Medicare Reform Summary

Medicare Reform Summary
Article Review #3: Geography and the Debate over Medicare Reform The Health Affairs published
an article in about a proposed Medicare reform regarding the high levels of use of Medicare
although there was little impact on individuals. Though this article dates back to 2002, the issue still
remains true to this day. In this article, the authors explain that the high level of Medicare spending
was mostly due to the increase number of physician visits, specialist consultations, and hospital
stays, especially among those that had chronic illnesses. Although the spending is higher among
such Medicare patients, this did not mean better effective care or health care outcomes. On the
contrary, according to the article, more than 20% of the total ... Show more content on
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Overall, there are still inequalities on the spending of the same condition between different regions.
For example, mammograms, which were used to measure effective care, were done by 21 to 77% of
individuals. The authors suggested to improve the quality of care through a series of goals that the
Medicare program should complete. Through these guidelines and goals, the Medicare program
would be restructured to make high quality health care to all Medicare enrollees and to reduce the
costs of Medicare.
As a whole, the authors of the articles shed light to the inequality of medical care among Medicare
recipients depending on the region. Not only inequality, but even with those individuals that
received large care, there was no notable difference of their overall health with those that spent least.
In other words, the amount spent on Medicare patients has no correlation with better health or
higher quality of life. On the contrary, Medicare patients that received the most benefits were
deemed to have life–threatening conditions. Although the uncovered such information, they
suggested new approaches to improve the Medicare program, focusing on a population–based
approach and accountability for all hospitals and
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Reform Malpractice Laws to Create True Healthcare Reform...
"Mr. X, you've been diagnosed with..." These words are spoken in hospitals around the country
every day and each time they are spoken, a line is drawn between doctor and patient. On one side is
the doctor wondering if enough has been done to defend against being sued for malpractice. On the
other side is the patient with a need for someone to blame for his or her condition and seeing the
doctor as the sole reason for any injured state. This division between doctor and patient has led to a
practice called defensive medicine and it has also created a healthcare system riddled with
inefficiency and in need of an overhaul. There is talk of healthcare reform and how it is important to
control costs to the patient through lower health ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The United States legal system exists with many favorable conditions for filing malpractice
lawsuits, including low burden of proof requirements, lax limits on damage awards, and the lack of
a cost–sharing provision on filing a legal action.
Impact of Defensive Medicine
The same World Health Organization presentation details the cost of medical litigation rising from
$3 billion per year to $24 billion per year between 1975 and 2002 (Dietrich, 2005, pg. 27). The
amounts awarded in medical lawsuits have an impact on healthcare delivery in the form of increased
insurance costs to the consumer and doctor, or a reduction in services to help cover the cost of
litigation. A survey conducted by the Massachusetts Medical Society (MMS) asked 900 physicians
if they had practiced defensive medicine procedures. Eighty–three percent of the doctors reported
that they had ordered defensive procedures an average of 18 to 28 percent of the time. They also
indicated they had ordered hospitalizations about 13 percent of the time to avoid potential lawsuits.
The MMS estimates that the excess procedures cost the state at least $1.4 billion a year, and the
group believes that amount is an underestimate due to only 46 percent of doctors in the state
participating in the survey (Gulla, 2008).
Using the results from

Healthcare Reform Implementation
Healthcare Reform Implementation
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the implications of healthcare reform in the United States and
specifically, Ohio. The impact of healthcare reform in Ohio will be discussed with distinct focus
placed on positive and negative outcomes as well as the financial implications of the initiatives.
Healthcare Reform Overview According to the Garber & Skinner (2008), the United States spends
more on health care than other nations but continues to score below other nations in numerous areas
of measurement. These scores in, consideration with amount spent, suggest that healthcare is the
United States is inefficient. Additionally, the United States has a significantly large portion of under
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Ohio, the financial aspects of ACA implementation are numerous. A large amount of Ohioans
received an average tax credit of $244 per month while about half that number, 41% of enrollees,
were able to secure insurance for $100 or less (United States of America, 2015). One million dollars
was received in research grants for Marketplace innovation and improvement and funds that were
originally spent on salaries and marketing were diverted to care improvement through the 80/20 rule
(United States of America, 2015). Large amounts of funds were made available to combat premium
increases which have saved approximately one billion dollars nationally (United States of America,
2015). Over $217 million has been made available for primary care services in community health
settings with an additional $33 million ear marked for prevention and public health needs (United
States of America, 2015). I believe this feature will have the greatest impact on health in Ohio.
Increased funding for community projects naturally leads to increased preventative measures and
decreased health care costs overall. Close to $235 million was saved in prescription costs by those
enrolled in Ohio Medicare through the closure of the medication coverage gap (United States of
America, 2015). This results in an average saving of $980 per

Health Care Reform : The Analysis Of Healthcare Reform
The Analysis of Healthcare Reform
The complexity of health care could take the rates on a massive trajectory that does not favor the
people covered. Therefore, the financial protection that the levels of health insurance covers, help to
guard against the risks related to the unexpected costs of health care. The source of coverage could
still have an impact by the insurance coverage and financing alternatives that one has access to;
Conversely, private insurance, social insurance, and the national health services are the types of
healthcare systems by funding and provision. As we look to health care coverage and the reform of
Obamacare, I'll analyze the impact of the uninsured in the industry and look for a resolution to
improve the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are providers, of public hospitals community and rural health centers, and local health
department considered to be safety net providers that service the uninsured. But the result of
increased demand has caused limited capacity and decreased treatment options due to eroding
finances (KFF, 2013). In order to improve the well beings of Americans, it is imperative to establish
a health care policy that will deliver comprehensive coverage for all.
Therefore, a universal health care plan would be one recommendation, a course of action is to utilize
the telemedicine doctors which is becoming more prevalent; As the demand grows there would be
more than enough tele–doctors available for care. Another recommendation is to also use the Urgent
Care centers as part of the universal healthcare system. The reason for these healthcare entities is
because of the current structure; Provided, they are in place to deliver care at a more economical
rate, than if you went to a hospital's emergency room. Every American would be responsible for
paying a minuscule amount toward the universal health care plan. Granted not everyone gets sick
enough to need care, so its services should not be overworked; However, these entities should be
used for preventive measures. Once tax deductions begin for the contributors, there needs to be a
database set up to monitor

Argumentative Essay On Education Reform
Education reform is a topic that every student, parent and teacher should be interested in because it
effects everyone in the community. Many different approaches to education reform have been tried,
and even though they seem to work for the time being, there are always more improvements that
need to be made. One of the best ideas that has been discussed in the most recent years is getting the
parents and students more involved in the actual reform process. Many school administrators see a
problem with involving students, even though they are the ones most affected by the changes within
schools. Student's opinions should be taken into consideration because they are the ones who see
what happens inside the school and within the classroom, and are the most affected by it. Involving
parents and students in the reform of their schools will improve the quality of education, improve
parent and teacher relationships and reduce parent and student complaints. Education reform is
classified as any work doing to improve schools at any level. "Education reform is any effort
determined to engage what currently exists in schools" (Education Reform and Meaningful Student
Involvement). Education reform is also known as school transformation or change. Education
reform should include everyone at the schools including parents and students. "Research shows that
for any school reform to be successful, students must be directly involved" (Weiss). This
involvement of students can include

