases, establishment of a permanent
colostomy is required following separation of the distal bowel from the urogenital

Extrapleural Pneumonectomy
Pneumonectomy is defined as a surgical procedure to remove a lung. There are two types of pneumonectomy: simple or traditional pneumonectomy and
Extrapleural pneumonectomy. Simple pneumonectomy is defined as removal of just the affected lung because of cancer and extrapleural
pneumonectomy defined as removal of the affected lung, plus the part of the diaphragm, the parietal pleura and pericardium on the side, this is
primarily used for treatment of malignant mesothelioma. In the journal of thoracic and cardiovascular, it is stated that, "Chest wall resection is a safe
and effective therapeutic option in the management of localized chest wall recurrence of malignant pleural mesothelioma."
There are many respiratory conditions associated with

Describe The Difference Between Right Atrium And Right...
The heart is made up of four chambers, two atriums and two ventricles. The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood and pumps the blood
to the lungs, whereas the left side of the heart receives the oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body.
The right side of the heart consists of the right atrium and right ventricle. The right atrium receives the deoxygenated blood via the vena cava (both the
inferior and superior) from the rest of the body. The blood then travels through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle where it then gets pumped to
the lungs, where gas exchange can occur. The chambers on the left side of the heart are the left ventricle and atrium. The left atrium receives the
oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary vein. It is then pumped through the atrioventricular valve into the left ventricle, where it is pumped
through the aorta and to the rest of the body. One adaptation of the heart is the thickness of the walls. The ventricles have thicker walls than the atria as
blood gets pumped out with higher pressures. The left ventricle is even thicker as it must withstand the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The contraction, known as systole, pumps blood out of the heart. The relaxion phase, diastole, is when the heart muscles relax, and fill will blood.
These cause the stereotypical heart sounds, 'lub' and 'dub'. The 'lub' occurs when the atrioventricular valves close, and the 'dub' when the semilunar
valves close.
An athletes heart has some slight adaptations that make it more efficient. In response to endurance training, both the right and left ventricles expanded.
For strength athletes, the muscle of the heart thickened, but only for the left ventricle. These adaptations cause the heart to pump blood more
effectively as the myocardial contractions are more forceful, and the filling and ejection of blood from the heart chambers is

Response Of The Human Cardiovascular System
The tilt study demonstrated the baroreflex response of the human cardiovascular system to changes in posture. Expected decreases in BP, MAP, CO at
30 seconds post–tilt and immediate decreases in SV and TPR as seen in Figures 2, 4, 6 and Table 1 were observed. These decreases were due to
increased pooling of blood in the lower limbs leading to lower venous return and subsequently decreasing flow out of the heart. Furthermore, there was
a reflexive response by the autonomic nervous system in order to regain normal cardiovascular parameters mediated by the baroreceptors.
Going from supine to standing position induced changes in the hydrostatic pressure experienced by the superior and inferior regions of the body. As
tilt occurred blood began to pool in highly distensible veins of the lower region. Because of this pooling phenomena there was an expected reduction
in venous return to the heart and subsequently a reduced CO (Fig. 5) as seen 30 seconds post–tilt (Sherwood, 2013). This reduced CO exemplifies the
Frank–Starling Law of the Heart which states that reduced venous return will result in reduced CO by the heart (Sherwood, 2013). The Frank–Starling
Law can also explain lowered SV as seen in Figure 4. The only explanation to why CO (a product of HR and SV) might have increased in this
experiment immediately after tilt was because HR (Fig. 1) significantly increased at the same time in comparison to the small decrease in SV as seen
in Figure 4. MAP and BP decreases were

Analysis of Russell Banks' Short Story, Sarah Cole: A...
Stab in the Heart A stab in the heart by one's own hopes is truly the cruelest way to leave this world. Sadly, that is exactly what happen to Sarah
Cole in Russell Banks' short story entitled, "Sarah Cole: A Type of Love Story." The man who dated Sarah for a short period of time tells the tale.
He calls himself Ron, for Ron could have been him, but he doesn't want to say who he is for fear of looking cruel. He wants to believe what he did
was right when he left her. They both didn't handle their differences properly. The relationship could have been different if they communicated to each
other what the relationship meant to them, if Sarah wasn't so aggressive, and if Ron could let go of his vanity. All these aspects together... Show more
For Sarah, the relationship is about raising her social class. Ron wants to end the relationship. Unlike Sarah, this relationship is not the future saw
in his future. When he finally gave up trying to make Sarah happy, Ron kills her by killing her hope. She had confused him from the start by not
communicating with him and leading him to believe that they were together just for the novelty of the situation. Ron tells this story ten years
later, while he tries to figure out if what he did to her was right or wrong. What he did in many ways was the right thing to do. Sarah could only
show her emotions through aggression. Sarah intrigued Ron. Despite her looks and social class, he was strangely attracted to her. Ron wanted to
understand how someone who had so little could live a happy life. What he learned was that a person will do anything to acquire a better life and
will capitalize on any opportunity to obtain that life. Ron had given her that opportunity and she was going to do anything she could to make her
dreams become reality. "'No' she said firmly. 'You're ashamed of being seen with me. You'll sleep with me, but you won't go out in public with
me'"(14). Of course, Ron wanted her to stop the crazy accusations, so he does as she wants. She wants to show him to all her friends and co–workers,
so she can prove that she is pretty enough and, in his eyes, she is a high–quality

