2. Objectives:
1. Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cellular components
2. Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic
cells
3. Discuss the different nutritional classes
4. Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of
organelles in the Euk. cell
5. Compare and contrast the genome organization of
prokaryotes versus eukaryotes
6. Compare the different ways new genes are generated
from existing genes
7. Explain why the human genome is complex
3. Objectives:
1. Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cellular components
2. Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic
cells
3. Discuss the different nutritional classes
4. Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of
organelles in the Euk. cell
5. Compare and contrast the genome organization of
prokaryotes versus eukaryotes
6. Compare the different ways new genes are generated
from existing genes
7. Explain why the human genome is complex
4. 1
Features All Cells Share
Hereditary info stored in DNA
Proteins are used as catalysts
DNA replication occurs through templated
polymerization
Hereditary info transcribed into RNA
RNA translated into protein
Later we will discuss these things in
greater detail
6. 1
Prokaryotic cells:
No membrane bound organelles
Simple genome organization
Genes usually do not have introns
Between 500 and 4000 genes
M. genitalium has 477 genes
Great degree of diversity
Unicellular
8. 1
Eukaryotic cells
All organelles are membrane-bound
Complex genome organization
Large genome size
Between 6,000 and 30,000 genes
Genes have introns
Where is the genetic diversity?
Large amount of regulatory DNA
To control gene expression
High degree of genetic redundancy
Unicellular or multicellular
10. Objectives:
1. Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cellular components
2. Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic
cells
3. Discuss the different nutritional classes
4. Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of
organelles in the Euk. cell
5. Compare and contrast the genome organization of
prokaryotes versus eukaryotes
6. Compare the different ways new genes are generated
from existing genes
7. Explain why the human genome is complex
12. Objectives:
1. Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cellular components
2. Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic
cells
3. Discuss the different nutritional classes
4. Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of
organelles in the Euk. cell
5. Compare and contrast the genome organization of
prokaryotes versus eukaryotes
6. Compare the different ways new genes are generated
from existing genes
7. Explain why the human genome is complex
13. 3
Cells can be powered by different
energy sources
I eat other living things!
Organotrophic
Animals
Protists etc.
I need a tan?
Phototrohpic
Bacteria
Plants
Algae
I eat dirt?
Lithotropic
Arcaebacteria
14. Objectives:
1. Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cellular components
2. Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic
cells
3. Discuss the different nutritional classes
4. Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of
organelles in the Euk. cell
5. Compare and contrast the genome organization of
prokaryotes versus eukaryotes
6. Compare the different ways new genes are generated
from existing genes
7. Explain why the human genome is complex
15. 4
Eukaryotic cell may have been
predators
The primordial eukaryotic cell may have
survived by eating other cells
This would require:
A large cell
A flexible membrane
An elaborate cytoskeleton
Protected DNA (in an organelle, which one?)
16. 4 Dinidium is a cilliated protozoan
Lunch!
He looks hungry
20. Objectives:
1. Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cellular components
2. Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic
cells
3. Discuss the different nutritional classes
4. Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of
organelles in the Euk. cell
5. Compare and contrast the genome organization of
prokaryotes versus eukaryotes
6. Compare the different ways new genes are generated
from existing genes
7. Explain why the human genome is complex
21. 5
Genome organization in Prok. and
Euk.
Prokaryotes
Circular DNA
mtDNA very similar
Eukaryotes
Linear DNA
nuclear DNA
23. 5
Eukaryotic DNA
DNA packaged in a
chromosome
Linear DNA
Associated proteins
More details later
24. Objectives:
1. Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cellular components
2. Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic
cells
3. Discuss the different nutritional classes
4. Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of
organelles in the Euk. cell
5. Compare and contrast the genome organization of
prokaryotes versus eukaryotes
6. Compare the different ways new genes are generated
from existing genes
7. Explain why the human genome is complex
25. 6
Ways to generate new genes from preexisting genes
Intragenic mutation
Simply a mutation in the sequence
Gene duplication
Whole gene is just recopied into different part of the genome
DNA segment shuffling
Similar genes may exchange segments
Horizontal transfer
Cell to cell transfer of genetic material
e.g. Plasmids
ancient mitochondrial genes
Viruses
Sex
26. 6
Gene Families
Created by generation of different genes
from a precursor
Speciation results in orthologous genes
An organismal phylogeny is produced
Gene duplication can result in paralogous
genes
A gene phylogeny is produced
27. Objectives:
1. Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cellular components
2. Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic
cells
3. Discuss the different nutritional classes
4. Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of
organelles in the Euk. cell
5. Compare and contrast the genome organization of
prokaryotes versus eukaryotes
6. Compare the different ways new genes are generated
from existing genes
7. Explain why the human genome is complex
28. 7
The human genome is complex:
Partly because of duplications
29. 7
Regulatory
DNA is
everywhere
in eukaryotic
genomes
