Write An Essay On Mumps

Write An Essay On Mumps
Mumps is an infection caused by a type of virus called paramyxovirus. (Mumps treatment, 2016). It
was first discovered in 1914, but the disease was first documented in the fifteenth century B.C. by a
Greek physician named Hippocrates. The scientists who identified the mumps as a virus were,
Ernest William Goodpasture and Claude D. Johnson in 1934. (Everything about the mumps, 2016).
The shape of the virus is referred to as a coccus because of its round shape. The type of viral nucleic
acid it has is RNA genome, it is linear, single–stranded, and about 15.3 kb in length. It has spikes on
the outside that allow it to be read as a protein by the host cell. Mumps is no longer very common in
the United States. From year to year, cases range from a couple hundred to a couple thousand.
(Everything about the mumps, 2016). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It replicates inside the nose, throat, and regional lymph nodes. Early symptoms are uncommon but
may include fever, loss of appetite, muscle aches, and headache. High temperature, usually lasts for
three to four days. (Mumps treatment, 2016). Also, eating or drinking acidic or citrus foods can
cause discomfort. Other symptoms may include testicular pain in males, abdominal pain, seizures,
stiff neck, weakness and fatigue and difficulty swallowing. Tenderness in the cheeks and under the
jaw are also symptoms of the mumps. Often has the nickname "chipmunk cheeks" because of it's
ability to cause the parotid glands that produce saliva to swell up. (Everything about the mumps,
2016). Symptoms typically appear sixteen to eighteen days after the infection. Swelling usually lasts
for about seven to ten days. Although, not everyone will have the typical symptoms; many infected
people will just have respiratory symptoms or cold like symptoms. (CDC,
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The Pros And Cons Of The MMR Vaccine
Introduction The MMR vaccine was designed to make the individual it was given to have a
immunity or resistance to the following diseases; mumps, measles, and rubella. Over the years
however, the number of people who had measles skyrocketed after it reached near extinction in
2000.1 Similar to this, the cases of the mumps disease have also risen in the past five years.
However, it is not as much due to lack of vaccination, but more to being less effective in specific
situations.2 Unlike these two diseases, the rates of rubella has gone down in the U.S. to about ten
people per year.3 For the most part, these diseases cause cough, sore throat, itchy eyes and more.
However, they each cause specific complications that can result in death. Since these diseases are
still common today and affect the health of not only themselves, but the rest of the population,
people are debating if the MMR vaccine should be required. Though this has always been a debate,
it has resurfaced after recent outbreaks of specifically mumps and measles throughout America.
General Health: Measles Out of all the three diseases that the MMR vaccine builds immunization
for, it is least effective for measles. Measles is a disease that is transmitted through saliva and can be
active in water droplets in the air and on surfaces for hours after.4 Because of this, it spreads easily
from person to person because the infected patient does not have to be touching anyone else to
transmit the disease. Examples of this recently can be found in California and amongst the Amish
community. To begin with, an amusement park in California had an outbreak of measles in 2015.
Though the cause is unknown, it is generally believed that someone traveling from another country
first brought the disease and then it spread to others who may have touched or breathed in droplets
of his salive.2 From here, the infected people spread the disease until people were being affected
throughout the whole state as well as in some sections of Oregon.1 Another case of something
similar happening can be found in the Amish communities. In 2016, a total of 383 Amish were
officially diagnosed with the measles mainly due to their beliefes in not being vaccinated.2 After

Vaccination Of Measles, Mumps And Rubella ( Mmr )
The medical establishment has a number of tools to deal with contagious diseases; one of the most
efficient instruments to address contagious diseases such as measles and others are chart of
vaccination. Vaccination is one of the key strategies that modern medicine has to deal with. It is one
of the tools that medicines used to prevent the spread of diseases in vulnerable population
particularly children and aged. It has been estimated that 5.9 million deaths are avoided annually
through immunisation. A polio vaccine was the first vaccine to be introduced by 1950s, and many
others have been developed since then. Despite the success of these programmes, there are objection
to vaccination by stakeholders based on complications in isolated ... Show more content on
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There are a number of developing countries managing to eliminate preventable infectious diseases
(McDonald, Halperin, Chaple, Scott and Kirk 2006). Cuba is a small and poor country that has been
able to achieve remarkable success over the years in their health sector. The country immunisation
program has been a success compared to the developed countries. The country has lower infant
mortality rates than United States, which uses a large budget on health. This is an experience that
has showed that use of a lot of money in health care does not always translate to better health. USA
has been experiencing high rates of objections to vaccination compared to Cuba. McDonald et al.
(2006), asserts that over 95% of the Cuban children have been immunised against 13 preventable
diseases which are a significant rate than in most developed countries. There has been a
disappearance of measles, rubella and mumps due to the country comprehensive immunisation
program. The elimination of the three diseases has been a remarkable feat for Cuba as it has limited
resources. According to McDonald et al. (2006), the country won the Gates Award for Global health
in 2001 due to their National Immunisation Program. On the whole, vaccination has been a great
success in Cuba.
There is increased elimination of immunisation preventable disease by vaccination in developed
countries. The successful elimination of these illnesses in United States has led to some of the
parents

An Analysis Of The Mumps-Measles-Rubella Vaccines
In 1998, a British doctor named Andrew Wakefield published an article stating that the MMR
(Mumps–Measles –Rubella) vaccine was linked to autism in young children. Later several different
studies were performed to test Mr.Wakefeild's research and
"Asthepreponderanceofevidencefromaroundtheworld has accumulated showing no relationship
between MMR vaccine and autism "(Miller and Reynolds 169).Though disproved this claim caused
mass hysteria making parents question vaccinating their children and leading some to choose
against it. Today, there are thousands of children in the United States whose parents have chosen to
not have vaccinated. These unprotected children are the result of their parent's fear of vaccinations
and their side effects. Due ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Vaccines have been credited the annihilation of one major disease smallpox, and though this was a
life saving accomplishment there are still many dangerous diseases out there. Diseases such as
whooping cough and measles are still being fought today kept alive by those who are not protected
via vaccination against them. Even with vaccines Whooping cough still causes approximately
"8,000" (Vaccines and Immunizations) deaths annually in the United States and measles "one of the
most contagious diseases ever known and is an important cause of death and disability among
young children worldwide" (Measles and Rubella). These disease are still very much alive and can
be deadly to those who do not take precautions against them. Though the people involved in this
anti–vaccine movement try to play down the danger of the disease that people are vaccinated for it
is very dangerous to sit back and ignore the threat in front of you that can very easily affect those
your love or you directly.
Though a fear of vaccination can be sometimes understood it is not justified, sometimes we have to
take risk for the sake of everyone. Vaccination does have some risk but it is still a necessity to
protect not only our families but families everywhere, it has saved countless lives and will save
countless more we cannot let misguided

