The last years in Europe, the growing penetration of Distributed Generation (DG), (mainly q combination of heat and power (CHP) and renewable), has demonstrated the necessity of facing the impacts and opportunities of new distributed energy resources connected to medium and low voltage grids by means of research projects. The need of demonstration projects on voltage control with DG to increase the hosting capacity has been identified and a noteworthy number of initiatives have been carried out in the European Union. This paper presents the experience of Unión Fenosa Distribución in PRICE-GDI, a pilot project which aims for the integration of DG in active distribution systems. Besides the adopted solution for the monitoring and control of the generation, this paper explains the main results regarding the voltage control in low and medium voltage grids with distributed energy resources

1. PRICE-GDI: A Pilot Experience for the
Integration of Distributed Generation in Active
Distribution Systems
Alezeia González Juan A. Saavedra Jorge Tello-Guijarro David Trebolle Marta Casas
Boslan Ingeniería y Consultoría
Madrid, Spain
Unión Fenosa Distribución
Madrid, Spain
Abstract—The last years in Europe, the growing
penetration of Distributed Generation (DG), (mainly q
combination of heat and power (CHP) and renewable), has
demonstrated the necessity of facing the impacts and
opportunities of new distributed energy resources connected
to medium and low voltage grids by means of research
projects. The need of demonstration projects on voltage
control with DG to increase the hosting capacity has been
identified and a noteworthy number of initiatives have been
carried out in the European Union. This paper presents the
experience of Unión Fenosa Distribución in PRICE-GDI, a
pilot project which aims for the integration of DG in active
distribution systems. Besides the adopted solution for the
monitoring and control of the generation, this paper
explains the main results regarding the voltage control in
low and medium voltage grids with distributed energy
resources (DER; understood as DG, Demand Response and
Storage).
Keywords—Distributed Generation, Active Distribution
Systems, Distributed Energy Resources, Voltage Control, KPI.
I. INTRODUCTION
The growing penetration of Distributed Energy
Resources (DER), mainly Distributed Generation (DG),
and its impacts have become one of the main research
topics during the last years in the European power sector.
Research has commonly focused on theoretical power
system analyses regarding the impact of the injection of
generated active power to the medium and low voltage
grids on the voltage profiles. For its part, power
electronics industry has focused on providing voltage
control solutions both for DG and the Distribution System
Operator (DSO).
In the meanwhile, a “fit and forget” approach for
connection, access and operation requirements for DG has
been incentivized by the regulatory framework,, so DG
has represented a tight and not flexible resource to
network operation. These requirements may mean a hard
barrier for the generation hosting capacity in medium
voltage (MV) and low voltage (LV) networks.
The very last years, the need of pilot projects related to
voltage control with DG, with the aim of increasing the
hosting capacity has been identified. As a result, a
noteworthy number of initiatives have been carried out in
the European Union. PRICE-GDI is a Spanish
demonstration project which aims to explore smart grids
functionalities for the DG monitoring and control in MV
and LV networks. Thank to this, the enhancement of the
hosting capacity has been studied, not only avoiding the
negative impacts of DG on voltage profiles but
understanding DG as a new resource for an optimal
distribution system operation, so studying the new
possibilities that this may bring.
A wide set of solutions have been proposed for
Distribution Management Systems (DMS). Commercial
products have been developed for monitoring and network
control systems. Several functionalities have been
explored for DMS [1]. Most innovative developments face
demand control and the generation forecasting [2-3].
Some DG voltage control solutions have been proposed
within recent pilot projects carried out in the EU [4-6].
II. PRICE-GDI MONITORING AND CONTROL
SOLUTION
The solution proposed by PRICE-GDI is based on a
distribution management system (DMS), developed by the
engineering company Indra, where voltage and power
analogue values are monitored in real time, as shown in
Fig 1. The control room center is able to send voltage and
reactive power set points to generators and power
electronics devices which take part on a centralized
voltage control. Optimal set points are calculated by a
voltage control algorithm, developed by the Institute for
Research in Technology (Comillas Pontifical University),
fed by a state estimator algorithm [3], developed by the
University of Seville, which obtains the most probable
value of the voltage and the active and reactive power
flows.