Health Care Reform Essay
U.S. health care reform is currently one of the most heavily discussed topics in health discourse and
politics. After former President Clinton's failed attempt at health care reform in the mid–1990s, the
Bush administration showed no serious efforts at achieving universal health coverage for the
millions of uninsured Americans. With Barack Obama as the current U.S. President, health care
reform is once again a top priority. President Obama has made a promise to "provide affordable,
comprehensive, and portable health coverage for all Americans..." by the end of his first term
(Barackobama.com). The heated debate between the two major political parties over health care
reform revolves around how to pay for it and more importantly, whether it ... Show more content on
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The proposed health care reform bill attempts to change issues of public policy and health care
management for the poor and uninsured. Many leaders from the Democratic Party are actively
engaging in policy–making to fix what Rep. Henry Waxman (D–California) calls a "'dysfunctional'
health care system" (2009). Currently, the U.S. health care system denies people with pre–existing
conditions from receiving care. Another problem with the system is that the health insurance that
some employers offer may be so expensive that their employees cannot afford it. Any cuts in
Medicaid may mean that physicians have fewer incentives to provide adequate care for the poor.
These are some of the many problems that the Affordable Health Choices Act attempts to address.
Fiscally conservative political and business groups oppose this measure because they believe that
any changes in public policy and health care management might affect them negatively.
As discussed in lecture (Paterniti, 2009) and in Oberlander's analysis of the U.S. health care system,
"any reform that threatens to alter the medical care arrangements of the insured is likely to provoke
public opposition" (2003). Most likely, the insured are well off financially and/or politically
powerful. These people, who are for the most part content with their current health insurance, would
oppose

Examples Of Social Reform
Social Reform in the Eyes of social workers Change developments including religion, moderation,
cancelation, and ladies' rights tried to grow vote based beliefs during the era of 1825 to 1850. In any
case, certain developments, for example, nativism and utopias, neglected to demonstrate the
American accentuation on a popularity based society. The change developments were prodded by
time of the Great Awakening the second time around, which started in England during the 1790's,
and would in the end spread all through the nation. The Second Great Awakening contrasted that
individuals were currently accepted to have the capacity to pick if to have faith in God, rather than
past beliefs considering Calvinism ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The level of the mezzo level applied to the roles of social workers in the social reform who offered
service to businesses and organizations who engaged in the women movement of this era, and to
compare the social worker of today who play a role in community outreach resources and offering
services to organization in a community and neighborhood. The last level is macro which, is the
level of social work where social workers became involved in the movement for women and polices
of change to better the life of women. In today's world social workers offer the same service and
accomplish so much more because of better resources and tools available to provide amazing service
for polices change. Social change is what makes the world better when a social worker can provide
the resource to the people of the world. Providing amazing service to better the life of anyone is the
main goal that a social focus on. The ethical standard 1.01 states a social worker number one goal is
the commitment to the client, standard 1.02 which is self–determination and 1.05 culture awareness
and social diversity. All the ethical standards listed above are examples of how social worker change
the

Reform Movement Dbq
During the 1820s–1850s, lots of change and chaos was going on in the very young United States.
Along with this chaos, many people wanted different things to change in the country, which caused
many reform movements to occur. From slavery to healthier prisons, these movements helped shape
the US before the Civil War. American reform movements sought for the expansion of democratic
ideas, however, some reform movements were radical at the time and did not do as successful as
others. The most well known reform movement was the anti–slavery campaign. This movement
occurred mostly in North. The Northerners viewed the South's practice of slavery to be morally
wrong and should be banned from the United States. In Document C, the engraving says, ... Show
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Liquor became a very popular substance in this time period and people began to see that
drunkenness from over drinking was tearing families apart. According to Document H, there was 9
steps of drinking called, "The Drunkard's Progress". What the artist is trying to portray is that
drinking is bad if it gets out of hand. One or two drinks is good but once a person reaches 3 to 4 it is
hard to stop continuing. Drinking in moderation was not the problem, it was an overdose of alcohol
and recklessness of the individual that caused the problem. People began to question why
drunkenness was becoming such a problem. In the opinion of Charles Finney, a well known 2nd
Great Awakening Evangelical, he believed that religion was not having a big enough influence in
society. He believed that if church became a presence in society then, "Harlots, drunkards, and
infidels, and all sorts of abandoned characters, [would be] converted and awakened" (Document B).
Others believed the stress of the times caused this liquor outbreak or believed that the creation of
more drinking holes caused more publicity for drinking. Either way, the United States went through
a period heavy drinking with little self

Health Care Reform
Healthcare Reform 1 Healthcare Reform: Moving Closer to a Solution English 102–940 Professor
Marilyn December 1, 2007 December 1, 2007 Professor Marilyn Sahiba Department of English and
Critical Studies Parkland College Champaign, IL 61821 Dear Professor Sahiba, I am pleased to
present to you my final research paper on Health Care Reform: Moving Closer To A Solution, the
topic for which was approved by you on November 8, 2007. I acquired most of my research material
from the Parkland College Library, and internet sources found through the search engine, Google.
There was a wealth of information available to use in order for me to write a convincing paper on ...
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(Martinez, 2, p.9). Healthcare Reform 4 The World Health Organization ranks the United States as
#37 out of 190 for performance. It is evident that even though we are spending more money, we are
not able to achieve the desired outcome. The argument has always been that the free market of
health care and insurance in this country has created a health care system that is second to none in
the world. The statistics do not support this assertion. Total health care spending in 1975 consumed
about 8 percent of the U.S economy in 1975. Today it accounts for nearly 16 percent of the gross
domestic product and is projected to reach nearly 20 percent by 2016 (Orszag, 2007). One of the
reasons for rising health care costs is due to costly new medical technologies. Some of these new
medical advancements allow for physicians to treat previously untreatable conditions. It is unclear
as to whether these new options are cost effective. Most people believe that more expensive care
equates to better health care. There is significant evidence to support that more expensive care does
not necessarily mean higher–quality care. This suggests that there may be an opportunity to reduce
health care spending without impairing outcomes The most compelling evidence of that opportunity
comes from the substantial geographic differences in spending on health care within the United
States–and the fact that they do not translate into higher life expectancy or measured

Reform Movements In America
Reform Movements Paper
Throughout history, political, social, and economical issues have erupted and caused society to
reform. These reform movements are created in order for the people of America to have the ability
to resolve the issues they see in their communities. Some of the movements that have been most
prominent in the united States during the early 19th century are the Women's Reform Movement, the
Prison Reform and the Education reform. All of these developments allowed awareness to be
created about the problems that everyday citizens were experiencing and how they were going those
change problems into resolutions.
The first type of reform that is most important during this time period was the Women's Reform
Movement. Ever since