Mumps Case Studies
According to Colorado state health officials, a small outbreak of Parotitis (Mumps) in the Denver
area was discovered in February. The Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment
issued a warning upon confirming four cases and since then, two more cases have arisen.
Investigators have hypothesized that this outbreak of mumps began in Iowa, and was brought to
Denver by a man from Iowa that recently relocated there.
Upon moving to Colorado, the individual spread the infectious disease to a group of friends who
reside in Denver. After the trio showed up to Denver Health Medical Center's urgent care clinic for
treatment, three of the clinical personnel reported having symptoms.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), symptoms of Mumps include
fever, headache, muscle ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
James Terbush, Interim Medical Director of El Paso, County Public Health: "Denver usually sees
about two to two–and–a–half cases per year. Our last case in El Paso County was in April of 2010;
it's a very rare disease here."
The MMR vaccine recommended by the CDC is reported to have approximately 88 percent
effectiveness; however, immunity often diminishes with age. Someone who has received the
vaccination years ago may be presently vulnerable. For this reason, officials from Any Lab Test
Now in Centennial, Colorado urge people to get a blood test to see if they have enough antibodies to
fight off mumps, or if they need immunization.
Kristin Hanak, MS, RN, PNP, nursing faculty at Front Range Community College, expressed her
disagreement with the notion that people should get a rather costly blood test. "I don't think we
should all panic just yet," she said. "If you're at high risk with a compromised immune system, yes,
you probably should consider getting tested. As well as if you're living in the area of the outbreak.
However, it isn't necessary for most people, who have more than likely had both doses of the MMR
vaccination in their

Vaccines And Autism Shifting Hypothesis Summary
Vaccines and Autism: Shifting Hypothesis
February 28 1998, Andrew Wakefield published research article " Ileal–lymphoid–nodular
hyperplasia, non–specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children" in Lancet
journal.
HYPOTHESIS:
There is connection of Ileal–lymphoid–nodular hyperplasia, non–specific colitis, and pervasive
developmental disorder with measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination in children.
NULL HYPOTHESIS:
There is no connection of Ileal–lymphoid–nodular hyperplasia, non–specific colitis, and pervasive
developmental disorder with measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination in children.
OUT COMES OF STUDY:
They accepted the alternative hypothesis" There is connection of Ileal–lymphoid–nodular
hyperplasia, non–specific ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
–"Lack of Association between Measles Virus Vaccine and Autism with Enteropathy: A Case–
Control Study" published in plos one journal on September 4, 2008.
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS:
Children with GI disturbances and autism have MV RNA in their bowl.
There is inflammation in bowel tissues to receipt of MMR.
NULL HYPOTHESIS:
Children with GI disturbances and autism not have MV RNA in their bowl.
There is no inflammation in bowel tissues to receipt of MMR.
OUT COMES OF STUDY:
They accepted the null hypothesis "Children with GI disturbances and autism not have MV RNA in
their bowl" and rejected alternative hypothesis.
They accepted the null hypothesis "There is no inflammation in bowel tissues to receipt of MMR"
and rejected alternative hypothesis.
CONCLUSION:

This study gave strong confirmation against association of autism with persistent MV RNA in the
GI tract or MMR exposure.
3. "No Evidence of Persisting Measles Virus in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Children
with Autism Spectrum Disorder" research article published in PEDIATRICS Volume 118, 4 October
2006. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS: Measles virus nucleic acids is present in blood of children
with autism spectrum disorder.
NULL HYPOTHESIS:
No measles virus nucleic acids in blood of children with autism spectrum

The Apales, Mumps, MeaslesSyncine And Exercines
Have you ever thought about how much a single lie could affect humanity for decades? That is
exactly what was started in 1998 by Dr. Andrew Wakefield. He and a panel of a dozen other
scientists conducted a study to test for a connection between the Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR)
vaccine and a predisposition to behavioral regression and pervasive developmental disorders,
including autism. Published on the 28th of February 1998 in The Lancet (Lancet1), their study
showed there was a direct correlation between administration of the MMR vaccine and onset of
symptoms of autism or regression of previously learned skills (NCBI).
However, there were a couple of problems. Primarily, Wakefield failed to disclose two different
conflicts of interest; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Despite all the evidence to the contrary, Wakefield still publicly advocates against vaccines. He is at
the forefront of the anti–vaccination movement and has the support of many groups like Generation
Rescue; which is commonly associated with Jenny McCarthy and Donnie Wahlberg. When the
organization's founder JB Handley was asked if he would believe what the doctors were saying
about his son's autism diagnosis, he replied: "there wasn't a chance in hell I was going to believe
what these people were telling me" (Handley). Not surprisingly, according to the Safe Vaccination
Guide produced by Generation Rescue, although "most of the studies on vaccines have not found a
direct correlation between the MMR and conditions, such as autism, there is still a strong lack of
research in this area" (GR; page 4). In an apparent attempt to misrepresent facts, their information
completely ignores any studies contradicting their position; including the list of 25 articles compiled
by the Immunization Action Coalition (IAC); complete with source data from the NCBI.
Understandably, starting with a disease that is so misunderstood and mysterious only adds to the
anti–vaccination movement. Compounding their belief is the insurgence of autism diagnoses in the
80s and 90s, of which most people attribute to the increase in vaccines. What most people do not
know is that in the early 1980s a researcher named Lorna Wing

Role Of The Natural World Security
Within the natural world security is fundamental to the survival of living things and so basic needs
such as air, food, water, disease avoidance and shelter from the elements are vital. Within the social
world like the natural security forms the basis to which people and society can function well, and
explains why security is of primary concern through all spheres of said society. This assignment
seeks to look at the role matter plays in making social worlds secure or insecure. This will be done
by uncovering that which is often taken for granted about the role materiality plays in the social
world through theories, concepts and examples of security in various settings such as the individual,
the home, the city and other parts of society.
Matter is often defined as mass that can be physically observed by the senses, it can be measured
scientifically and is tangible , it could be said the material world unlike aspects of social worlds is
less abstract and easier to define [1], for example a building which comprises of bricks, wood, metal
and other materials built into a specific shape compared to a community which can relate to people
of the same place or shared values or interests amongst other meanings. That is not to say that
matter just is, it too can have agency and varying meanings dependent upon the context of time,
place and perspectives. A piece of turf to a gardener could be viewed as somewhere grass grows , to
sports fan where their team plays or historically

The Cause Of Autism In Children
In the past fifty years autism has grown rapidly. Autism was first thought of as a form of childhood
schizophrenia. After time and research it was eventually deduced down to its own syndrome.
Usually autism is diagnosed around age three but, in certain cases has slipped through unnoticed
until the later years of childhood. There are many beliefs in the cause of autism, but vaccines are not
the reason of this current epidemic. "One in one hundred and sixty–six is at the present time the
proportion of children who suffer from autism. This proportion is astonishingly high compared with
the figure of one in two thousand and five hundred, which autism researchers had accepted for
decades."(Lilienfeld, 58) There has been ongoing development of ... Show more content on
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The CDC announced that the removing this compound was just trying to make a safe vaccines even
safer for the children. This removal has caused a lot of hype in causing people to believe that this
compound was the reason causing autism in children. "In 2004, two studies performed in the United
Kingdom examined whether thimerosal, in vaccines caused neurodevelopmental or psychological
problems; neither found evidence that early exposure to thimerosal was harmful" (Offit, 1278–79).
In these findings the CDC had academic proof that thimerosal caused no harm to children at all.
With this proof the media still didn't believe that was the true reasoning. After the CDC did released
this a lot of groups used this to pursue that they should not vaccinate because of this and that they
couldn't trust the CDC anymore. Also after the CDC press release about thimerosal being removed
nerarly ten percent of all hospitals in the United States stop giving newborns the hepatitis B vaccine
which did contained trace amounts of this compound. With this happening in the US there
developed many dangers for newborns having risk for getting hepatitis B which is very dangerous in
infants. In 2000, Many parents started advocacy groups with the belief that thimerosal has been the
cause of their children being