The solution described above is applied to three
different scenarios. The first scenario is a real MV
network with distributed generation connected to MV and
LV, and a STATCOM device specifically designed by the
manufacturer Ingeteam for PRICE-GDI. The STATCOM
enables the voltage stabilization and the generation power
factor compensation by means of a reactive power/voltage
control. This device has been tested in a MV network site
owned by Unión Fenosa Distribución. The second
scenario is a LV network sited in a laboratory called
LINTER, at Unión Fenosa Distribución facilities, where a
generator and another STATCOM, manufactured by

2. Tecnalia and ZIV, have been connected in order to test the
reactive power/voltage functionality in LV grids. Finally,
the third scenario is a scaled network designed and
developed by the University of Seville within PRICE-GDI
project and which is able to emulate the behavior of a MV
network with several types of loads and generators
connected to it [8], overcoming the technical and
regulatory barriers which affects to the other scenarios.
III. METHODOLOGY
PRICE-GDI has adopted the methodology set in the
European project Grid + (Supporting the Development of
the European Electricity Grids Initiative) for the analysis
of the results [9]. Grid + aims to define a common route
map for demo projects execution in the EEGI European
environment in order to guarantee their replicability and
scalability, as well as obtaining comparable results.
The analysis of the results entails the definition and
computation of a set of Key Performance Indicators (KPI).
KPI measure the most representative variables of the
performance of a system where the proposed solution is
implemented, with respect to the performance of the
system without the proposed solution, allowing an
objective comparison of different solutions or scenarios.
Besides, PRICE-GDI is part of the European Project
IGREENGrid (IntegratinG Renewables in the EuropEaN
Electricity Grid) [10], which aims to search and compare
different solutions which increase the distributed
generation hosting capacity. IGREENGrid inputs are the
KPI of the different projects involved.
Table I presents the KPI defined in the PRICE-GDI
frame (where t stands for the scenario and i for the bus
where they are measured). The objective of a centralized
voltage control is to impact on the voltage profile in order
to reduce power losses observing the voltage magnitudes
fixed by the quality of service regulation. In case of
quality of service problems (under or overvoltages), the
centralized voltage control allows the system to reduce
them. The solution implemented in PRICE-GDI lies in
controlling the reactive power injection and consumption
in order to optimally affect to the voltage profile and the
power losses. In order to explore the benefits of this
solution, the Effectiveness and the Power losses KPI have
been defined. Effectiveness measures the impact of the
TABLE I. DEFINITION OF KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
KPI Description Calculation
Effectiveness of Q/V
control
Maximum voltage increment obtained by the
Q/V control.
‫ܧ‬௧
= max
୧
ቆ
|ܸ௜
௧
− ܸ0௜
௧
|/ܸ0௜
௧
ܳ‫ݐ‬௜
ቇ
Impact of Q/V control
on the active power
losses
Active power losses decrement obtained by
means of the centralized Q/V control. ∆݈ܲ‫ݏݏ݋‬௧
=
൫݈ܲ‫ݏݏ݋‬௧
− ݈ܲ‫0ݏݏ݋‬௧
൯/݈ܲ‫0ݏݏ݋‬௧
ܳ௧
Unfulfilment of reactive
power flow
Reactive power exported to the high voltage
network, limited by ENTSO-E Network
Code on Demand Connection.