Health Care Reform
Health Care Reform A newest way to finance health care now days is the health care reform which it
is also called Obama Care. The Affordable Care Act was signed into law in 2010. The main
objective behind the Affordable Care Act was to ensure that affordable health care insurance was
available to every U.S citizen. This law is an extensive document that contains many regulations and
laws that relate not only to health care but also to the regulation of insurance companies. One of the
best known regulations is that group health plans can no longer put limitations or deny benefits to
individuals under the age of 19 due to pre–existing conditions and individuals under the age of 26,
are now eligible to be covered under their parents' ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Medicare beneficiaries will experience lower costs on prescription drugs, primary, and preventive
services. The new law expanded Medicare by fighting fraud, adding new benefits, and improving
care for patients. Medicare will see lower cost on prescription drugs and free preventive services.
There are positives and negatives when it comes to the affordable care act. According to Blumberg
(2012) some of the positive aspects of the health care reform are:
– Increased access to health care services
– Increased affordability of health care services.
– Decreasing of overall costs in health care.
– Employers are able to get a tax break for offering health coverage to their employees
– Lower rate for employers offering health coverage to their employees.
– Individuals are able to purchase health insurance even if they have pre–existing conditions.
– Individuals under the age of 26 are able to stay under their parents insurances.
– Better quality of care for elderly patients.
– New health prevention and wellness programs. Some of the negative sides to the health care
reform includes:
– Individuals are required to purchase their own insurance if their income is above the guidelines.
– They could face penalties that will increase gradually if they choose not to purchase an insurance
policy.
– Premiums may be too high for some individuals even with the tax breaks and discounts.

Tort Reform Essay
Tort Reform Tort reform is very controversial issue. From the plaintiff's perspective, tort reforms
seems to take liability away from places such as insurance companies and hospitals which could at
times leave the plaintiff without defense. From the defendant's perspective, tort reform provides a
defense from extremely large punitive damage awards. There seems to be no median between the
two. Neither side will be satisfied. With the help of affiliations such as the American Tort Reform
Association and Citizens Against Lawsuit Abuse, many businesses and corporations are working to
change the current tort system to stop these high cash awards. Various organizations working in
favor of tort reform include the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It consists of people living in communities joining together to try to stop the "high cost and injustice
in our legal system" (American Tort Reform Association). Located throughout the United States, the
CALA is fighting to eliminate the high payouts for circumstantial cases (American Tort Reform
Association). The ATRA and CALA are trying to stop minor cases from receiving enormous sums of
money which will dampen the economy. The subject matter of these cases varies to some length
including but not limited to medical and car insurance. In a case against Rich Mountain Nursing and
Rehabilitation Center of Mena, jurors found the defendant, Mena, guilty of malpractice in the death
of Margaretha Sauer, a ninety–three year old woman. The non–economic punitive damages cash
award for the suffering and pain of the Sauer family to be paid by Mena was seventy–eight million
dollars. Punitive damages is one of the issues that the ATRA is trying to combat. If nursing homes
continue to have pay large sums for punitive damages, they will not be able to survive. The premium
average liability offered by nursing homes has increased from $820,000 in 1999 to $11.6 million in
2001. With the liability premiums continuing to rise, the prospects of profits continue to dwindle.
They will have no chance at retaining a profit and thus will have to close. It will also mean that
doctors will charge more for their services, which leads to fewer health insurances carrying

Age Of Reform Essay
Anti–slavery, perfect societies, connections with nature, and less alcohol were just some of the
issues discussed and acted upon during the Age of Reform. The Age of Reform was a social reform,
or an attempt to improve upon issues in society, occurred in America during the mid–1800's. Reform
movements such as public education and women's rights both made essential impacts on American
Society. One of the many changes in the Age of Reform was the reform of public education. The
first schools were built for religious purposes, but during this period, the reformers wanted better
schools to make sure that the future voters would be informed. Also, these schools would help
immigrants become part of the culture of American society. Massachusetts was ... Show more
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Originally, the rights of American women were minor. Women could not vote, serve on juries, or
attend colleges among other restrictions. Women like Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
fought long and hard for civil, religious, and social rights of American women. Stanton wrote the
Declaration of Sentiments which was modeled after the Declaration of Independence. This
declaration demanded equality of men and women. Women's suffrage, or the right to vote, was
another struggle for the women to overcome. These women did win some small victories such as
convincing New York to pass a law protecting women's property rights, and some states even began
to allow married women to keep their wages. Education also improved for women. American
schools were focused on educating boys, who would grow up to be voters, so Emma Willard started
The Troy Female Seminary. Eventually, Mary Lyon built Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, which
was the first college for women, although it was not called a college at the time. Even though
education improved for women, it would not be until 1920 that a constitutional amendment would
be made to allow women to vote. The Women's Rights Movement was a very major and important
improvement for American

Pharmacare Reforms In Canada
The current system is inefficient, inequitable and unsustainable in the long run because: (1) it is
unable to accommodate for the entire Canadian population; (2) it requires Canadians to pay a
disproportionate amount of their income to access medications; and (3) governments are unable to
contain the drug cost increases (5). Therefore two recommended reforms are described in order to
achieve the goal of accessibility and equity.
Option One: Create an equitable pharmacare program that includes medically necessary prescription
drugs covered by the public health care system to improve access for patients
The Canadian government must implement an equitable national pharmacare program in which
medically necessary prescription drugs are covered ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to a study, researchers estimated that the total extra cost to government of providing
universal pharmacare could range as high as $5.4 billion a year (11). However, through bulk
purchases of medication and other measures, this could be reduced to $1 billion (11). In addition, it
is possible that people will misuse or overuse medication if it is easily accessible. However, it is
suggested that healthy individuals have no intrinsic value in consuming additional prescription
drugs, and studies show little evidence to suggest that excess coverage of prescription drug costs is
the root cause of these problems (6).
Option Two: Control costs of drugs through bulk purchasing for patented and generic drugs
A strategy for accessing new treatments at an affordable price for all Canadians is through a bulk
purchasing alliance (12). Bulk purchasing involves provincial governments collectively purchasing
medicines in larger volumes for the purpose of price reductions from manufacturers (11). Provincial
governments are collectively the largest purchasers of drugs in Canada, hence the concern for price
increases of drugs (5). Federal leadership is required to coordinate a national approach to bulk
purchasing. The newly elected Government of Canada promised to work with provincial and
territorial governments to buy patent and generic drugs in bulk through the

