This document provides an overview of the history of civil rights in the United States from the late 19th century to the 1960s. It discusses key events and court decisions, including Plessy v. Ferguson which established the "separate but equal" doctrine allowing racial segregation; the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision in 1954 which ruled that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional; the Montgomery bus boycott and Rosa Parks' role in catalyzing the civil rights movement; the use of federal troops to enforce desegregation of schools in Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957; and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin. The document

1. Civil Rights: Equality for All
Americans
By: Dean Berry, Ed. D.
Gregg Berry, B.A.

2.  Free PowerPoint at slideshare.com
 Type in PPT title or dean r berry

3. Class Discussion
 What is meant by the term racial
segregation?
 Did the United States ever segregate racial
groups?

4. Let’s Take a Look at the
History of Civil Rights

5. For many years African
Americans were kept
separate (segregation)
from whites in schools and
all public places including
restaurants and hotels.

6. Court Decision
Over 118 years ago, the
Supreme Court made a
critical decision regarding
racial segregation.

7. Segregation

8. The “separate but equal” court
decision kept the races apart
through segregation.

9. Class Discussion
 Do you think having separate but equal
schools for boys and girls is fair?
 Would it be fair to require Hispanic
students to go to a separate school from
other students as long as the schools were
equal in quality?
 Is separation of people based on race
legal under our Constitution?

10. Court strikes
down
segregation
58 years later

11.  Over a period of 58 years, Americans’
views and legal opinions matured enough
to recognize that SEPARATE WAS NOT
EQUAL. The combined efforts of civil
rights activists and courageous leaders like
Martin Luther King, Jr. led to action by the
Supreme Court.

12. The U.S. Supreme
Court Acts

13.  Brown v. Board of Education became a
landmark Supreme Court decision in which
the Court declared state laws that created
separate public schools for black and
white students to be unconstitutional. The
Court ruled that this was a violation of the
Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.

15. The decision provided an
opportunity for children of all
races to attend school together.

16. Class Discussion
If you had to argue in front of the Supreme
Court and defend having children of all
races attend school together, what
arguments would you make?
Can you support your point of view with
logical arguments?

17. 1955
In 1955, Rosa Parks was
arrested for refusing to give up
her bus seat to a white man.
At that time, Alabama state law
required African Americans to sit
in the back of the bus and give up
their seats to white bus riders.

18. Rosa Parks drew national attention
to the racial discrimination that
African Americans faced in
southern states. As a result of her
heroic action, other activists were
able to gain support for the civil
rights movement.

19. Class Discussion
 Do you think that Rosa Parks should have
broken state law and refused to give up
her seat?
 What would you have done in that
situation?
 Did Rosa Parks accomplish anything with
her actions?

20.  Federal laws and Supreme Court decisions
sometimes come into conflict with state
and local laws. When that happens,
federal law must be followed. However, if
a state refuses to obey the federal law,
the federal government can choose to
send in federal troops to enforced the
implementation of the law. This was the
case in Arkansas in 1957.

21. 1957
Little Rock, Arkansas
High School
Refuses to admit
9 African American
students

22. Arkansas 1957

23. Federal Troops enforced the integration of
Arkansas high schools and protected the
rights of African American students to attend
class.

24. With federal government support, schools in
the South finally allowed white and black
students to attend classes together.

25. In 1960, the Supreme Court ruled that segregated
public buses were unconstitutional. However, the
southern states ignored the ruling and refused to
enforce the law. As a result, civil rights activists
organized “freedom rides” to demonstrate their
rights to ride integrated buses.

27. The freedom riders rode all over the
South to bring attention to unjust
segregation. Young people of mixed
races rode together to challenge
southern discrimination.

28. In 1963, several hundred thousand people
marched to Washington, D.C. to demonstrate for
civil and economic rights for African Americans.