ܷ݂݊‫ݐ݈݂݈݊݁݉݅ݑ‬௧
= ቐ
ܳ௧
< ܳ݉݅݊ → ܳ݉݅݊ − ܳ௧
ܳ݉݅݊ < ܳ௧
< ܳ݉ܽ‫ݔ‬ → 0
ܳ݉ܽ‫ݔ‬ < ܳ௧
→ ܳ௧
− ܳ݉ܽ‫ݔ‬
Fig. 1. DG monitoring and control solution implemented in PRICE-GDI

3. reactive power management on the voltage profile. The
Impact of Q/V control on active power losses quantifies
the losses reduction obtained by means of the Q/V control.
In addition, PRICE-GDI has addressed the effect of
using a reactive power flow constraint at the distribution
to the transmission network connection point, regarding
the integration of distributed generation. In order to
evaluate this impact, the Unfulfillment of reactive power
flow KPI has been defined as the reactive power flow out
of the limits set by the aforementioned requirements,
measures before and after implemented the Q/V control
solution.
IV. RESULTS
The increasing penetration of distributed generation
drives the distribution network to a new paradigm of
planning, design and operation towards an active
management of a distribution system. PRICE-GDI has
demonstrated that the negative impacts that the massive
integration of renewable and distributed generation could
have on the distribution system may be an opportunity if
those new resources are managed in a coordinated way by
the DSO by means of a centralized dispatch with voltage
control functionality.
Results of PRICE-GDI lead to conclusions about how
effective is the Q/V control in terms of voltage variation
with reactive power injection or withdrawal, savings on
power losses and usability of Q/V control for fulfilling
reactive power flow requirements fixed by ENTSO-E
Network Codes. These results have considered several
networks of different characteristics (voltage level, load
concentration, DG dispersion and more).
Moreover, since PRICE-GDI is a demonstration
project, conclusions about the practical implementation of
a complete voltage control solution are obtained: the
integration of several technologies, the cost of the
different components and regulatory barriers which
hampers the integration of DG even for a pilot project.
PRICE-GDI has led to the identification of the barriers for
the implementation of the solution described in the paper
and for the deployment of the pilot project, besides a set
of conclusions about the participation of the generation in
the voltage control and some recommendations regarding
regulatory and technical issues. The main conclusions are
summarized below and are supported by some results
obtained in particular tests carried out in the project. An
exhaustive review of the results is available in [11][12],
[13], [14] y [14].
A. Conclusions
The participation of DG in a voltage control service
for the DSO might be a solution for the technical
problems which hampers the correct integration of the
generation in distribution systems. Moreover, a
centralized voltage control with distributed generation is
able to provide a power losses reduction.
Fig 2 shows that the SMART solution adopted in
PRICE-GDI achieves a power losses reduction for
different penetration levels of generation connected at LV
and MV grids (scenarios from DG2 to DG5), measured in
% from the results in a scenario without generation
connected to the grid (DG1). Besides, it is helpful for
complying with voltage limits set in quality of service
regulation, allowing the DSO deferring networks
investments. Fig 3 illustrates how a SMART solution
enables the fulfillment of voltage security standards when
the business as usual (BAU) approach presents problems
in quality of service.
Setting reactive power flow requirements at the DSO
to TSO connection point, such as those defined in
Network Code on Demand Connection [15], increases the
system costs and causes inefficiencies in terms of power
losses increase. The participation of distributed generation
in a centralized voltage control may help DSO to fulfill
these requirements by means of the management of the
active power resources connected to the distribution
network. Table II presents the impact of fixing a
constraint of no reactive power exportation from a MV to
a HV network, in terms of reactive power needed from the
DG for the Q/V control, the increment of losses and the
reactive power exported to the HV side.
The reactive power needed from the DG for Q/V
control is large regarding the size of the resources. Fig. 4
shows the maximum voltage increment and the reactive
power needed by the Q/V control for four scenarios with
different DG penetration (DG2 to DG5). The
consequently high reactive power flows may cause
infeasibilities of the solution because of the maximum
current limits of the circuits (overhead lines and cables).