Us Healthcare Reform
US Healthcare Reform and the Impact on Primary Care Physicians
Laura Garcia
ENG 122 English Composition II
Dr. Paula Porter
June 28, 2010
The new healthcare reform act recently passed will be fully implemented by 2014. Every person
living legally in the United States will be guaranteed, under the Patient Protection and Affordable
Care Act, (PPACA), healthcare insurance. Across the United States, primary care doctors are already
preparing for the full impact this will have on their practices. In keeping with the promise made by
President Obama, physicians are already planning to increase their hours while trying to maintain
patient care.
With this new legislation, there will inevitably be growing pains, for the ... Show more content on
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If there is any hope of this happening the number of (PCP) 's has to increase before 2014, otherwise
the patients that cannot get into see their (PCP) will resort to the ER for their non–urgent health
issues, just to receive treatment.
A cost analysis study was performed by the RAND Corporation and the results published on June
27, 2010. What they found was "Of all the proposals on the table that would expand health
insurance to more Americans, the final health reform law included those that covered the largest
number of people at the lowest cost to the federal government," said Elizabeth A. McGlynn.
Medicare and Medicaid (2010, June).
The RAND corporation was also charged with analyzing the inner workings of the reform act, they
where asked to evaluate the feasibility of the PPACA to see if it was structured differently would the
cost to the federal government would be any less. A couple of possible scenarios that they reviewed
and analyzed were; if employers with fewer employees were required to provide coverage or pay a
penalty how would that influence the cost to our government. Medicare and Medicaid (2010, June).
In essence, the RAND Corporation found in their study that by increasing the fine to $1,200 per
person CMS (Center for Medicare and Medicaid) could realistically insure an additional 4 million
people per

Health Care Reform: The Roles Of Healthcare Reform
The healthcare reform had implemented many changes that affected the way hospitals provide care
(Sharamitaro, 2011). One of the changes was to increase the clarity concerning the special benefits
and incentives that tax–exempt hospitals receive. This was done by imposing additional
requirements that is need to qualifying for exemption status (Sharamitaro, 2011). In order for a
hospital to qualify for this status, the hospital would have to show that it is organized and operates
with a charitable purpose; that no part of its net earnings is used to benefit of any private shareholder
or individual, and that it does not participate in any political campaigns on behalf of any candidate
or conduct any lobbying activities (Marietta, 2010). In

The Reform Of The Health Care Reform Essay
The latest health care reform has done what few policies manage to do – sicken both republicans
and progressive democrats. While we can all agree that a reform of the health care system is sorely
needed, we must also acknowledge that "Obamacare" is not the cure–all we so desperately require.
Rather, President Obama, like a medieval barber, prescribed a health care reform that treated the
symptoms of our flawed system rather than the actual disease. The subsidization of health insurance
providers has proven ineffective at providing affordable coverage for all. Certainly one is likely to
hear the various incendiary talking points of both the proponents and opponents. Whether it's the
republican candidates blaspheming Obamacare as socialism, or the administration praising the
success of health care for all, it is difficult to actually find constructive dialogue. We are purview to
many sound bites, but few actual solutions. We have witnessed heated debates, but rarely do we
witness intelligent discourse. If beneficial reform is to be crafted and implemented, we must first
acknowledge the issues and inconsistencies of the current system and begin to explore alternate
methods of providing health care to the American people. This diagnoses of the flaws in our health
care system must start with identifying and redefining the social constructs of America. In most
other civilized nations, it is generally accepted that it is in the best interest of the public that every
individual be

The Issue Of Tort Reform
Tort reform is a term propagated by companies in the tobacco and asbestos industries vulnerable to
legal actions seeking damages for the impacts to their products. Advocates use the terminology to
limit the ability and potential damages available to individuals who take legal actions against
companies. In 2002, the consumer advocacy organization Center for Justice and Democracy
investigated the U.S. "tort reform" and saw that the "rally" was actually a massive national PR effort
initiated by the tobacco industry to reduce or eliminate exposure to liability law suits. Concerned by
the increasing regularity in which some state attorneys general are hiring personal injury lawyers to
pursue lawsuits on behalf of their practicing states, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Perhaps one way to analyze the situation is through concepts of loss–shifting and loss–spreading. I
would anticipate such insurers directly or directly support tort reform aimed at limiting the quantum
of damages. On the other hand, I would be surprised if they supported substantial removal of the
right to sue in tort, because that is part of their business. (Journal of Patient Safety) Anyone with a
valid claim stands to receive compensation, but only up to a specified amount, which often leads to
dissatisfaction and complaint There are qualitative factors, of course, that add to the complexity of
these scenarios. I believe there are some interesting studies around no–fault apology that might
contribute to a reduction in claims, for example. It would also be interesting to see what
improvements collaborative law processes might bring.
Both the loss–shifting and the loss–spreading scenarios are vulnerable to exploitation by players
motivated by greed or factors of self–advancement. In an ideal world, a civil society could rationally
and effectively operate either or both loss shifting or loss spreading models in a sustainable way.
This seems unlikely to eventuate in current circumstances, unless there was a momentous shift in
consciousness. What seems more likely is that interested parties will struggle to improve their
position in the field through statutory

The Benefits of Healthcare Reform
THE BENEFITS OF HEALTH CARE REFORM
The Benefits Of Health Care Reform
Kingsley A. Valentine
Composition II – 50 Everest University
The mounting cost of healthcare makes it one of the foremost social and economic issues facing
Americans today. Working families are confronting double digit increases in the costs of health care
insurance. Higher premiums, deductibles, co–payments and high unemployment are taking their toll
on U.S. workers. Consequently, 47 million Americans are currently un–insured– 8.7 million of
whom are children. The high cost of doctor's visits and prescription are forcing many to delay
needed medical care, as health care cost balloons five times the rate of inflation. Will health care
reform solve the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The economic climate with high unemployment is, also, a contributing factor to the lack of adequate
medical care. The Census Bureau states that Hispanics are the most affected by being uninsured;
almost a third of Hispanics have no health insurance. Another statistic reveals that in 2004, about
33% of Latinos were uninsured as opposed to 10% of white, non–Latinos.
The Institute of Medicine of the National Academies reports that: "Lack of health insurance causes
roughly 18,000 unnecessary deaths every year in the United States." The American Journal of Public
Health published a study by Harvard in 2009, revealed more than 44,800 excess deaths annually in
the United States associated with un–insurance. Vicente Navarro, a Johns Hopkins University
professor, stated in 2003, "the problem does not end here, with the uninsured. An even larger
problem is the underinsured" and "The most credible estimate of the number of people in the United
States who have died because of lack of medical care was provided by a study carried out by
Harvard Medical School Professors David Himmelstein and Steffie Woolhandler (New England
Journal of Medicine 336, no. 11 [1997]). They concluded that almost 100,000 people died in the
United States each year because of lack of needed care–three times the number of people who died
of AIDS."
Many uninsured or under insured patients never enter the health care

Temperance Reform In The 19th Century
In the 19th century people did not like what the American society was turning into, so to control
behaviors, and shape cultures the way they wanted. They created reforms to create a better
environment. Reforms were made for temperance, abolitionist, antiprostitution, and other things that
people thought they needed to change in the United States. They would do this by using popular
things like songs, plays, novels, and narratives. Reformers wanted their information to develop to a
large audience, so they could participate in their reforms. Although, not all the reforms were
effective one that was very successful was the temperance reform. The 19th century was when
people would drink large amounts of alcohol, especially men, which is why the temperance reform
was put in place. On average, Americans drank about seven gallons of hard alcohol, including
whiskey and other distilled spirits. These people did not think that drinking was harmful, and they
said that alcohol was cleaner than water. Drinking was becoming out of control. For example, Ten
Nights in a Bar–Room is about how Mary's father that goes to the bar way too often, and Mary goes
to the bar to tell her father to come home almost every night because she wants him to come home.
One of the times she shows up, and one the men throws a bottle at her father, but it hits her, and she
dies. This shows how out of control drinking was, and men had no self–control. "There was so much
of biting contempt in the tones, as