The MMR (Measles, Mumps And Rubella) Vaccine
Vaccines do not cause autism, it is as simple as that. Autism is a genetic disorder caused by
problems with the wiring of the brain and getting a shot of a weakened, nearly dead virus in saline is
not going to cause your brain to rewire itself. Likewise, abstaining from receiving vaccinations or
worse yet, not getting your children vaccinated, is putting not only them at risk, but the health of the
entire western world. In 1998, a British gastroenterologist named Andrew Wakefield published a
research paper in the medical journal The Lancet that showed a link between the MMR (measles,
mumps and rubella) vaccine and the emergence of autism spectrum disorders. This research paper
has been proven to be fraudulent, and even the author himself has ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Jenner engineered the first ever vaccine, which protected against the deadly smallpox virus using
the similar cowpox virus, after noticing that milkmaids who had caught cowpox did not get
smallpox later on. In fact, the word vaccine actually comes from the Latin variolae vaccinae, which
translates to "smallpox of the cow." Before Jenner created his vaccine, however, smallpox was
considered to be the most deadly virus on the planet, killing over 300 million people worldwide in
the twentieth century alone. "It was especially virulent in infants and children, and when it swept
through a village, from twenty to fifty percent of those infected died as a consequence," said
Kendall A. Smith in his essay, Edward Jenner and the Small Pox Vaccine, "Moreover, those who
survived were often disfigured from pockmarks, and smallpox led to blindness when it spread to the
eyes" (Smith 1). However, the vaccines Jenner produced slowly grew more and more widely used
and more advanced, and in 1979, the virus was declared eradicated. Now, that does not necessarily
mean that it is completely gone, as samples have been found in ancient books and other artifacts, but
no cases of a human infected with smallpox have been reported since 1978. A similar thing
happened later with poliomyelitis, better known simply as polio. This virus was so prominent in the
1920s and 1930s that even President Roosevelt had it. However in 1955, a vaccine was developed
by Jonas Salk in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. If all goes well, the virus will be eradicated by the year
2018. Because of the creation of vaccines, diseases that shook the world years and years ago are no
longer even a threat to society anymore. We have lived so long without vaccines even being a
problem outside of slight controversy, and they have even gotten more advanced and safer as society
progresses, so there should be no outcry

Mump Outbreaks
Mump outbreaks can occur any time of year. A major factor contributing to outbreaks is being in a
crowded environment, such as attending the same class, playing on the same sports team, or living
or sleeping with a person who has mumps. Kissing or sharing utensils, cups, lipstick or cigarettes,
might increase the spread of the virus. (CDC, 2016) There are many ways to prevent yourself from
getting the mumps. The best way is having good hygiene. Wash your hands frequently, use hand
sanitizer when you don't have soap and water available and try not to touch your face, eyes and
nose. If you have to cough or sneeze, do so into a tissue or sleeve, try avoiding sneezing or coughing
into your hands. Not sharing drinks or food, not touching contaminated

Vaccination Intervention Speech Outline
I. The Attention Step
A: Attention: September 16th, 2015 was a sad day for America. GOP presidential candidate Donald
Trump, a successful presidential candidate, shared the fallacy that vaccinations of infants were
linked to autism. Millions of patriotic U.S citizens were watching this debate, for guidance on how
the leader of our country will improve the countries' unfavorable circumstances. However, his
statement only demonstrated a growing fallacy that continues to haunt the wellbeing of various
American communities.
Significance: B. It is sick, disgraceful, and abusive to refuse, for your child, a vaccination which can
grant them a future of livelihood, happiness and, guaranteed health. Many outbreaks of dangerous
diseases such as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Preview: E. Fortunately, millions of American families have ensured their children's health by
choosing to administer vaccinations for infants over the years. As a result, measles, mumps, and
rubella have been nearly eradicated from the United States. However, a growing number of families
have adopted a false notion that vaccines are linked to autism. I am going to explain to you that this
is not the case, and the benefits of vaccinations far outweigh these nonsensical concerns.
II. The Need Step
A. The First Main Point. Vaccinations are essential for the health and education of American
communities. They have proven to be highly effective in preventing measles, mumps, and rubella. 1.
According to National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveilance, these are some of the
awful symptoms associated with diseases preventable by vaccines.
a. Measles is a highly contagious disease spread by mucous from the nose or mouth. Its symptoms
include fever, rash, and painful red eyes. Thus, leaving children absent from school for two weeks
for recovery ("Symptoms of measles, mumps and rubella.").
b. Mumps is not as deadly but still may lead to serious complications such as swelling of the brain
in addition to typical cold symptoms. Mumps also leads to swollen glands in the cheeks
("Symptoms of measles, mumps and rubella.").
c. Rubella has similar symptoms to mumps. However, if contracted by a pregnant woman with a less
than 3–month developed fetus, it

Mumps Virus Research Paper
The Mumps Virus When someone starts to cough, sneeze, or just feel sick in general, they are
probably suffering from some sort of infection. Whether it is a small cold or a deadly plague, there
is warfare happening down in their immune system to keep the invading virus or bacteria out of
their body. Vaccines may provide short–lasting immunity from the disease but the immune system
will keep them from ever getting the disease again. The Mumps Virus is one of these harrowing
diseases, and the more someone knows about a disease, the less likely they are to contract it. The
Mumps is caused by a microscopic virus known scientifically as the Paramyxovirus. The
Paramyxovirus is also the same strain as Measles and Rubella, and thus, they all have the same
vaccine. Paramyxovirus is a virulent virus, so its active right away. Mumps is not a very serious
disease compared to some others, but it is still mildly fatal. A regular mumps infection will most
likely disappear ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The virus is infecting more people in developing countries like Africa, because they share things
like needles and water, which is the perfect environment for the Mumps virus to spread. This map
will indicate the global distribution of the Mumps virus by showing places that do not possess the
MMR vaccine. The transmission of the Paramyxovirus is caused by many vectors. These include
coughing, sneezing, talking in general, sharing cups and utensils, and touching things with
unwashed hands that are then touched by others, but Mumps will spread faster if these occur in the
right environment. Mumps will usually spread in large crowded places like schools and
conventions, because everyone is together and touching each other and sharing everything, and at
conventions, it is more likely that there will be people from other countries that carry the disease
without even knowing