Pulmonary Embolism Research Paper
A pulmonary embolism is a blockage that is located in the lung artery. The cause is more than likely to come from a blood clot in the leg called a deep
vein thrombosis. When that happen it breaks loose and travels throughout the blood stream and into the lung which cases the pulmonary embolism.
When that happens is causes permanent damage to the lung that was affected, low oxygen levels in your blood and damage to any other organ in
your body that isn't getting the sufficient amount of oxygen it needs to run properly. In some cases if the clot is large enough the pulmonary
embolism may cause death. Some people who have these embolisms have no symptoms. Those who do have symptoms would include of having
shortness of breath, coughing up blood or chest pain. Symptoms of the blood clot portion would include warmth, pain, swelling, tenderness and
redness of the leg it is occurring in. the main goal of treatment is to disperse of the blood clot an prevent new ones from forming. The risk factors for
a pulmonary embolism are the same as the risk factors for deep vein thrombosis. These are referred to as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A pulmonary anagram are very rare while testing these days but it was where dye was injected and a clot or clots could be identified on imaging
studies. This is considered an invasive test. A CT scan of the chest with angiography can be done. Contrast material (dye) is injected into an
intravenous line in the arm while the CT is being taken, and the pulmonary arteries can be visualized. There are some limitations of the test, especially
if a pulmonary embolism involves the smaller arteries in the lung it is very important that the contrast material used during the CT angiogram be timed
appropriately so that the bolus of dye is not diluted as it travels through the

Anatomics Of The Human Body During The Renaissance Period
More medical discoveries and advances are occurring every day. Medical treatments and understanding of the human anatomy have come a long way.
Though if it weren't for certain Anatomists, we may have not have had the right comprehension of the human body which could have led to errors in
surgery and more deaths while treating patients. The Renaissance period was a time where Anatomists searched for clearer understanding of the human
body. During the Renaissance period, Anatomists questioning and experimentation led to great discoveries of the human body. Wrong theories of the
anatomy have been assumed to be correct for thousands of years. Theories of using a scientific base were not used by the Europeans until the
Renaissance period... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People who believed in Galen's theories tried to explain how the pulmonary vein would have air go down into the heart and also have a by product
called 'sooty vapours' brought up into the lungs. Though there was a massive lack of evidence, the Galen theory still stood as the 'correct theory'
("About William Harvery"). Galen's model was proven wrong by Renaissance anatomists. Despite Galen's model being used for so many years,
Vesalius proved the vena cava could not have come from the liver. Realdo Columbo's experimentation also gathered information about the heart. It was
revealed that the systole phase of the heart is active as it constricts and pumped blood into the arteries while the dystole phase is the inactive phase of
the heart ("About William Harvery"). Harvey, inspired by Vesalius's discoveries, later discovered the process of blood circulation in 1628
("Renaissance medicine"). Galen's theories were challenged by William Harvey's (About Williams Harvey). Harvey observed sheep veins and
arteries and even his own veins to discover blood circulation. Harvey concluded that the veins in our bodies allowed the blood to
circulate("Medicine"). Harvey was able to prove Columbo's theory and discovered that the heart worked as a muscle. The beating heart sent a
shockwave to the arteries which causes them to

Digital Image Analysis Of Eye Fundus Images
ABSTRACT: Digital image analysis of eye fundus images has several benefits than current observer based techniques. The characteristic symptoms of
different systemic diseases like hypertension, glaucoma, diabetes and cardiovascular disorder etc. affects retinal vessels. Diseases like diabetes show
abnormalities and diameter changes in retinal blood vessels. In hypertension retinal blood vessels show dilatation and elongation of main arteries and
veins. Arteriolar to venular diameter ratio (AVR) express high blood pressure levels, diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity. Among other
image processing operations the estimation of AVR requires vessel segmentation, accurate vessel width measurement andartery or vein
classification[1]. Hence the identification of arteries is essential to detect eye diseases. The work has been done on automated classification of retinal
vessels and hence it is a challenging task. Nowadays for image analysis graph based methods have been used which are useful for retinal vessel
segmentation,retinal image registration and retinal vessel classification[2]. The segmented vessels are analyzed using type of intersection and then
assigned artery or vein labels to each vessel segment. So the combination of labels and intensity features decides final artery or vein class.
INTRODUCTION
Most of the methods uses intensity features to differentiate