Healthcare reform Essay
The United States should have Universal Health Care
Comp II
The United States should have Universal Health Care
Virtually 50 million Americans are presently without any health insurance, and a great number of
them with health insurance are struggling to pay for their medical bills. Everybody concurs that
healthcare must be accessible to all citizens, but the debate on whether the United States should
adopt a universal health system still rages. According to the Institute of Medicine (2002), the U.S. is
the only developed country that does not guarantee that its citizens have health care coverage.
President Obama pledged to reform the country's healthcare system by increasing health coverage
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, there are already existing laws in the country that demand emergency rooms for patients
if they lack any insurance. This expenses the hospital finance that they convey to clients and
insurance firms. Under universal health care program, those people that usually go without
insurance cover would be demanded to pay for it through taxes. This concept of cost distribution
would reduce the individual costs of people currently paying for insurance. It is worth noting that
this system of taxation resembles the shared costs of schooling, road construction, or even space
exploration (Burke, Diego & Semelka, 2012).
Opponents of universal healthcare system assert that the program would be damaging to the quality
of health services, although researchers have established that the country's healthcare structure is not
superior to those of various developed countries that offer universal health care (Garber & Skinner,
J2008). In relation to the same research, the United States is ranked second last in terms of the
number of practicing physicians. Moreover, the country has less than the normal number of hospital
beds and period of stay for severe care. The expense of the country's healthcare per individual is
$8,000 more than Netherlands, Norway,

ACA Reform Medicare
The ACA provides various benefits to Medicaid enrollees by expanding coverage to include mental
health, prescription drugs, family planning services, hospice care for children, tobacco cessation,
preventive and obesity related services. The main provision of the act is to reduce cost while
improve the quality of care and the way it is delivered. The law prohibits insurance companies from
dropping coverage for any reason, provide insurance even if there is a pre–existing condition.
Provide coverage for preventive services and immunizations. Dependant coverage is extended up to
age 26. The law established a cap on insurance company's spending on non–medical costs and
administrative expenditures. Insurance companies cannot charge more money based on an
individual's health status, gender or salary. The ACA reforms Medicare by closing the coverage gap
also known as the "donut hole" by continuing coverage for prescription drugs. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In the fall of 2013, insurance companies cancelled health plans for millions of people. This created a
political storm for the President as he had promised insurance coverage for all. The President
announced that health plans that would have cancelled under the ACA could be continued by
insurance companies. This announcement did not go down well with the insurance companies and
refused to accept blame for cancellation of health plans. Several states said that plans not compiling
with the ACA are below standard and they will not accept late renewals. The federal government's
website Healthcare.gov to buy plans was supposed to be easy to navigate. But on the day of its
launch the website users had to face delays and malfunction codes. This huge and consistent
problem with the website created negative news and prevented users from accessing the website to
purchase health insurance

Health Care Reform
Health Care Reform 2010
There is so little contradiction that government should be engaged in one way or another in creating
a solution that gives Americans in need of medical assistance the right to life, liberty and the
continued pursuit of happiness. The disagreements come in recognizing the failure of government to
properly handle other socialized systems, the amount of government oversight that should be
imposed, and the coverage that should be part of any comprehensive national healthcare solution.
During his campaign, President Obama argued for health care ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Universal health care coverage represents a fundamental shift in health care policy in the United
States and does not have widespread support among Republican members of Congress. Moreover,
unlike President Obama's health care reform element of reducing health care costs, universal health
care coverage will require large increases in spending from the federal government, likely
necessitating higher taxes. President Obama's proposal to provide coverage for the 47 million
Americans who were uninsured as of January 2008 is estimated to cost $102 billion per year.
Gruber, J. (2008). Covering the Uninsured in the U.S. Retrieved June, 2010 from http://econ–
www.mit.edu/files/2517. As the number of uninsured Americans continues to increase, so does the
cost of providing universal coverage.
Some cost savings initiatives in President Obama's health care reform framework will also be
challenging to implement, since they will be strongly opposed by the health care industry and some
members of Congress. President Obama's framework for reforming health care contains many
initiatives aimed at lowering health care costs, including regulating health plan loss ratios and
increasing the use of generic drugs. Barack Obama and Joe Biden's plan to lower health care costs
and ensure affordable, accessible health coverage for all. Retrieved June, 2010 from
http://www.barackobama.com/pdf/issues/ HealthCareFullPlan.pdf. The insurance industry will
oppose President Obama's proposal to

Social Reforms, India
The reform activities united people and the attack on institutions like caste which hampered social
unity created a sense of oneness in the people. But most of these reform movements had certain
limitations. The questions to which they gave primacy concerned only small sections of Indian
society. Some of them failed to emphasize or even recognize that colonial rule was inimical to the
interests of the Indian people. Most of them worked within the framework of their respective
communities in a way tended to promote identities based on religion or caste. Many of these
limitations were sought to be overcome during the course of the national movement with which
many social and religious reformers were closely associated. Indian nationalism ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Swami Dayananda Saraswati, the founder of the 'Arya Samaj' was one of the maker of Modern
India. His Arya Samaj gave emphasis on the liberation of the Hindu Society. He called people 'Go
back to the Veda' created consciousness among the people.
He strongly opposed Idol worship, ritualism, practice of animal sacrifice, the idea of Heaven etc.
This movement also challenged the Christian Missionaries who tried to convert the uneducated,
poor and depressed classes of the Hindus.
6. Annie Besant
Annie Besant was of Irish origin and made India her second home. She fought for the rights of
Indian and was the first woman president of Indian National Congress. In 1893, she left for India
having been influenced by the Indian culture and civilization. She was famous as a social worker,
educationalist, journalist, prominent Theosophist, social reformer, political leader, women's rights
activist, writer and orator. She fought for the Human Rights of Indian women.
7. Dr.Bhimrao Ambedkar
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was born on April 14, 1891 in Mhow (presently in Madhya Pradesh). Dr. B.R.
Ambedkar is viewed as messiah of dalits and downtrodden in India. He was the chairman of the
drafting committee in 1947. Bhimrao Ambedkar experienced caste discrimination right from the
childhood.he was the first who reduce the bridge between tribal & non–tribal.
8. Medha Patkar
Medha Patkar was born in Mumbai. On 28 March 2006,