29. The march on Washington put pressure on
Congress to pass new legislation in support
of civil rights.

30. Class Discussion
 Why would legislation be
necessary for civil rights?
 How does legislation get passed?

31. During the march on Washington, Martin
Luther King, Jr. delivered one of the most
memorable speeches in U.S. history.

32. 1963
“I have a Dream”
Speech by
Martin Luther King Jr.

33. • The “I Have a Dream” speech rallied
widespread support for civil rights
legislation.

34. Class Discussion
Most people consider Martin Luther
King, Jr. a very important and
influential leader.
What qualities and characteristics
do you think are important for
great leaders?

35. Martin Luther King Jr.’s
dream for justice began
to be realized in 1964
and is still a work in
progress.

36. The momentum for action
resulted in the landmark “Civil
Rights Act” of 1964.

37. Discrimination based on race
became illegal.

38. Justice for African Americans
came ten years after
Brown v. Board of Education
and Rosa Parks with the
passage of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964

39. Class Discussion
 Which laws have priority, state laws or
federal laws? Why?
 Which laws do you think should “ rule the
day”, federal or state?
 Are there any laws that states get to
determine for themselves?

40. More Discussion
How should
unfair laws be
changed?

41.  During the twentieth century civil disobedience has
been used to help change laws that were perceived
by some as unjust. Civil disobedience is defined as
the act of disobeying a law on grounds of moral or
political principle. It is sometimes one of the
methods used to influence society and change
points of view about a law. When civil disobedience
is nonviolent, it can be an effective tool for change.
Illegal street demonstrations and peaceful
occupations of buildings are examples of civil
disobedience.

42. Civil Disobedience
to protest Racial Inequality

43. Boycotts, sit-ins,
marches, and freedom
riders resulted in new
laws protecting individual
rights.

44. Class Discussion
 What is a boycott?
 Is it fair to boycott a business
because you don’t like their practices?
 In what kind of situations do you
think a boycott might be effective?

45. The Road to Civil Rights
 Brown v. Board of Education
 Separate but equal struck down 1954
 Rosa Parks bus boycott 1955
 Lunch counter sit-ins 1960’s
 Civil Rights freedom riders 1960’s
 Martin Luther King Jr. March on Washington,
D.C. “I have a Dream” speech 1963
 Civil Rights Act 1964-Outlawed discrimination

46. Class Discussion
Do minority groups still face
challenges today?
Give some examples

47. Class Check-up and
Review
Raise your green card if you believe the
statement is true or your red card if you
think it is false.

48. True or False 1
Segregation of the races
enables everyone to be more
effective and successful.

49. False-1

50. True or False 2
Our current Supreme Court
decided a few years ago
that separate but equal
schools for different races
would be Constitutional.

51. False-2

52. True or False 3
In 1955 Rosa Parks
was sent to jail for
not giving up her bus
seat to a white man.

53. True-3

54. True or False 4
In 1957 the President of the
U.S. used federal troops in
Arkansas to force the
governor and state national
guard to step aside and
obey federal law.

55. True-4

56. True or False 5
The Civil Rights
Act of 1964
outlawed
discrimination.

57. True-5

58. True or False 6
Martin Luther King, Jr. was a
dreamer with good ideas but
lacked the ability to put ideas
into action.

59. False-6

60. True or False 7
 Brown verses the Board of Education
 was a Supreme Court Decision that
guaranteed minorities the right to a free
four year college education.

61. False 7

62. True or False 8
 The use of federal troops in Arkansas in
1957 to force the governor to obey the
law to integrate the schools is a good
example of how federal law supercedes
state law when the two are in conflict.