Hemoglobin Lab Report
1. Hemoglobin is the molecule that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs throughout the body through inhalation and deoxygenated blood from the
body to the lungs through exhalation. When the hemoglobin is in the oxygenated state, it is in the R state or relaxed state. When it is in the
deoxygenated state, it is in the T state or tense state.
Two major differences between oxygenated hemoglobin and deoxygenated hemoglobin are shape and color. The hemoglobin molecule is made up of a
Heme group, a Histidine group, an Iron, and multiple subunits. When the hemoglobin is in the T state, the iron that is bound to the heme group creates
a peaked shape and the histidine and subunits are not pulled into any particular order. However, when hemoglobin is in the R state, the heme group
pulls in opposite direction which flattens the iron from its peaked shape which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
pH level is what determines the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It refers to the amount of Hydrogen ions in the solution. In this case, hemoglobin.
The normal pH level in hemoglobin is 7.2 – 7.4. (S. Hudon–Miller, 2012). A low pH level will have a higher number of Hydrogen ions which will
make it acidic, and a high pH level will have a lower number of Hydrogen ions which will make it alkaline. Carbon dioxide is produced in the Citric
Acid Cycle, and when CO2 combines with H2O it makes carbonic acid. CO2 is the acidic part of our blood. Many of our cells produce CO2, and as it
is toxic to our bodies, we must have a way to get it out of our bodies which is normally exhaled through the lungs. We breathe in O2 and breathe out
CO2. Now, just as the blood is carrying O2 throughout our bodies, it is also carrying CO2 to our lungs to be expelled. The more CO2 in our blood,
the lower the pH level and the higher the acidity. As this happens, CO2 binds to the blood cell decreasing the blood cells ability to bind with O2. The
CO2 and O2 compete to bind to the blood cell. This called the Bohr effect. (Wikipedia,

Metacarpal Veins
The systemic circulation consists of the arterial and the venous systems.
Arteries are a high pressure system and a pulse can be palpated. The muscle layer in arteries is stronger and they will not collapse like veins. Arteries
are also deeper than veins and are surrounded by nerve endings, making arterial puncture painful.
The venous system consists of superficial and deep veins. The superficial or cutaneous veins are those used for venipuncture. Because thrombosis of
the superficial veins of the lower extremities can easily extend to the deep veins, it is important to avoid the use of these veins. Superficial veins are
bluish in color. The pressure within veins is low and therefore a pulse will not be palpated in a vein.
Knowledge of vein wall anatomy and physiology is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If large enough they may accommodate a small gauge needle, however they are used as a last resort.
Metacarpal Veins:
The metacarpal veins are formed by the union of the digital veins. They are usually visible, lie flat on the hand, are easy to feel, and are easily
accessible. The hand provides a flat surface for stabilization and as this vein is in the extremity it allows successive venipunctures to be performed
above the site. These veins may therefore be the first choice for venipuncture.
Cephalic Vein:
The cephalic vein flows upward along the radial aspect of the forearm. Its size readily accommodates a large needle, while its position provides easy
access and natural splinting. This vein can be accessed from the wrist to the upper arm (using the most distal region of the vein first). These veins tend
to "roll" so "anchoring" the vein during venipuncture essential.
Accessory Cephalic Vein:
The accessory cephalic vein ascends the arm and joins the cephalic vein below the elbow. Its large size accommodates a large needle.
Basilic