China 's Reform Plan For Implementing Healthcare System...
China's reform plan in 2009 Almost at the time, China released two important healthcare reform
documents in 2009. The first, the State Council's Opinions on Furthering Healthcare System Reform
is a broad document that sets the reform framework through 2020. The second, the Ministry of
Health's Implementation Plan for Immediate Priorities in Healthcare System Reform, provides a
more detailed map for the next three years. According to the China Business Review, the
Implementation Plan is comprised of five major programs. The first is the universal coverage of
basic medical insurance, which is similar with Obama's healthcare plan. The government aims to
extend each of the three main medical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The government also aims to step up supervision and sampling to ensure a safe supply of drugs. The
government will require all healthcare providers and retail pharmacies to stock and retail drugs on
the NEDL, and grassroots healthcare providers may stock and retail only drugs on the NEDL. All
other healthcare providers will be encouraged to use drugs on the NEDL as their "primary choice
remedy." Thus, the NEDL is expected to largely define the drug market in all but the urban
hospitals. This measurer is very different the status in America. Guiding prices won't happen in
market–oriental economy. The third is improving primary care infrastructure. China will construct
and renovate county hospitals and health centers, as well as training and rotating healthcare
professionals to staff them. This activity will focus on grassroots healthcare providers. To strengthen
the primary care system, patients will be encouraged to visit health centers as a first point of
consultation, or receive visits from mobile medical teams, and be referred to hospitals only if they
have secondary or tertiary care needs. In addition to improving accessibility, the health centers will
ensure the affordability of their primary care services by using "appropriate" techniques, equipment,
and essential medicines. The fourth is Pilot reform of public hospitals. The government will attempt
to improve the governance of public hospitals and

Tort Reform
In the United States justice system, a tort is best defined as an injury or loss that was committed
deliberately or negligently by a single person or an entity (Crane). The history of tort law can be
traced back to the initial trespass of property or person, but it was not until the 18th century that the
distinction between intentional and unintentional acts was made (Columbia Electronic
Encyclopedia). In recent years, tort law has become the center of scrutiny through the increase in
tort costs, insurance liability costs, and the number of frivolous lawsuits made. This scrutiny has
lead to the creation of tort reform. Tort reform is a movement to reshape the way consumers can
access the courts by restricting their right to sue and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They also claim that tort reform bills are giving unprecedented immunity to certain industries and
that this type of bill in unconstitutional. Another key counter–argument made by the opposition is
the denial of the existence of "litigation explosion" that the advocates have presented. They show
that from 1993, instead of seeing the increase claimed by the advocates, there has actually been a
decrease of tort filings by 5%. They also further there counter argument by showing that the
numbers of civil trials have dropped by 47% during the same time frame (ATLA). Though these
arguments are mainly presented to counter and invalidate the advocates of tort reformation, the
opponents have also presented other unique arguments in opposition of tort reform. One strong
argument that the opponents have put forth to the public is the argument that corporations and
insurance companies are the worst abusers of the litigations system and setting forth new regulations
that would protect them from "excessive litigation" would just be another benefit. These
corporations are using their vast resources to unfairly delay trials, pursue frivolous appeals, and
contest claims in which liability is clear. This reasoning supports the opposition as there have been
suggestions of tort reform where the "loser pays" (Wikipedia). If a reformation such as this one was
passed into the system, then private citizens would be afraid to sue the

Health Reform Benefits
Health reform strives to provide health insurance to those who are uninsured, have a pre–existing
condition and are denied by healthcare plans, and/or people who cannot afford health care insurance
due to the high premiums. Furthermore, health reform provides tax breaks to small businesses so
that they can afford insurance to their employees, free coverage for prevention services such as
vaccines and screenings, assistance with drug coverage for Medicare patients, and providing
insurance options for individuals so that a healthcare plan will fit their needs. The major benefits for
health reform is closing the loop and providing coverage for the population without insurance and/or
in the greatest need for care. By providing healthcare that sets

Health Care Reform
United States
Main article: Health care reform in the United States
Health care reform in the United States
Healthcare reform in the US
Debate over reform
History
Latest enacted legislation
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Senate bill – H.R. 3590)
Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (H.R. 4872)
preceding legislation
Social Security Amendments of 1965
Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (1986)
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (1996)
Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act (2003)
Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act (2005)
[show]
More information ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The US pays twice as much yet lags other wealthy nations in such measures as infant mortality and
life expectancy, which are among the most widely collected, hence easily compared, international
statistics. Many people are underinsured, for example, in Colorado "of those with insurance for a
full year, 36.3% were underinsured."[6][7] About 10.7 million insured Americans spend more than a
quarter of their annual paychecks on health care because of the high deductible polices.[8]
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Public Law 111–148) was signed into law by
President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010. Along with the Health Care and Education
Reconciliation Act of 2010 (signed March 30), the Act is a product of the health care reform efforts
of the Democratic 111th Congress and the Obama administration. The law includes health–related
provisions to take effect over the next four years, including expanding Medicaid eligibility for
people

A Report on the Healthcare Reform
On March 23, 2010, President Barack Obama signed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act,
also known as Health Care Reform, which promises to accomplish three primary goals: provide
health insurance coverage for all Americans; reduce the cost of insurance for individuals, businesses
and the government; and, increase the quality of care and the value we receive for every dollar we
spend on health care in the United States (Tanner, 2010). By analyzing the major provisions
contained in the act, their potential impact on health care administrators and the many organizations
in which they serve and the proposed methods by which we will pay for each provision; it is clear
that the act succeeds in some areas; partially succeeds in others and fails completely in the rest.
There is little doubt that the act will provide insurance for the uninsured and it may improve overall
quality and provide some increase in value for services delivered; but it will come at an enormous
cost that will be unsustainable for future generations. Health care expenditures in the United States
are currently about 18 percent of GDP, and this share is expected to continue to rise with the share of
GDP devoted to health care in the United States projected to reach 34 percent by 2040 (CEA, 2009).
U.S. spending on healthcare is greater than any other developed country, yet unlike others which
provide near universal coverage, the United States still has 46 million uninsured (Godell, 2008). For

The Issue Of Healthcare Reform
Healthcare reform continues to be a topic of discussion among politicians, medical professionals,
and many Americans who are struggling to pay for care in a system where costs are skyrocketing
out of control. Consequently these costs are forcing many Americans to file bankruptcy due to the
massive amount of medical debt that they owe, slowing our economy and reducing reimbursements
for medical facilities (Khazan) The debate on how to fix health care continues, even after the
Affordable Care Act was passed in 2010 to help begin our national journey to fix health care in
America. Currently there is a divide between the two Democratic presidential nominees in regards
to how we should fix our current system. Bernie Sanders is ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Many believe that healthcare in Canada is free when in fact if you look at it from a policy
framework view it is not. The healthcare system in Canada is financed by government enforced tax
rates that vary in costs depending on family size. income, and province location (Canadian Health
Care). While the federal government creates standards for health care, provincial governments make
decisions in regards to where hospitals should be located, how many physicians each location
should have, and the services that they will provide (Canadian Health Care). Ultimately, if the
United States moves to a single payer system, taxes will increase to pay for the program. The
question that often is asked when discussing a single payer system is how much will my taxes
increase and it this cost more than I am currently paying. This is most often where the debate begins.
In 2013 the average tax dedicated to the healthcare program for a family of 4 in Canada was $11,320
(Esmail). For a family of three with two parents, the cost was approximately $10,989 (Esmail). This
tax pays for all medical care and does not require additional payments for co–pays, deductibles, or
out of pocket expenses (Canadian Health Care). For a family of 4 in America the cost of health care
averages $22,030 with an employer paying $12,886 of that total cost and the remaining $9,144
being paid for by the employee (Esmail). This cost includes payroll