63. True 8

64. Civil Rights History
4 min Excellent visual
presentation
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqIZp
VGdh9E

65. The Civil Rights Movement
Animated 4 min Excellent !!!
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OuMf
We-PjCI

66. Civil Rights March of
1965+King’s Speech
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBm48
Scju9E

67. The Fight for the Right to Vote
Ted Ed 4 min
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P9Vd
yPbbzlI

68. The Little Rock Nine (excellent)
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oodolE
mUg2g

69. Rosa Parks-December 1,1955
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=15p5H
B-FpjI

70. History of Civil Rights with
Music 3 minutes
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lL-
4I18JFFU

71. What Are Human Rights?
Ted Ed 4 min
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nDgI
VseTkuE

72. The Civil Rights Movement in
the Courts 3 min Animated

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bEQ1
uG4PZcA

73. History of Women’s Suffrage
2 min
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uWQ
KYmg_0R0

74. Time Line of Women’s Right to
Vote in the World
2 min
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-
qTa1yPfzg

75. History of Gay Rights
4 min
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WcOz
arSpTMk

76. Time Line of Gay Marriage in
the World 2 min
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kyfY7
IXakyo

77. Gay Rights in Latin America
2 min
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1ZD
Vz1_r1s

78. Brainstorm and Discuss
1. What do we mean by the term
civil rights?
2. Generate a list of civil rights that
you consider important.
78

79. Report Back
Share Your Ideas
.
1. Let’s summarize
possible answers to our
question about civil
rights . Which rights
were the most important
to your group?
2. Include these ideas in
your notes.
3. You may choose to
use a graphic organizer.
79

80. Conduct Research on the
Issues
 Use technology and text sources to gather
information about the civil rights that you believe are
very important. Civil rights include a wide array of issues
such as minority rights, women’s rights, and various
individual freedoms. Select the topic that interests you.
Identify specific rights for the topic you have chosen,
and develop clear arguments with evidence and
examples that support your point of view.
 This will be a short research assignment and should
generate two or three pages of notes. The notes will
used during the next class discussion to review ideas
and solutions and to write a proposal.
80

81. Essential Questions to
Guide Research
 Do women, minorities, or gays have less
opportunity in the work place?
 Do all Americans have access to education of
equal quality k-12 as well as college level?
 Are there situations where my civil rights may
violate your civil rights?
 Who should have the final determination
regarding the civil rights of Americans and
whether or not they are protected by the
government?

82.  The following slides provide
sources for the research project.
 PowerPoint version available
For quick linking

83. Info Please Gay Rights
Progress
 http://www.infoplease.com/ipa
/A0761909.html

84. Progress for African Americans?
 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/2
8/black-america_n_3664133.html

85. CBS News Gay Rights Progress
 http://www.cbsnews.com/news/employme
nt-non-discrimination-act-enda-makes-
progress-in-the-senate/

86. Progress of Women’s Rights
 http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/
women/report/2013/09/25/74836/the-
state-of-women-in-america/

87. Civil Rights for African
Americans
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-
American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1955
%E2%80%9368)

88. PBS Civil Rights for African
Americans
 http://www.pbs.org/wnet/aaworld/timelin
e/civil_01.html

89. Latino Rights
 https://www.boundless.com/u-s-
history/the-sixties-1960-1969/the-
expansion-of-the-civil-rights-
movement/latino-rights/

90. History of the Chicano Civil
Rights Movement
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicano_Mov
ement

91. Info Please Women’s Rights
 http://www.infoplease.com/spot/womensti
meline1.html

92. Women’s Rights Progress
 http://progresspolitics.com/tag/womens-
rights-2/

93. Affirmative Action
 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/top
ic/7740/affirmative-action

94. More Needs to Be Done for
Civil Rights
 http://www.livescience.com/39291-
america-still-needs-civil-rights.html

95. Equality Still Elusive for Many
 http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nati
on/2014/01/19/civil-rights-act-
progress/4641967/

96. Write a Proposal
Use your notes to write a
one or two page proposal
to recommend which
civil rights you
believe are most
important. Provide
specific information to
support your proposed
ideas with clearly
articulated arguments
and sufficient
evidence.
96

97. Your Proposal
 Define the issue/problem
 Outline the details of your
argument
 Cite supporting research
 Project possible
roadblocks
 Specify contingency or
back up plans
97