Fig. 3. Voltage limits fulfillment
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
1.1
1.15
Voltage[pu]
ScenarioDG
V min BAU V max BAU V min SMART "V max SMART"
DG1 DG2 DG3 DG4 DG5
0.0 % 28.0 % MV 23.4 % LV 98.1 % MV+LV 261.7 %
MV+LV
Fig. 3. Power losses reduction
-100.0
-80.0
-60.0
-40.0
-20.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
DG2
28.0 % MV
DG3
23.4 % LV
DG4
98.1 % MV+LV
DG5
261.7 % MV+LV
ActivePowerLossesIncrement[%]
Scenario DG
BAU SMART

4. The benefits of the solution tested in PRICE-GDI
strongly depend on the scenario where it is applied.
Specifically, a centralized Q/V control is more suitable for
MV overhead and long networks, where, due to the
characteristics of their impedance, the sensitivity of the
voltage with respect to the reactive power is higher.
In LV networks, more specific and wider pilot projects
should be carried out in order to obtain more clear
conclusions about the benefits of a Q/V and a P/V control.
Simulation and emulation environments, such as the
one included in the control center tested in PRICE-GDI
and the down-scaled MV network constructed by the
University of Seville, are flexible sources of controllable
scenarios which properly complement the development of
pilot projects in real environments, where the set of
demand, generation and network scenarios are much
limited.
As a consequence of the case dependence, a “one size
fits all” solution may be not suitable. Therefore a technical
and economical analysis must be carried out in order to
evaluate all the possible solutions, including BAU
solutions which imply grid investments and SMART
solutions which imply the costs of the reactive power
provision.
In order to optimize the reactive power resources and
the investments of the DG, the voltage control service
provision from the distributed generators must be flexible
enough to avoid unnecessary increases of system costs.
Regarding to FACT devices installed in the project
(MV STATCOM and LV STATCOM), benefits provided
for DSOs in voltage control are similar than using DG
although technology cost and installation requirements
such as location, space, civil works or environmental
impact, has to be considered. However, these devices
based on power electronics should provide additional
functionalities not assessed under PRICE-GDI project, as
voltage dip response, which should be included in the cost
analysis.
PRICE-GDI addresses both local and centralized
voltage control. From their comparison, it is concluded
that centralized voltage control provides an optimization
of reactive power management in the distribution network.
In spite of more intensive cost for the required IT
infrastructure deployment, this infrastructure provides
new functionalities and services and the consequent
benefits. This involves that new IT infrastructure costs are
not accounted only to voltage control in the cost analysis.
Centralized voltage control involves developing
innovative IT systems and advanced algorithms such as
State Estimator and Voltage control algorithms developed
under PRICE-GDI. In the same way, an appropriate level
of monitoring in distribution network is required in order
to guarantee the correct performance of centralized
voltage control. This means remote control devices as the
ones implemented by TECNALIA/ZIV in PRICE-GDI for
DG and FACTS, are crucial, as well as an appropriate
communication and devices standardization level,
especially in protocols in order to guarantee functionality
and competiveness.
B. Identification of barriers
One of the first steps of the project was focused on
identifying the existing barriers for a successful
integration of DG in MV and LV network, in order to
assess the viability of the proposed solution. They are
summarized in Table III. A set of barriers for the
development of the project are identified in Table IV. For
the overcome barriers, the solutions are provided.
C. Recommendations
The experience of Unión Fenosa Distribución in the
PRICE-GDI project allows concluding the following
recommendations regarding technical, techno-economic
and regulatory aspects.
1) Technical recommendations
Since the proposed solution is not always the most
suitable to solve quality of service or generation hosting
capacity problems, in order to obtain the most promising
solution, a technical study of each scenario is necessary.
Using network devices for controlling Q/V and P/V
from DSO should be considered an option to reduce or
defer the investments required for voltage control
problems.
Voltage control should be studied as a solution to the
problems coming from the offset between the network
planning and the new DG connection timeframes.
Standardization of ICT (Information and
Communications Technologies) must be promoted in
order to design standard centralized voltage control
solutions at an affordable cost.