Mumps And Rubella Research Paper
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2 of 3
1Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) VaccinationLearning Resource AssignmentMini
ResearchJingJing LucinaMs. Kristina ReyesMarch 15, 2018PHM 115
2Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) VaccinationMMR vaccine protects against three diseases:
measles, mumps, and rubella. These diseases are highly contagious. Viruses cause all three of these
illnesses, and they spread through the air. They can pass from person to person through coughing,
sneezing, or just breathing.According to CDC, children are recommended to get two doses of MMR
vaccine. For the best protection against measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella, children need to be
vaccinated twice, once when they are 12–15 months old, and again when they are 4–6 years old.
Teens and adults should also be up to date on their MMR vaccination. CDC advises most adults
born in 1957 or afterward who can't show that they've had all 3 diseases get an MMR vaccine,
whether they had one as a child or not.MMRV is given by shot and may be given at the same time
as other vaccines. The MMR vaccine is very safe, and it is effective at preventing ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Like any other medicine, MMR can have side effects. Most people who get MMR vaccine do not
have any serious problems with it. Common side effects of MMR vaccine includes soring of arm
from the shot, fever, mild

Mmr Vaccination Advantages And Disadvantages
The Advantages of the MMR Vaccinations
Kaylin Conkin
Sociology 2010
Northeast State Community College
In the past couple of years there has been an epidemic and discussion on the measles, mumps, and
rubella vaccinations (MMR). In these discussions there have been false information given to the
general public to spread fear of mental disorders. The fear of having a mental disorder has caused
younger generations of parents not to vaccinate and has caused the United States to have an
outbreak of measles. For example the numbers in January 2015 alone are higher than many annual
totals for the years since 2000. People do not realize that the vaccinations are for them and not
against them. The measles, mumps, and rubella are three ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Almost ten years ago a child receiving the MMR vaccinations was on the rise. Not only were the
MMR vaccinations on the rise, doctors were diagnosing more and more children with autism. The
main concern was the preservative called mercury that is in the vaccines. ( Beyond the
Autism/Vaccine Hypothesis: What Parents Need to know about Autism Research. (2015, January 1).
Retrieved April 8, 2015.) The Autism Science Foundation has done multiple studies on children who
have received all of the MMR vaccinations at once and they have studied children who have
received the vaccinations at different times. Studies show that there is no clear evidence that the
brain or body responds differently when a child receives the vaccinations at any given point or time.
People of higher authority have tried to educate the general public by giving false and misleading
statements about the MMR vaccinations Senator Rand Paul, in two separate interviews stated that
"many children have developed profound mental disorders" after the MMR vaccinations. (Paul
Repeats Baseless Vaccine Claims. (2015, February 3). Retrieved April 9, 2015.) There is no link
between autism and the vaccinations according to studies. (Beyond the Autism/Vaccine Hypothesis:
What Parents Need to Know about Autism Research. (2015, January 1). Retrieved April 8,

Know what to do when children or young people are ill or...
1. Signs and symptoms of some common childhood illnesses:
Chicken pox– Chickenpox is a mild and common childhood illness that most children catch at some
point. It causes a rash of red, itchy spots that turn into fluid–filled blisters. They then crust over to
form scabs, which eventually drop off. However, even before the rash appears, the child may have
some mild flu–like symptoms including:
feeling sick
a high temperature (fever) of 38ºC or over
aching, painful muscles
headache
generally feeling unwell
loss of appetite
Hand, foot and mouth disease– is a viral infection that can affect young children.
It doesn 't usually pose a serious threat to a child 's health, but it can be an unpleasant condition,
particularly if ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Circumstances where a child may need urgent medical attention: Some children may be too young
or may not be physically able to tell you when they need medical attention due to a disability. Often
children and young people can become seriously ill very suddenly which means that as a member of
staff you should be alert to any changes in their behaviour which could indicate pain or nausea.
When a child becomes sick or lets you know that they feel unwell, you will need to sufficiently look

Essay on History of The Mumps Virus
The Mumps virus seems to have been around since ancient times. Research says that the virus has
been documented or recorded by the Hippocrates in 5th century BCE (Mumps Epidemiology and
Prevention of Vaccine–Preventable Diseases). We give credit to Johnson and Goodpasture for
helping determine how the virus is spread. This particular virus has been and still is known
worldwide but became a reportable disease in the United States in 1968. The history behind the
Mumps is not very detailed but today we are able to prevent this disease here in the US.
The structure of the Mumps is a single stranded RNA virus. Its genus is the Rubulavirus which is
part of the Paramyxoviridae family . The Mumps virus is an acute virus that could become ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A few other complications may be, orichitis , oophoritis, and deafness.
In order to detect if a person has the mumps the first thing would be to look at the symptoms.
Mainly the swollen jaws would be a good indication. After this confirming what we think is the next
step so a sample must be collected. Depending on what exactly you are looking for and what type of
test is to be done depends on what type of sample you must get. For a detection of the mumps
antibody a blood sample is going to be the choice specimen. To get this sample a normal
venipuncture procedure will be used. If you are testing for the virus in a culture there are several
specimens that can be used. Examples include blood, urine, CSF, nasopharyngeal aspirate/washing
and throat swabs (Measles and Mumps Tests). We use antibody testing most commonly to determine
if a person has this virus. Once infected the body make IgM antibodies to the virus. Over time these
antibodies disintegrate and IgG antibodies take their place forever, allowing the person to become
immune to the mumps virus if ever in contact with it again. There is also another test that detects the
genetic strain of the virus called the RT–PCR test (Measles and Mumps Tests). This is used to help
determine a cause especially if the results do not match the doctors suspicions.
Lastly to be discussed is prevention of the mumps virus. As I s tated earlier in this paper the mumps
is not very prevalent in the

Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccines: A Case Study
According to World Health Organization (WHO) immunization is proven to be effective in
controlling and eliminating life–threatening infectious diseases. It is estimated to avert between two
and three million deaths worldwide annually. Health protection Agency (HPA) claims that after
clean water, immunization is the most effective public health intervention in the world for saving
lives and promoting good health (Hill & Cox, 2013). Despite of all these advantages to
immunization decision making to immunize children is not an easy process for some parents.
Immunization and controversies surrounding it have been causing many health issues in the society.
There has been many ongoing controversy surrounding measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccine
and their relationship to Autism Spectrum Disorder. According to Center of Disease Center Autism
spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disability that is caused by differences in how the brain
functions. People with autism spectrum disorder have difficulty with social interaction and they may
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Parents are the ones who make decisions whether or not to immunize their children. According to
this study there are many factors that influence parental decision making on whether they should
immunize their children or not. The article provides insight into influencing factors associated with
decisions regarding the immunization of children by parents. The study was done by conducting
interviews of parents. The sample was drawn from five parents of different socioeconomic
backgrounds and education level whose children had received their MMR vaccine. Participants in
this study listed a range of factors that influenced them such as the prevention of disease, the
consequences of contracting infectious diseases, perceived pain, the influence of media. The
findings also suggest that the practice nurse is a credible source of information for parents seeking
informed decision making. Nurses can make a difference by educating