98. Develop a Writing Plan
 Determine what your
main point will be, and
write a topic sentence
that provides focus for
your essay.
 Choose several main
ideas that support your
topic sentence.
 Sort your information
into supporting details
with facts and
examples.
98

99. Use the five
paragraph
essay to write
your paper.
99

100. Details Must Support the Main
Ideas
Provide specific
facts, examples,
and reasons for
each main idea
in the body of
your essay

101. Prepare to Write
 Use your outline and
write a five paragraph
essay on your topic.
 As you write your
rough draft, it will be
very important to use
special words that
enable you to
transition smoothly
from one idea to the
next.
101

102. Transition Words
As you view these
words, select the
words that help
you make
transitions
smoothly from one
idea to the next.
 as a result
 such as
 for example
 nevertheless
 for that reason
 finally
 at this time
 therefore
 furthermore
 in addition
 in conclusion
 as well as
102

103. Review, Edit, and Rewrite
1. Re-read your essay
several times.
2. How can you improve
your sentences to
communicate more clearly?
3. Are your main ideas
supported by examples and
details?
4. Exchange papers with
another student and read
each other’s essay out loud.
5. Make final corrections
and write the final draft of
your polished essay. 103

104. Explore the Issue
Have all minorities in
America achieved equal
opportunity?
Is there more to be done to
ensure equal rights and
opportunities?
What steps or changes
would you recommend?
Why?
104

105. Take a Pro or Con Position
 In order to make a convincing
argument for or against an idea
or event, it is very important to
evaluate the facts and see if
they support your position.
 The first step is to ask
relevant questions that will
guide your investigation of
the evidence.
105

106. Inquiring Minds want to Know
Essential Questions
Are the same educational opportunities available
for minority groups?
Are minorities succeeding in the work place as well
as others?
Does employment discrimination still exist in some
industries or work sites?
What evidence can you cite to substantiate
your claims?
106

107. Conduct the Research
 Identify specific questions
about the issue to guide your
investigation of the facts.
 Determine if the evidence
is credible and supports your
main arguments. Will you be
able to make valid arguments
substantiated by
sufficient evidence?
 Use internet and book sources
to gather credible
information.
107

108. The Proof is in the Pudding
 The Issue: Do minorities in America have
equal rights and opportunities? What
steps, if any, should be taken to improve
rights and opportunities?
 Your assignment is to research this issue,
take a position, support your arguments
with sufficient evidence, and write a
report to convince others of your point of
view. 108

109. Have African Americans Made
Progress?
 http://www.sfgate.com/politics/joegarofoli
/article/Progress-mixed-since-March-on-
Washington-blacks-4766585.php

110. Decade of Progress Gay Rights
 http://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Cha
rting-a-decade-of-progress-in-gay-rights-
3278321.php

111. Harvard: Minority Graduation
Rates Too Low
 http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/4109
36_LosingOurFuture.pdf

112. The Voting Rights Act ?
 http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_
politics/jurisprudence/2013/10/section_2_
of_the_voting_rights_act_is_more_effectiv
e_than_expected_new_research.html

113. Protecting Minority Rights
 http://www.ait.org.tw/infousa/zhtw/docs/
demopaper/dmpaper11.html

114. Affirmative Action Reviewed
 https://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/ii
e/v5n2/affirmative.html

115. Improving Educational Access
for Latinos
 http://futureofchildren.org/publications/jo
urnals/article/index.xml?journalid=39&arti
cleid=128&sectionid=844

116. How Can We Increase
Opportunity For All People?
 http://futureofchildren.org/futureofchildre
n/publications/docs/16_02_ExecSummary.
pdf

117. Why Women Need More Equality
 http://www.aauw.org/files/2013/02/positio
n-on-STEM-education-111.pdf

118. We Must Improve Educational
Opportunity for All Children
 http://kirwaninstitute.osu.edu/who-you-
calling-minority-the-imperative-to-
improve-educational-opportunity-for-the-
nations-emerging-majority/