The degree of monitoring and supervision of the MV
and LV networks must be optimized in order to provide
observability to the algorithms needed in a centralized
voltage control.
TABLE II. IMPACT OF REACTIVE POWER FLOW
REQUIREMENTS AT THE TSO/DSO CONNECTION POINT
Without constraint With constraint
Q [Mvar] 4.87 6.95
∆Ploss [Mvar-1
] -0.2 -0.13
QMV HV[Mvar] -2.4 0
Fig. 4. Effectiveness of th Q/V control
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
DG2
28.0 % MV
DG3
23.4 % LV
DG4
98.1 % MV+LV
DG5
261.7 %
MV+LV
Voltageincrement[pu]
Scenario DG
Voltage increment
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
ReactivePower[Mvar]
Reactive Power

5. TABLE III. BARRIERS FOR THE DEPLOYMENT OF THE PROPOSED SOLUTION
Name Type Barrier description
Regulation hampers the access
of DSO to measures
Regulatory
DER are able to choose between sending their measures to TSO or to
DSO (in Spain). This fact hampers the access of DSO to generation
measures, needed for their MV network state estimation.
Inadequate regulation of DER
involvement in voltage control
Regulatory
DER follow a power factor set point fixed by regulation with no
operation criteria. DER are not able to participate in voltage control
ancillary service.
Regulation does not allow DSO
to control DER
Regulatory
DER respond to transmission system operator instructions, while DSO
is not able to send any kind of set point. As a result, generators
connected to MV network are not a controllable variable.
Lack of experience of DSO
with power electronics for
voltage control
Technical and
economic
Power electronics for voltage control is a novel resource. As a result,
DSO and manufacturers present a lack of experience which negatively
impacts on the cost of product specification and development, as well
as the installation costs.
Lack of standardization
Technical and
economic
Too many communication standards are embedded into electric
systems. As a result, the integration of systems as well as new devices
(STATCOM and smart secondary substations) may be unaffordable
or, in some cases, infeasible.
ICT dependence
Technical and
economic
New frames require the development of new devices,
telecommunication architectures and systems which must be
implemented in order to acquire the measures, according to
interoperability principles.
TABLE IV. BARRIERS AND SOLUTIONS FOR PRICE-GDI PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
Name Type Solution
Regulation hampers the access
of DSO to measures
Regulatory
Real time measurements were not available for DSOs. However, a
special tool was designed to integrate real measurements of
generators, but not in real-time.
Regulation does not allow DSO
to control DER
Regulatory
This barrier was not overcome during the Project due to no regulation
changes. Consequently, the regulation makes impossible controlling
DG. Only DG in LV network of LINTER was controlled.
Administrative procedures for
devices installation
Regulatory
All administrative procedures for installing and connecting into the
grid non standardized devices, as well as devices location
requirements in public land, were overcome.
Lack of experience of DSO
with power electronics for
voltage control
Technical and
economic
The Project budget included the non-mature technology costs, new
technology installation and commitment were successfully overcome
with intensive resources.
Lack of standardization
Technical and
economic
Design and implementation of an interoperable bus for different
protocols and technologies was developed.
ICT dependence
Technical and
economic
Not all technologies were deployed in a wide level. In particular, MV
Supervisor in the MV network hampered centralized voltage control
tests. This fact involved a partial overcome of the barrier..

6. 2) Techno-economic recommendations
When new DG connections or a demand increase causes
over or undervoltages in a planning scenario, a techno
economic analysis regarding several solutions must be
out. A centralized control voltage must be considered as an
alternative solution to reinforcements, as a unique or a
combined solution, and as a temporal or a definitive one
When a cost/benefit ratio is being evaluated for
control devices, the multiple functionalities and se
devices can provide, besides de steady state voltage control,
must be considered. The global benefit obtained from these
services must be taken into account.