The Massachusetts Model Of Healthcare Reform
THE MASSACHUSETTS MODEL OF HEALTHCARE REFORM
The Massachusetts model is considered by many to be the blueprint for the national health care
reform. It was introduced in the year 2006 and was fully implemented by 2010. The state previously
had a "free care" pool through which it funded the health care given to people who were uninsured
and ineligible for Medicare, Medicaid and private health insurance. The then federal government
insisted that either the state reduced this funding or it lost $385 million in Medicare funds (Lizza,
2011, June 6). The uninsured population in the state at that time was 10.9%, which was much less
than the national average of 15.8% (Day & Nardin, 2011) making the state relatively more suitable
for any health ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Those with incomes between 150% and 300% paid a sliding scale premium and co–payments. The
state also created a Commonwealth Care program providing subsidized private health insurance to
individuals with incomes less than 300% of poverty level and not eligible for Medicaid. This
program excluded illegal immigrants, immigrants in U.S. for less than 5 years and employees who
declined employer sponsored coverage.
EMPLOYER SPONSORED INSURANCE: Any employer with more than 10 employees was
required to provide them with health insurance and also to contribute a reasonable sum towards their
costs or he had to pay a penalty of up to $295 per employee annually. The revenue generated
through this would be used to cover costs of reform
INSURANCE EXCHANGE: They created an independent, easy to understand health insurance
exchange, called the Commonwealth Health Insurance Connector Authority. It provided citizens
with different insurance options and helped them make the appropriate choices. This agency also
managed the Commonwealth Care and the Commonwealth Choice programs. The Commonwealth
Care offered subsidized insurance to people earning less than 300% of poverty level while the
Commonwealth Choice offered unsubsidized insurance to people earning more than 300% of the
FPL. This made purchasing insurance plans simple and accessible.

Essay on Tort Reform
Tort Reform A tort is wrongful interference against a person or property, other than breaches of
contract, for which the courts can rectify through legal action. The reform effort is aimed at reducing
the number of unnecessary lawsuits that burden the court system while still allowing injured parties
compensation when they've been wronged. This latest effort at tort reform has given rise to the same
spirited rhetoric that might be found in a courtroom. With the prominence of the tort reform debate
on state legislative floors across the country, many states have introduced and even passed bills that
address reform issues within their respective states. Many reform proponents feel that changes in the
civil justice system should ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Problem: Civil In–justice. Approximately every sector of New York's economy is affected by
the threat of virtually open–ended liability created by the state's current tort laws. Few issues have as
great an impact on the bottom line of so many different companies and industries, as well as
municipalities, school districts and non–profit groups, throughout the state of New York. In the last
four years New York City taxpayers have paid out approximately $1 billion in awards for personal
injury actions. Well over half of that amount was attributable to "pain and suffering," a highly
subjective and amorphous concept, as opposed to economic damages such as lost earnings or
medical expenses. Of the total amount paid, 33 to 40 percent went to attorneys in the form of
contingency fees or to experts or other in reimbursements for expenses. In FY 1977 the City's total
payout in tort actions was less than $25 million compared to $120 million in FY 1987 a mere ten
year difference, and a staggering $282 million for FY 1996. Would you believe half of that money
could have been used to hire 2,800 police officers or over 3,600 teachers? The time for corrective
legislative action for New York has come. New Yorkers for Civil Justice Reform, prompted by
outrageous

Healthcare Reform Essay
LEADER'S EFFECTIVENESS USING UTILITARIANISM AS THE ETHICAL DECISION–
MAKING APPROACH IN REGARD TO THE HEALTHCARE CHALLENGES SET FORTH BY
THE PROTECTION AND AFFORDABLE CARE ACT OF 2010 CECILIAAVEROS MBA IN
HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT , ABSTRACT Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act(
PPACA) also known as Obama care is a healthcare reform signed in March 23, 2010 whose main
goal is to conceptualizes the " Universal affordable Healthcare Coverage "making significant
impacts in the healthcare system. The purpose of this board is to discuss the challenges that effective
leaders at different levels in the society should face on regards to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, the office visit length will be shortened due to the high demand of customers making it
harder to provide good quality of care to patients as well . On the other hand, from the physician
point of view it is predictable that doctors will change practice patterns from private offices to
hospital services because the facilities pay salaries with less expectations in the number of patients
seen per day. Furthermore, due to the elevated number of patients, time left for clinical
documentation and record keeping will be nulle. Expansion of the Medicaid coverage to all new
eligible adults and increase fee for service and managed care by primary care physicians will be
financed by federal funding. This will cause an outreageous increase in the Federal deficit from the
historical 2.9% Gross Domestic Product to more than 20% by 2050. Employers should offer
affordable( employee premium less than 9.5% of employee's wages) and of minimum value(
employers must pay at least 60% of insurance cost) healthcare benefits to their employees
depending on factors like number of FTE, number of employees receiving premium tax credits and
other complex measurements to calculate the amounts. Employers should also notify employees by
written about State exchanges, and advise them that if an employee decides to purchase a health
Plan through an exchange, they may lose the employers'

History of Educational Reform
History of Educational Reform
Today new school reforms have been formulated. These reforms are created to form individuals into
becoming financially advanced and globally competitive persons. The very means to gauge the
progress of the new reform is through test scores. Standardized tests and the test scores are now
tantamount to accountability, transforming the educational system into a dehumanized market
institution. The school is seen as a capital investment and is now measured according to financial
value. Today 's school reforms have seemed to do away with the notion of schools "helping to create
people who are fully developed as human beings and as democratic citizens." (Tyack D. 1997)
However, amidst the prevailing regress in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dewey in spite of his secularism, had a conception of education which was almost purely religious.
Education is not concerned with intellectual values, its end is not to communicate knowledge or to
train scholars in the liberal arts. It exists simply to serve democracy; and democracy is not a form of
government. Rather it is a spiritual community based on the participation of every human being in
the formation of social values. Thus, every child is a potential member of the democratic church and
it is the function of education to actualize his membership and to widen his powers of participation.
Under the influence of John Dewey and other educational philosophers, William Heard Kilpatrick in
the early 1900s emphasized individualism, interest and rejected transfer of learning. Like John
Dewey he proposed the progressive system in education. (Sherman, R. 1999) Similarly, The
Teachers College of Columbia University pioneered in espousing American democratic education in
the same line of Dewey 's philosophy. It seemed though that amidst criticism, the educational reform
at that period manifested success. It was in the 1940s as remembered by that generation as the good
old days in education when the United States Educational system held the prestigious status of being
better if not best. The professional leaders in the 1940s centered their pursuit towards excellence
through their programs for the public. As such the