119. Develop a Writing Plan
 Determine what your
main point will be,
and write a topic
sentence that
provides focus for
your essay.
 Choose several main
ideas that support
your topic sentence.
 Sort your information
into supporting details
with facts and
examples.
119

120. Use the five
paragraph
essay
format to
write your
paper.
120

121. Details Must Support
the Main Ideas
Provide specific
facts, examples,
and reasons for
each main idea in
the body of your
essay

122. Prepare to Write
 Use your outline and
write a five paragraph
essay on your topic.
 As you write your
rough draft, it will be
very important to use
special words that
enable you to
transition smoothly
from one idea to the
next.
122

123. Transition Words
As you view these
words, select the
words that help
you make
transitions
smoothly from
one idea to the
next.
 as a result
 such as
 for example
 nevertheless
 for that reason
 finally
 at this time
 therefore
 furthermore
 in addition
 in conclusion
 as well as
123

124. Relevance to the Real World
 The final conclusion of your paper should
explain why your point of view on the issue is
important for the future. Answer these questions
as you write your conclusion.
 1. Why is your issue important to our world?
 2. Why should anyone care about it?
 3. What would be the negative results if your
recommendations are not followed?

125. Review, Edit, and Rewrite
1. Re-read your essay several times.
2. How can you improve your
sentences to communicate more
clearly?
3. Are your main ideas supported by
examples and details?
4. Exchange papers with another
student and read each other’s essay
out loud.
5. Make final corrections and write
the final draft of your polished essay.
125

126. Skill Development Activity
Graphs
126

127. Evaluating Information
Analysis of Graphs
Analyze the following graphs. What
conclusions can you draw from the data
presented?
127

128.  Analyze the
following graphs and
determine if they
provide clear and
meaningful
information that
could be cited to
substantiate your
position on the
issue.

129. Has “stop and frisk” reduced
violent crime in NYC?

130. In which year was there a decrease in
“stop and frisk”? What can you conclude
about the ten year trend?

131. How much change occurred in the unemployment
rate for African Americans from 1960 to 2000?
What was the difference in the unemployment rate
for African Americans and whites in 1990?

132. Analyze this graph and determine if the prison population is
different in racial or ethnic makeup from the general population.
What conclusions can you draw from this data?

133. Your Research Topic
Gather information
tracing the
improvement in civil
rights for African
Americans. Examine the
significant events,
decisions, and people
that influenced the
progression of civil
rights in America.

134. Essential Questions to Guide
Research
 1. How did the Supreme Court decision that created the
idea of “ separate but equal” affect African Americans?
 2. How did things change for African Americans after
Brown Verses the Board of Education”?
 3. Why was Martin Luther King Jr. important to the civil
rights movement?
 4. What were the key elements of the “Civil Rights Act of
1964”?
 5. How does U.S. civil rights legislation affect the lives of
women, gays, Hispanics, and African Americans?

135. Select a Topic
Discuss your
topic with your
teacher before
beginning your
research
project.

136. Integration of the Army: Making
Connections
 http://docsteach.org/activities/372/detail?
mode=browse&menu=closed&type%5B%
5D=making-connections&sortBy=title

137. Did Rosa Parks Break the
Law?:Weigh the Evidence
 http://docsteach.org/activities/15800/detai
l?mode=browse&menu=closed&type%5B
%5D=weighing-the-
evidence&sortBy=title&page=5

138.  The following slides provide sources
for the research project

139. Progress for African Americans?
 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/2
8/black-america_n_3664133.html

140. Have African Americans Made
Progress?
 http://www.sfgate.com/politics/joegarofoli
/article/Progress-mixed-since-March-on-
Washington-blacks-4766585.php

141. BBC Progress for African
Americans
 http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize
/history/tch_wjec/usa19292000/2progress
1.shtml

142. Affirmative Action
 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/top
ic/7740/affirmative-action

143. History of Civil Rights in
America
 http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/civil1
.htm

144. Civil Rights Movement
 http://americanhistory.about.com/od/civilri
ghts/

145. Freedom’s Story: Civil Rights
 http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve
/freedom/1917beyond/essays/crm.htm