Aortic Aneurysm Research Paper
Aortic aneurysm (chest)
Overview–
The aorta is the largest artery in the body and is the blood vessel that carries oxygen–rich blood away from the heart to all parts of the body. It widens
and balloons the portion of an artery due to weakness in the wall of the blood vessel. A thoracic aortic aneurysm occurs in the part of the body's largest
artery (the aorta) that passes through the chest. Depending on its location and size, it may rupture or dissect (tear), causing life–threatening internal
bleeding. When detected in time, a thoracic aortic aneurysm can often be repaired with surgery or other less invasive techniques.
Symptoms–
As a thoracic aortic aneurysm grows, some people may notice:
Tearing pain in the chest, abdomen, and/or middle of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sometimes people who have problems with the valve that blood flows through as it leaves your heart have an increased risk of thoracic aortic aneurysm.
Some people who are injured in falls or motor vehicle crashes develop thoracic aortic aneurysms.
Diagnosis–
The physical exam is often normal unless a rupture or leak has occurred. This includes:
Chest X–ray– Your doctor may first suspect you have a thoracic aortic aneurysm by looking at chest X–ray images. Your doctor may discover a
thoracic aortic aneurysm on X–ray images ordered to check for another condition.
Echocardiogram–Thoracic aortic aneurysms may be diagnosed by echocardiogram, and this technique is often used to screen family members of those
with thoracic aortic aneurysm.
Computerized tomography (CT) scan–This painless test can provide your doctor with clear images of your aorta, and it can detect the size and shape
of an aneurysm. During a CT scan, you lie on a table inside a doughnut–shaped machine.
Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)–An MRA is a painless imaging test that may be used to diagnose an aneurysm and determine its size and
location. In this test, you lie on a movable table that slides into the tunnel.

Blood Is The Essence Of Life
The blood is the essence of life, and is responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrients to various parts of the body, where they are needed. It also carries
toxins away to where it can be broken down. Therefore, blood circulation is an important functionof the body.
Poor blood flow has been found to be the cause of several ailments, among which is stroke. Severe headache, dizziness, loss of memory and mental
focus have also been attributed to poor blood circulation.
Poor blood circulation is also associated to the various cardiovascular dieases that are now common in the society.
This is mostly as a result of a sedentary lifestyle, long working hours sitting in one place, poor diet, dehydration and bad habits. However, spending a
few minutes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It pumps out oxygenated blood that are distributed to different parts of the body through the vein. Also, when de–oxygenated blood arrives back to the
heart, it infuses it with oxygen again before sending it on its way.
When the heart rate is increased as a result of physical activity, the heart is able to pump faster, ensuring that blood gets to the extremities.
HELPS QUIT BAD HABITS
Yoga also helps when trying to quit bad habit such as smoking. It conditions your body, so that you become mindful of what goes into it.
Why do you need to quit smoking? Smoking is bad for your health. It is commonly said that smoking damages the lungs and can cause several
respiratory diseases.
Smoking also impedes blood circulation. Smoking has been found to cause increased blood pressure. This is because it narrows the veins and arteries.
It also causes the blood to clot.
You can improve blood circulation by quitting smoking, and yoga can help you.
ELEVATES THE LEGS

By raising the lower parts of your body, deoxygenated blood is able to flow back to the heart faster, where they are oxygenated again.
Yoga helps send blood from the extremities to the heart. It also improves blood flow to the brain. This is possible because of the inverted poses
incorporated in

Essay about Splenectomy a Surgical Procedure
A splenectomy is a surgical operation involving the removal of the spleen (1). Naturally the anatomy of the spleen is of great importance for the
surgeon to perform the splenectomy successfully. The spleen is an ovoid, usually purplish, pulpy mass about the size of one's fist (2). It is located in
the superolateral part of the left upper quadrant or hypochondrium of the abdomen where it is protected by the inferior thoracic cage (2). The spleen
also lies in relation to the 9th, 10th and 11th ribs (3).
Figure 1: The anatomical position of the spleen in the human body (4). Patient preparation
All patients undergoing elective splenectomy should be vaccinated at least 1 week preoperatively with polyvalent pneumococcal, meningococcal, and ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Figure 2: Splenocolic ligament is divided at the beginning of open splenectomy (5). Laparoscopic splenectomy
Laparoscopic splenectomy is now preferred by many surgeons (5). An ever–increasing amount of research confirms the benefit of a laparoscopic
splenectomy for a growing number of patient groups: patients with splenomegaly, those with multiple previous abdominal operations, morbidly obese
patients and those who need concomitant procedures (5). Firstly, the patient is positioned in a right lateral decubitus position with a reverse
Trendelenberg tilt; which facilitates mobilization (6). An epigastric midline cut down with insertion of a blunt port, is followed by left subcostal
dissection ports triangulating on the splenic hilum (7).
Figure 3: Patient positioning for laparoscopic splenectomy (5). The splenic flexure is mobilized to expose the inferior pole of the spleen; access to
the short gastric vessels can be facilitated by leaving the diaphragmatic attachments intact (5). The stomach will fall away from the spleen on division
of the short gastric vessels (5). Having exposed the splenic hilum, the splenic vessels are divided using a vascular cartridge laparoscopic stapling
device, while avoiding injuring the tail of the pancreas (6). The remaining peritoneal attachments will then

Sir William Harvey Research Paper

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