In the evaluation of supervision and control infrastructure
in the MV and LV networks, to distribute/share all the cost
between all the functionalities and the services that will
benefit.
3) Regulatory recommendations
The regulation must guarantee the
between the TSO and DSO in order to allow DSO monitor
and control the DG connected to MV and LV networks.
Besides, the grid codes must be adapted
implementation of the ancillary service of
with DG in distribution systems. The requirements for DG
must be flexible enough to avoid unnecessary
system costs.
Finally, the economic regulation of the power distribution
business should ensure a suitable distribution of the OPEX
and CAPEX to incentivize a flexible operation of the
distribution system.
Reactive power flow and voltage control requirements at
the DSO connection point to the TSO fixed by the ENTSO
Networks Codes should be more flexible in order to avoid
extra costs for the power system.
4) Future research
The PRICE-GDI project can be considered the first
national/Spanish demo Project where there is a deployment of
different technologies for voltage control in real distribution
networks in order to solve voltage problems
recommended future developments can be summ
following points.
More demo projects related with the massive DG
penetration in MV and LV networks are required
solutions proposed in the literature and new developments
should be considered.
Hierarchical schemes for an optimal and instant voltage
control of MV and LV networks should be tested
operation center should acquire the MV measu
primary substation, and LV network measu
secondary substation.
New agents, such as electric vehicles, active demand and
microgrids, may be considered for new active networks
scenarios as available resources.
Due to the low sensitivity of voltage to
injection caused by a high R/X ratio, P/V control (based on
DG connections or a demand increase causes
over or undervoltages in a planning scenario, a techno-
economic analysis regarding several solutions must be carried
ltage must be considered as an
alternative solution to reinforcements, as a unique or a
combined solution, and as a temporal or a definitive one.
When a cost/benefit ratio is being evaluated for voltage
the multiple functionalities and services these
devices can provide, besides de steady state voltage control,
must be considered. The global benefit obtained from these
In the evaluation of supervision and control infrastructure
networks, to distribute/share all the cost
between all the functionalities and the services that will
communications
in order to allow DSO monitor
MV and LV networks.
must be adapted to facilitate the
e of voltage control
The requirements for DG
must be flexible enough to avoid unnecessary increases of
of the power distribution
distribution of the OPEX
to incentivize a flexible operation of the
ol requirements at
the DSO connection point to the TSO fixed by the ENTSO-E
Networks Codes should be more flexible in order to avoid
GDI project can be considered the first
roject where there is a deployment of
in real distribution
networks in order to solve voltage problems. The
future developments can be summarized in the
h the massive DG
are required. Several
solutions proposed in the literature and new developments
ierarchical schemes for an optimal and instant voltage
should be tested. The central
the MV measures from
, and LV network measures from
New agents, such as electric vehicles, active demand and
ed for new active networks
voltage to reactive power
, P/V control (based on
storage or curtailment ancillary service) should be studied to
solve voltage problems in LV networks
Power electronic devices, such as FACT and SVC, may
be tested in new demo projects which propose v
solutions. Moreover, new functionalities provided by these
devices should be explored in order to consider the global
benefits when the economic an
A MV meshed network operation based on power
electronic devices which provide a power flow control may be
studied as an alternative solution for voltage problems in long
and high loaded networks.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
PRICE-GDI is a collaborative project led by Unión
Fenosa Distribución in partnership with
Distribución, Indra, ZIV, Tecnalia, Ingeteam, the Institute for
Research in Technology (Comillas Pontifical University
the University of Seville. PRICE
means of the European Regional Development Fund and the
Ministry of Economy of the Spanish government.
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CKNOWLEDGMENTS
aborative project led by Unión
ción in partnership with Iberdrola
Distribución, Indra, ZIV, Tecnalia, Ingeteam, the Institute for
Comillas Pontifical University), and
PRICE-GDI has been financed by
means of the European Regional Development Fund and the
Ministry of Economy of the Spanish government.
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