Inside Teaching : How Classroom Life Undermines Reform
Inside Teaching: How Classroom Life Undermines Reform Inside Teaching provides an up close
and personal look into the realities of classroom life revealing the challenges teachers face daily in
the pursuit of educating the nation's children. It examines the efforts, expectations and failures of
education reform. The book begins from the premise that while we seem to know (or think we
know) what teaching looks like, we do not know why it looks this way. "Reforms typically fail,
forcing us to acknowledge that although we know a lot about what teaching looks like, we know
almost nothing about why it looks like this" (Kennedy, 2005 p. 1) In an effort to explore the why
Kennedy hypothesizes that the failures are a result of a gap in understanding between reformers and
teachers. She further asserts that this gap in understanding is predominately on the reformers side,
although highly educated and committed teachers are held responsible for the failures. The
inequality in assigning the responsibility or blame on teachers inspired Kennedy to write the book
asking two fundamental questions: "Why, when American teachers are well educated, motivated,
and provided with numerous resources professional development opportunities, are both they and
reformers so often dissatisfied with their teaching practices? And why, when reformers have been
laboring for decades to improve practice, have they been largely unsuccessful"? (p. 225) To lay the
groundwork for the conceptual framework

Stakeholders in Health Reform
When talking about healthcare reform, one must always think about the stakeholders. Stakeholders
are "people and organizations that have a stake (interest) in what a healthcare organization does and
that could affect the healthcare organization" (Olden, 2011). There are many different stakeholders
in our case study but we will focus on the main ones.
In Massachusetts, the Massachusetts Health Care Reform Act had a considerable impact on hospitals
and the health care system. Most community health centers were benefiting from coverage
expansions and safety net hospitals were struggling financially due to the fact that the state put more
funding towards insurance subsidies to expand coverage. Academic medical centers (AMC) were
able to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Massachutettes, health plans wanted to eliminate "continuous open enrollment, assess the full
annual penalty for any significant period of continuous un–insurance, impose waiting periods for
certain services and bar consumers from buying in the merged market if they had access to employer
sponsored coverage" (case study). Doing these things, the insurance companies hoped to lower
premiums. Bill 2585 did pass but the law did not go as far as the insurance companies had hoped. It
only "limited open enrollment in the merged market to twice a year in 2011 and once a year after
that" (case study), which didn't really help much. Due to loss in the small market group in 2009,
health plans "planned double digit premium increases in 2010" (case study), but the government
stepped in and put a stop to it. Even though the big name hospitals were driving up cost, the
insurance companies were seen as the bad guys. This caused local plans to "record sizable operating
losses for the first quarter of 2010 and had to draw on reserves to cover expected losses resulting
from the rate rollbacks" (case study). The insurance companies, especially the smaller ones, suffered
financially.
The most important stakeholder in the healthcare policymaking is probably the patient. In
Massachusetts, the Act provided "nearly universal health insurance coverage" (case study). In 2009
the

The On Health Care Reform
The idea of passing the health care reform was to expand health care coverage, however, in order to
do so, many changes must be implemented in order to fulfill the ACA 's promises. The first of which
is allowing all individuals to acquire health insurance no matter the age, pre–existing conditions, or
other unfair practices. Statistics show that "half of Americas" have a preexisting medical condition
in which with the passage of the ACA, it allows individuals to acquire health insurance without the
worry of having to pay high insurance bills (Moisse, 2011). The reason why having preexisting
health conditions is no longer a factor in acquiring health insurance is because with the passage of
the ACA (as discussed earlier, it was made a mandate to acquire health insurance) it is expected that
it will balance out economically with the people who require more medical help to their healthier
counterparts that do not require as much medical attention (Goodnough, 2016).
The ACA has Americans searching for a health insurance company, however, not everyone can
afford one. This makes it an issue on whether it is possible to enforce such statute if insurance is not
accessible for all. The solution brought about with Obamacare was the creation of subsidies. The
first form of cost assistance is the use of premium tax credits which lowers premiums. Just as
Medicaid, tax credits depend upon income in which the lower your income the lower the percentage
you will have to pay towards health

The Australian Healthcare Reform : The Canadian Health Reform
Resourcing & Budgeting Assignment Introduction Healthcare funding approaches differ from
country to country with regular debate over health reform and healthcare for the future. As
additional funding is not always a feasible option, health resource allocation and health finance need
to be well managed to achieve efficient outputs. Health resource allocation is the allocation and
management of healthcare resources or healthcare rationing (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2014). Health
finance refers to 'function of a health system concerned with the mobilization, accumulation and
allocation of money to cover the health needs of people in the health system' (Health Systems
Financing, 2008). This essay will discuss the Australian healthcare reform ... Show more content on
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The Agreements were established to be the framework for public funding, which includes
investments, public hospitals, hospital services, aged care, reduced waiting times for elective
surgery admissions and emergency departments (Webarchive.nla.gov.au, 2012). The reform saw
three key groups established the National Health and Hospital Reform Commission (NHHRC),
External Reference Group (ERG) of primary care experts to inform the National Primary Healthcare
Strategy (NPHCS) and Preventative Health Taskforce (PHT) as well as twelve new documents being
publically produced across eight divisions of health reform. These include: primary care, aged care,
mental health, hospitals, workforce, standards and performance, prevention and ehealth
(Phcris.org.au, 2015). Efficiency: Australia has one of the most efficient health systems, regarded as
world–class that delivers strong health outcomes (Aihw.gov.au). Efficiency refers 'to the allocation
of available resource inputs in a way that provides the best outcomes for the community' (Efficiency
in Health – Productivity Commission Research Paper, 2015). The Commission analysed the
Australian healthcare system and released a report indicating that by improving the quality of care
and reducing costs, this could improve the

Essay on Reform Between 1825 And 1850
While some citizens of the United States, between 1825 and 1850, believed that reform was foolish
and that the nation should stick to its old conduct, reformists in this time period still sought to make
the United States a more ideally democratic nation. This was an age of nationalism and pride, and
where there was pride in one's country, there was the aspiration to improve one's country even
further. Many new reformist and abolitionist groups began to form, all attempting to change aspects
of the United States that the respective groups thought to be unfair or unjust. Some groups, such as
lower and middle class women and immigrants, sought to improve rights within the county, while
other reformers aspired to change the American education ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
She also brings to attention how they are fighting for the right to vote, when their own form of
government, being the democracy that it is, should permit women the right to vote initially. (Doc F)
However, these women battled on and on to gain their rights, and make this country a truly
democratic nation. Others, such as immigrants, fought to make it possible for success in America.
Due to the naturalization act, an immigrant must remain in the United States for at least 14 years
before becoming a United States citizen and being able to really have any impact on the country at
all. Samuel F.B. Morse, in his Imminent Dangers to the Free Institutions of the United States brings
the subject of the Naturalization Act to the country's attention and attempts to change this act, in fear
of a conspiracy against immigration. (Doc D) No matter what obstacles were thrown into the path of
these groups battling on for reform, they didn't concede. The reformist groups persevered and fought
to expand America's democratic ideals.
While attempting to change certain groups' rights was crucial, an almost equally pressing issue of
reform at the time was society. Across the country, increasing the morality and appearance of United
States citizens had suddenly become a much more pressing issue, and various reform assemblies,
and especially the church, struggled to improve society in ways they thought helpful. Due to the
mass urbanization occurring so rapidly,

Medicare Reform Summary

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Medicare Reform Summary