Argumentative Essay On Childhood Vaccines
"You have to follow your own heart when it comes to medical decision–making," stated author and
mother Emily Matchar when voicing her opinion on childhood vaccines. When it comes to vaccine
parents are given the privilege to exempt their child based on medical, religious, or philosophical
values, varying by state. This has allowed many to deviate from the original meaning of these
exemptions and manipulate them as they see fit. This has helped to fuel the anti–vaccine movement
that pushes for parents to fully decide which vaccines their child will receive without government
regulations. Since 1998, the movement has harassed the public health community. With the
introduction of incomplete, faulty research that "proved" Autism Spectrum Disorder ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
During their checkup at 9 months old doctors will begin monitoring for developmental delays that
may be observable. In order to medically diagnosis, tests for vision, hearing, neurological, and
genetic mutations are performed to centralize the possible cause. Some observable symptoms
associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder include children avoiding eye contact and not directly
looking at objects. Many have repetitive tendencies consisting of either actions or words. Autism
Spectrum Disorder patients will not develop adaptations including social skills or the ability to
acclimate to change. Although components of Autism Spectrum Disorder are still being discovered
researchers still have a vast amount of knowledge already to build from

85 Mumps Case Study
DCHHS has reported 85 mumps cases in Dallas County, with75 percent of cases associated with the
current Cedar Hill ISD outbreak. CHISD hosted a community forum to discuss the outbreak and
address growing concerns from parents. The forum featured Dallas County Health Authority Dr.
Christopher Perkins, Cedar Hill Health Authority Dr. Michael Marshall, Head Nurse Pamela Reese–
Taylor and CHISD Superintendent Orlando Riddick. During the forum, parents were advised of
cleaning precautions being taken by the school and initiatives from DCHHS, fully disclosing
information to parents and board members assuring that proper recommendations from the CDC are
being taken. "We're managing it," said Orlando Riddick, CHISD superintendent. "I don't know if
you can manage it to a zero level. But I think some our practices are good in an effort to help
mitigate it." ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
School settings with group contact create an ideal environment for the spread of disease. Although
mumps is a highly contagious viral disease that can be easily spread through surfaces and items, the
germs typically have a lifecycle up to 24

Noninfectious Disease Research Paper
Infectious Disease is disorders that are caused by organisms that may be even more helpful. They
can be passed by bites, food and water, and person to person. Noninfectious Diseases don't last as
long as infectious and move very slowly through the body. Noninfectious Diseases also are not
passed to the person to person. In today's modern medical field, professionals work hard to treat
diseases using a variety of methods. Vaccines and antibiotics are two of the many ways that
physicians treat diseases, whether infectious, such as Mumps, or noninfectious, such as diabetes.
Mumps is an infectious disease that affects the body a variety of ways. Like hearing loss, can cause
swelling of one or both parotid glands. For males, Mumps can cause swollen testicles and for
females, it can cause miscarriages if you are pregnant. What causes the disease is a virus that
spreads by infected saliva. Symptoms of the Mumps are swollen, painful salivary glands on one or
both sides of the face also can cause fevers, headaches, muscle aches, weakness and fatigue, loss of
appetite, and pain while chewing or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Diabetes may damage blood vessels, nerves, the heart, eyes, and the kidneys. What causes the
disease is your body changes most digested food into glucose. Then, insulin allows the glucose to
enter all the cells of your body and use as energy. Insulin is a hormone naturally produced by the
pancreas. There is also type two diabetes, which is the pancreas doesn't make enough insulin or the
body's cells can't use insulin properly, which causes glucose to build up in your blood instead of
moving into the cells. Symptoms of both diabetes are extreme hunger and thirst, frequent urination,
unexplained weight loss, blurry vision, sores or bruises, and dry itchy skin. Diabetes cannot be
cured, but can be prevented by exercising, a low–fat diet, by maintaining a healthy weight, and
taking medication when

Taking a Look at the Mumps
Mumps is an enveloped single stranded, non–segmented, negative–sense RNA virus belonging to
the Paramyxoviridae family. The Mump virus genome is a 15.3–kb RNA with seven contiguous
transcription units, encoding the nucleocapsid–associated protein (NP), V protein
(V)/phosphoprotein (P), matrix (M) protein, fusion (F) protein, small hydrophobic (SH) protein,
hemagglutinin–neuraminidase (HN) protein, and large (L) protein (Choi, 2010).
Mumps was a common worldwide childhood disease dating back to the 5th century B.C. prior to
vaccination. It was the leading cause of viral meningoencephalitis in the United States. It was an
epidemic disease with cycles every 4 to 5 years. Mumps only known host is humans. A vaccination
was introduced in the U.S. in 1967. At the time of introduction there was some 150,000 active cases
of mumps. Since 2001, the yearly average of mumps cases has dropped tremendously to 265 (not
including outbreaks) (Wikipedia, 2013).
To clinically diagnosis mumps has become difficult in countries where vaccination rates are high
due to the low incidence of the virus. However in countries where there is low to no vaccinations for
the disease clinical diagnosis is much easier due to the high numbers of mump cases. Even with
many people having had the disease or vaccination series the mump virus is on the rise.
Transmission
Mumps is a contagious disease that is spread through direct person–to–person contact with the
infected persons respiratory secretions. The

Systematic Research Studies
The purpose of a systematic review is to find the most pertinent research available on a specific
topic. This is done by combining the results from multiple studies. A systematic review summarizes
all of these results of controlled trials and provides a high level of evidence on the effectiveness.
Conclusions may be made about the evidence and recommendations may be given for healthcare
based on the finding. This paper will evaluate systematic research reviews related to children
vaccinated with the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine (MMR), the relevance of the research
problem, research rigor, and clarity of the findings in the SRR, overall findings and implications for
its use as an advanced practice nurse.
Relevance of the Research Problem ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2012) For this research study the author searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled
Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2011, Issue 2), which includes the Cochrane Acute
Respiratory Infections Group's Specialized Register, PubMed (July 2004 to May week 2, 2011) and
Embase.com (July 2004 to May 2011). Using a comparative prospective or retrospective trials
assessing the effects of the MMR vaccine compared to placebo, do nothing or a combination of
measles, mumps and rubella antigens on healthy individuals up to 15 years of age. Two review
authors independently extracted data and assessed methodological quality of the included studies.
One review author arbitrated in case of disagreement. The study included five randomized
controlled trials (RCTs), one controlled clinical trial (CCT), 27 cohort studies, 17 case–control
studies, five time–series trials, one case cross–over trial, two ecological studies, six self–controlled
case series studies involving in all about 14,700,000 children and assessing effectiveness and safety
of MMR vaccine. Based on the available evidence, one MMR vaccine dose is at least 95% effective
in preventing clinical measles and 92% effective in preventing secondary cases among household
contacts.
This study used a meta–analysis; meta–analysis combines a number of different studies which are
directed by several separate researchers to quantify the effects a given approach has on a specific
outcome. By extending the data pool to include various different situations and increasing sample
sizes the results produce a better quantitative estimate. Therefore there is a Level I of evidence for
this research project. This is the strongest level of evidence because it uses already proven research
to further expand the research