146. History Channel: Civil Rights
 http://www.history.com/topics/black-
history/civil-rights-movement

147. Assessing Progress for African
Americans
 http://www.alternet.org/speakeasy/terran
cedc/state-black-america-progress-made-
far-go

148. Equality is a Work in Progress
 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/23/us/a
mericans-see-racial-equality-as-a-work-in-
progress-pew-poll-finds.html?_r=0

149. Economics: The Key to Future
Progress
 http://www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/N
ational_News_2/article_100933.shtml

150. Unemployment is Still a Major Problem
 http://thinkprogress.org/economy/2012/1
1/03/1129721/african-american-
unemployment-crisis/

151. Your Essay Topic
Organize your ideas
and prepare to write an
essay tracing the
improvement in civil
rights for African
Americans and the
need for future
refinement or changes.
Include a discussion of
the significant people
and events in the civil
rights movement.

152. Organize Your Ideas
 Review all of your notes
from the presentations,
group discussions, and
research notes.
 Select the most important
ideas.
 Choose facts and
examples to support each
important idea

153. Develop a Writing Plan
 Determine what your
main point will be, and
write a topic sentence
that provides focus for
your essay.
 Choose several main
ideas that support your
topic sentence.
 Sort your information
into supporting details
with facts and
examples.

154. Details Must Support the
Main Ideas
Provide specific
facts, examples,
and reasons for
each main idea
in the body of
your essay

155. Write the Rough Draft
Use the Five
Paragraph
format that
includes an
Introductory
Paragraph,
Body, and
Conclusion

156. Prepare to Write
 Write a five paragraph essay
tracing the development of
civil rights for African
Americans. Include the most
significant people and events.
Explain whether or not more
needs to be done.
 As you write your rough draft,
it will be very important to use
special words that enable you
to transition smoothly from
one idea to the next.
156

157. Transition Words
As you view
these words,
select the words
that help you
make transitions
smoothly from
one idea to the
next.
 as a result
 such as
 for example
 nevertheless
 for that reason
 finally
 at this time
 therefore
 furthermore
 in addition
 in conclusion
 as well as
157

158. Review, Edit, and Rewrite
1. Re-read your essay several times.
2. How can you improve your
sentences to communicate more
clearly?
3. Are your main ideas supported by
examples and details?
4. Exchange papers with another
student and read each other’s essay
out loud.
5. Make final corrections and write
the final draft of your polished essay.

159. Peer Review and Evaluation
Writing Skills
 Today, you will be assigned a
writing skills partner. Your
partner will either read or listen
to you read your essay and will
evaluate how well you
demonstrate effective writing
skills. In addition, after
completing the peer review
process, you will evaluate your
own success in achieving the
necessary writing skills.

160. Peer Review and Evaluation
Writing Skills
 Today, you will be assigned a
writing skills partner. Your
partner will either read or listen
to you read your essay and will
evaluate how well you
demonstrate effective writing
skills. In addition, after
completing the peer review
process, you will evaluate your
own success in achieving the
necessary writing skills.

161. Unit Assessment
 The common core standards assessment includes the
following:
 PowerPoint Notes
 Research Project One: Notes, Proposal and Participation
 Research Project Two: Notes and Research Paper
 Research project Three: Three Pages of Notes
 Research Topic Essay
 Project
 Final Unit Test
161

162. Final Unit Test
Civil Rights
 1. Select the most important people and events
that shaped the development of civil rights for
African Americans beginning with the 1950’s.
Analyze these events and people and
determine which ones made the most
significant contributions. Provide
supporting arguments for each.
 Evaluate the progress that has been made
for the civil rights of African Americans and
present ideas for future improvement for all
minorities. 162

163.  3. Describe the four civil rights that you
believe are the most important for
Americans and provide valid arguments to
support each one.
163