Imperative Summary : Kant Categorical Vaccines
Kant Categorical Imperative applies to the question, is it morally right for every child to be
vaccinated against bad diseases like measles and mumps because the question resolves a decision
that affects multiple people and can possibly have a negative impact on those around, by making
this decision you can possibly hurt or benefit those around you. Kant Categorical imperatives helps
answer this question because it helps determine morality depending on the choice that is made and
how it will affect others, it allows people to look at the situation if it applied to everybody and what
affect it will have. Kant Categorical Imperative is the way to go when talking about morality. If this
morale role was applied to everybody in a world I don't ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cases where the medicine could possibly harm the child and people are against it because of that
reason, I am positive the situation can be solved because the main objective is to ensure that
everybody is safe. To those who oppose their children getting vaccinated against bad diseases such
as measles and mumps, I would ask them how they feel if their child caught measles or mumps from
another person, and this could have been prevented if that person received the vaccination, the
vaccination can't reach it's maximum effect unless everybody participates and gets vaccinated. Do
those who oppose the children getting vaccinated believe it's morally good to risk negatively
impacting another person due to a choice that's going to be made that won't negatively impact the
person nor the child receiving the vaccination. Their opinion can't be morally right because negating
somebody else's well being in order to benefit someone's peace of mind can't be considered good
morally. Willingly making the decision to oppose this moral rule shows that the person understands
what's at risk and intends to benefit themselves while belittling others. Everybody is entitled to their
opinion but if the medication is proven to help decrease the risk of catching diseases not only for
that person but those around them, the opinion to oppose child medication can't be morally right
because it risks the health of another person and negatively impacts them, a

Victorian Era Mumps Disease
Have you ever felt so sick that you might die? Back in the Victorian Era it was for certain that you
could die from an illness.Diseases caused a lot of death, illness and injuries during this time
period.Diseases caused a lot of death, illness and injuries during this time period.Mumps during the
Victorian Era was deadly disease and was really contagious and annoying to take care of.When a
person got mumps they would have several symptoms such as swelling of cheeks, it is possible, and
a fever. It was not really deadly but really contagious. This disease was a pain in the butt disease and
you could not get vaccinated during the victorian era. In in the article Inspirational Stories, Kevin
Teal says "Fortunately, for most people, mumps is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some people may have it without even any symptoms and not even be aware that they're spreading
it."(Teale) This shows us that mumps isn't as quite deadly as it used to be like befor smallpox is a
disease that can be spread many ways and also could be very dangerous if you get it because it
could lead to death but to make sure you have it the symptoms are fever headache discomfort back
pain possibly vomiting there no cure for it but you can get vaccinated to make sure you can't get it
smallpox is a disease that can be spread many ways and also could be very dangerous if you get it
because it could lead to death but to make sure you have it the symptoms are fever headache
discomfort back pain possibly vomiting there no cure for it but you can get vaccinated to make sure
you can't get it colorea was a disease back in the 19th century and if you caught it you died in hours
or less your skin will turn blue due to not enough water in you and your blood thickens and you get
non stop cramps with diarrhea and then you get death it was a really serious disease that killed
millions but thankfully the disease disappeared from america and britain area but could be found in
countries that have poor water supply or food you can die in hours there is no known cure your skin
turns a bluish color do to you not drinking enough water your blood thickens and get non stop
cramps with diarrhea and then you die in the article Inspirational Stories We are gravely concerned
about the potential

Measles Mumps And Rubella
Measles, mumps, and rubella are the most highly, common diseases in children. Not only do they
affect children, but in people of all ages as well. These diseases occur throughout the world and can
be spread by an infected person and they are very contagious. In many developing countries,
immunization programs are being held to help prevent early vaccinations of measles, mumps, and
rubella diseases. According to Sørup et. al (2012), early vaccinations of these viruses have been
highly successful at preventing these diseases to occur in children. What people must understand is
that most children who receive their shots are not only being protected during childhood, but
generally have a life long immunity. Measles transmission occurs within ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
al (2012), 90% had received at least one dose of mumps vaccination since the 2009–2010 outbreak
that consisted of 3,502 cases. Individuals without vaccination in other countries, such as the United
Kingdom are likely to import mumps into the U.S. Studies have shown over 53% cases involved
children in school. Mumps transmission occurs through contact with saliva or mucus from the
mouth, nose or throat. The symptoms of mumps include malaise, myalgia, headache, mild fever, and
anorexia and possible complications include aseptic meningitis, pancreatitis, oophoritis,
meningoencephalitis, and deafness (White et. al, 2012). The risks of vaccination could lead to rash,
fever, diarrhea, nausea, and reactions such as, pain, swelling or redness (Sørup et. al, 2014). Rubella
virus is much smaller than measles and mumps and is usually a mild disease with symptoms
including low fever, sore throat, and maculopapular rash and complications like arthritis. 71% of
rubella cases in the U.S. are currently among individuals of children, ages 15–39 (White et. al,
2012). According to Banatvala and Brown (2004), rubella was rare in many developed countries that
have vaccination programs. Some possible risks of non–vaccination are deafness and blindness.
There are a lot of people who are against vaccination; however, I believe that vaccination is the
effective way to prevent getting infected by diseases and it also helps to keep people healthy and
avoid it from

Measles-Mumps-Rubella Essay
Measles–Mumps–Rubella Vaccine and Autism The measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccine has
been given to children since 1971, usually around the age of one year, and again before starting
school at around four or five years old. In 1998, Andrew Wakefield et al published a paper that
proposed a link between the MMR vaccine and autism. It was later found that the paper was
fraudulent, and The Lancet, the medical journal that published the paper, retracted the paper. Ever
since the paper was published, many people believe that the MMR vaccine causes autism, despite
the multiple studies throughout the world that prove otherwise. science of medicine has come a very
long way over the course of human history, and it is still improving every day. The criteria for
diagnosing medical conditions, and the recognition of some conditions has greatly increased over
the years. Frank DeStephano and Robert ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tokio Uchiyama, Michiko Kurosawa, and Tutaka Inaba conducted a study of children in Japan who
either were 1) born between January 1976 and December 1984 who had never received the MMR
vaccine (pre–MMR generation), 2) born between January 1985 and December 1991 who had a
chance of receiving the MMR vaccine (MMR generation), or 3) were within the ages 1–3 years old
when Japan terminated the MMR vaccine program (post–MMR generation) (212). Uchiyama,
Kurosawa, and Inaba found that children in the MMR generation who had gotten the MMR vaccine
were not more susceptible to being diagnosed with autism than those who had not gotten the MMR
vaccine (214). They also found that there was no sign that the children in the MMR generation had a
higher rate of diagnosis than the pre–MMR generation and the post–MMR generation, nor both the
pre– and post–generations combined

Mumps History And Contagiousness
Mumps
Your face suddenly swells up and it hurts to eat. If this happens, you may have the mumps. The
mumps is very rare but it may make you lose your hearing. The mumps happens when glands in
your mouth called salivary glands, get infected by a virus. Mumps History and Contagiousness
Mumps is from the fifth century. Back then, no one knew what to call the infection. Mumps were
common until the until 1967. Before vaccines, there were 200,000 cases of the mumps each year.
When vaccines were made, cases dropped to fewer than 1,000 mumps each year Mayo Clinic says
and how it is rare to get it if you are vaccinated. It is uncommon if a child under one to get the
mumps. Now, 5–14 year olds have the mumps mostly around the world.
The mumps can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When males and females are in the process of puberty, their reproductive organs get inflamed. A
male's testicles are in lots of pain when inflamed. Rarely will they not father a child. Females
ovaries and breasts are inflamed but fertility is rarely affected.
The brain and pancreas is also inflamed. The pancreas includes pain in the abdomen, nausea, and
vomiting. The brain is a viral infection. It can lead to inflammation and it becomes life threatening
when not treated as soon a possible. Body parts can rarely get inflamed but if you might get
inflamed body parts as a result.
Prevention/Those that don't need a vaccine
The only way to prevent the mumps is a vaccination. The first vaccine is between the ages 12 to 15
months. The second vaccine is between 4 to 6. If you have not had the second vaccine, the latest is
11 or 12. People with different conditions do not need a vaccine. For example, if you are a man born
before 1957 and if you are a woman born before 1957, you do not need the MMR vaccine. If you
are a woman who also does not want anymore children. Also, a pregnant woman in her first few
weeks of pregnancy can't take an MMR vaccine. People with weak immune systems can not take
the vaccine because of cautioning of vomiting repeatedly.
Things to do at

Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccination: A Case Study
The first adverse side effect to consider is febrile seizures. Although it was fairly common after the
injection of MMRV, the CDC reversed the recommendation to split the vaccine into MMR plus
varicella in attempt to reduce the risk (Marshall, 2013). Intussusception that seemed to be caused by
RRV–TV, on the other hand, was considered serious enough to have a major modification or to be
withdrawn from the market in this case (Bronfin, 2008; Kwok, 2011). As for IPT, the chance of
occurrence is slimmer than those former ones. Although IPT is usually not life threatening,
vaccination is thoroughly weighted upon the potential risks and benefits, especially if a child has a
propensity to bruise easily or bleed (Marshall, 2013). The last adverse side effect for consideration
was anaphylaxis, which is a severe allergic reaction to vaccine itself or the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The study revealed that 12 children who were identified with neurodevelopmental delays had
measles virus in their gastrointestinal tracts, and eight of whom were diagnosed with autism
(Bronfin, 2008; Chatterjee, & O'Keefe, 2010). In February of 2004, Andrew Wakefield was reported
that he had received a financial contribution in relation to the manipulation of research data. In
March of the same year, 10 coauthors out of 12 formally requested to retract the original findings,
although they still insisted on further investigation in regard to a possible relationship between
gastrointestinal symptoms and autism. On February 2, 2010, the Lancet formally retracted the paper,
along with all related medical associations discredited the findings (Bronfin, 2008; Chatterjee &
O'Keefe, 2010). Essentially, there is no relation between MMR vaccine and neurodevelopmental

MMR Vaccine: Mumps, Measles And Rubella
Disorder: Historical Perspective Since its development in 1958, the MMR vaccine has been used as
a preventative mechanism against developing the Mumps, Measles and Rubella. With its
development, came the much–debated proposition that the vaccination may lead to the development
of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) in children. In this paper, I will address this claim by
analyzing the historical background of the MMR vaccine. By exploring the vaccine's controversial
history, from its very first trial conducted by Dr. Sam Katz and Dr. Thomas Peebles, to Dr. Andrew
Wakefield's study in 1998, I hope to provide a better understanding of how this false claim may
have come about. In subsequent papers, I plan to analyze why this fallacy seems to have prevailed
today. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To examine the history of the MMR vaccine, we must first ensure that we have an adequate
understanding of the effects of Mumps, Measles and Rubella. According to a recent report from the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, all three conditions are caused by acute viral infections
and have the potential to cause serious complications (McLean et al, 2013). Each of the diseases are
considered to be highly contagious and can be contracted through direct contact with the
nasopharyngeal secretions of an infected person (McLean et al, 2013). The Mumps is characterized
by a high fever and swelling of the salivary glands (Mclean et al, 2013). In severe cases, the Mumps
can cause swelling of the testicles which may result in infertility (McLean et al, 2013). Both the
Measles and

The Testing Of Salivary Biomarkers
Introduction: Although the testing of salivary biomarkers has yet to take hold in clinical settings, the
research surrounding this science is promising. Ideally, in the future, patients will be able to submit
saliva samples to their doctor or dentist to be tested for a variety of conditions which can be detected
based on particular proteins or enzymes, et cetera. The hope is that these tests could lead to early
disease detection and treatment. In this report, you will find the ways in which saliva can be
gathered, as well as the known biomarkers for specific diseases, and the shortcomings and hopes for
research in this field.
Saliva Composition and Function: In this article, author Karthikeyan Murthykumar discusses the
composition of saliva, as well as its ability to protect the mouth, and aid in digestion. The study
performed identified the following details regarding saliva composition and function: Saliva is
excreted through three different glands: parotid, submandibular, and sublingual. It is comprised of
about 99% water, but contains a mixture of ions and proteins, such as sodium, potassium, calcium,
chloride, magnesium, bicarbonate, phosphate, albumin, and some polypeptides. Before saliva is
excreted through the glands, it is isotonic to blood plasma. However, once it exits the ducts of the
glands, it is hypotonic. It is this hypotonicity that allows us to perceive flavor, by then mixing with
ions and dissolving gustin. Gustin is a salivary protein which

Measles / Mumps / Rubella ( Mmr ), Inactivated Poliovirus,...
Measles/Mumps/Rubella (MMR), Inactivated Poliovirus, and Rotavirus are just a few examples of
vaccines recommended for children by the Center for Disease Control. These vaccines are
recommended for children in order to prevent the contraction and spread of diseases that have been
controlled in recent years, eradicated from our country, or that we are hoping to prevent from being
introduced. According to an article published by TIME Magazine, 1 in 10 parents choose to "opt
out" of vaccinating their children according to the recommended CDC schedule. (TIME, 2011).
While parents are responsible for choosing medical treatment and prevention methods for their
child, many are forgetting that their choices affect not only their family unit, but the entire
community they are surrounded by. The trend to refuse vaccinations is believed to have stemmed
from a fake study completed by Andrew Wakefield in 1993 saying the MMR vaccine caused autism
and bowel disease. In Wakefield's study he tested 12 children who had grown up with normal
development who presented a loss of acquired skills after receiving the Measles/Mumps/Rubella
vaccine. According to the study, "Behavioural disorders included autism (nine), disintegrative
psychosis (one), and possible postviral or vaccinal encephalitis (two)" (Wakefield, 1998). It was
later found that these diagnoses were false and Wakefield had been paid off by parents of children
with autism to make these claims and that there was no evidence to support

Essay On Childhood Vaccination
Childhood vaccinations is a part of life that some people are not willing to accept. Especially the
MMR vaccine, which stands for measles, mumps, and rubella. There seems to be a lot of attention
that comes along with this specific vaccine because some people believe that there is a link between
the MMR vaccine and autism. Even with these concerns parents should still have their children
vaccinated because they could be saving the lives of their children and the lives of their loved ones.
Measles, mumps and rubella are all considered viral diseases that are contagious. Any one of these
diseases can make someone who has not been vaccinated for MMR very sick. Starting with measles
here is a list of a few of the more serious symptoms and complications caused by this disease:
pneumonia, brain damage, and death (http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/vaccines/mmr–
vaccine.html). Now a list of the worst symptoms and complications that one can expect to suffer if
infected with the mumps: swollen salivary glands, swelling of the testicles or ovaries, deafness,
inflammation of the brain and/or tissue covering the brain and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The obvious reasons for giving children the MMR vaccine have already been listed with all the side
effects that come along with the diseases. If children are vaccinated and become immune to these
diseases they will not have to suffer the horrific illness that comes along with the diseases. The
immunization of these diseases could ultimately save the parents money. If a child becomes sick
because they have not been vaccinated then they will need a substantial amount of medical
treatment which in return can rack up a large medical bill. Weighing the medical cost of treatment of
the disease compared to the cost of a vaccine could be considered a reason to have a child

Epidemic Parotitis Research Paper
Epidemic Parotitis, also known as mumps, is an aggressive, worldwide virus. Once this virus is
obtained, the parotid glands are inflamed. There are many ways in which this virus is spread, the
symptoms and signs of infection, and how the virus is treated. Mumps is spread in many ways, from
coughing and sneezing to any exposure to infected bodily fluids. However on a molecular level,
both a virus and a host cell contain genetic material such as DNA and RNA. However the viruses
contain a Capsid and are nonliving, with cells generally containing a cell membrane and being
living. A virus needs host cells to not only survive but to multiply. Although is needs a specific host
cell that corresponds to the virus. The cycle Mumps uses is the lysogenic

Mumps Syndrome
Mumps virus is a single stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family. Mumps is
characterized by the bilateral or unilateral swelling of the parotid gland. This reemerging disease
dates back to the 5th century B.C. and prior to vaccination, mumps was an epidemic disease with a
cycle of 4–5 years. Despite MMR vaccinations, a sudden reemergence of cases was observed in
2005 in the United Kingdom. Most of the patients were between the ages of 19–23 and majority
only been vaccinated once (Choi, 2010). Also an outbreak in the United States was reported in 2006
with over 5,800 cases. Most patients were college students between the ages of 18–24 and majority
only been vaccinated twice (Choi, 2010). Both appear to not have been sufficient levels of vaccines
to obtain immunity for mumps in a given population like college students (Choi, 2010).The
outbreak of mumps are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the International Society for Infectious Disease, on August 22, 2015, mumps appeared
in University of Illinois during summer break contributing to a rapid increase in 101 confirmed
cases of students that returned to campus for the fall

Measles Mumps Theory And Autism
Researching autism is comparable to solving a puzzle one piece at a time. This commonly known
neurological disorder affects a child before the age of three (Miller). Autism can affect any child of
all races or genders. Each autistic child is unique in their own ways. Even though researchers have
been investigating this matter for years, this lifelong condition has no known cause. Some theories
have been hypothesized, but have been proven wrong. One example is the theory of the measles,
mumps, and rubella vaccine causing autism. Scientific studies have proven that the measles,
mumps, and rubella vaccine does not cause autism.
Autism, also referred to as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), is a complex disability of the
development of the brain (Concerns). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His theory was that the MMR vaccine could trigger autism (Mooney). Andrew Wakefield published
a medical journal called The Lancet (Mooney). This journal stated his experimental procedure and
his conclusion. In his experiment, he studied the digestive tracts of 12 children (Mooney). Nine of
these twelve children were autistic (Mooney). "Wakefield postulated that the MMR vaccine caused
intestinal inflammation that led to the translocation of usually nonpermeable peptides to the
bloodstream and, subsequently, to the brain, where they affected development." (Gerber). Wakefield
found that "All 8 children had gastrointestinal symptoms and signs and lymphoid nodular
hyperplasia revealed on endoscopy." (Gerber).
Andrew Wakefield's experiment was proven inaccurate; his scientific procedure was not thorough.
Not only was data not entirely collected, but he used no control subjects (Gerber). Also,
gastrointestinal symptoms did not predate autism in several children (Gerber). Therefore, he was not
consistent in stating that intestinal inflammation facilitated the bloodstream invasion of
encephalopathic peptides (Gerber). This experiment could also have a possibility of being biased
(Gerber). The endoscopic and neuropsychological assessments were not blind

Measles Mumps And Rubella Vaccination Analysis
Most of today's society imagines a "perfect life" graduating high school then college, finding your
"dream" job, marrying the man of your dreams and finally having children. In today's society
vaccinating your child has become a dilemma among young parents. One of the main reasons there
is a dilemma is Autism is being linked to the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccinations.
Doctors recommend everyone be vaccinated in order to protected from three potential illnesses.
(Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Vaccine. (2014, September 11). Retrieved April 7, 2015.)
The (MMR) vaccination is two series of shots. The vaccinations are recommended to be
administered at a young age. The first series of shots is typically given between the ages of twelve

Vaccine Exemptions Must Be Protected
Joseph Mercola in his article "Vaccine Exemptions Must Be Protected" provides data about the
nature of vaccinations as well as current outbreak evidence to support his claim that vaccine
exemptions should be allowed. He argues that the immunity provided by vaccinations is "inferior
immunity" (Mercola 6) in comparison to naturally acquired immunity–antibodies to a disease
produced by the body after contracting a disease. If one ignores the false assumptions about the
immune system Mercola's argument appears sound because of all the statistics of "failing"
vaccinations. However, Mercola relies on hasty generalization, the fallacy of reaching a hasty
conclusion without evaluating all the evidence, to conclude that vaccines are failing.
Mercola assumes that natural immunity is 100% effective and will not fail as vaccine–acquired
immunity is. Because vaccines are not 100% effective, Mercola argues that people should be
exempt from mandatory vaccinations. The implication being that submitting to a vaccine that will
fail in the future is putting oneself at unnecessary risk. Mercola's argument can be reconstructed as
follows...
1. If vaccines are not 100% effective, then people should be exempt from mandatory vaccinations.
2. Vaccines are not 100% effective.
Therefore, people should be exempt from mandatory vaccinations. Premise 2 depends on Mercola's
use of the fallacy of hasty generalization. He relies on three specific outbreaks (2010 California B.
Pertussis, 2010 New Jersey/New

Symptoms And Diagnosis Of Measles, Mumps, And Rubella
3. Name the causative organism (s), mode (s) of transmission, incubation period, infectious period
and exclusion period, diagnosis and notification, and prevention method (s) for each of the
following diseases:
(a) Mumps
Organism: Virus: Paramyxovirdae
Transmission: air Bourne droplets or by direct contact with the saliva of an infected person
Incubation period: can range from 12–25 days but is usually 16–18 days
Infectious period: ranges from 1 week to 9 days after the onset of parotitis
Notification: To the local medical officer of health
Prevention method: Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine. And cases should be excluded
from early childhood services or school until 9 days after the onset of parotitis. Any unimmunised
contacts should be advised not to attend early childhood services or school until 26 days after the
appearance of parotitis in the last case at the early childhood services or school.
(Lecture slides, 2015) (SG p234–236)
(b) Typhoid
Organism: Salmonella typhi
Transmission: ingestion of contaminated food –or direct contact with faecal matter of infected
person
Incubation period: 6–72 hours, usually 12–36 hours
Infectious period: Throughout the course of infection, which can last several days to several weeks,
a carrier state may last months or be lifelong
Notification: to be notified by medical practitioners on microbiological conformation.
Prevention method: attempt to identify source of the infection. If a food product is suspected discus
with the

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