Effect of inoculation of nitrogen fixer A. Chroococcum Mac -27 and phosphate solubilizer PS-21 strains on pond productivity and fish growth in inland saline groundwater.
Excessive use of manures and inorganic fertilizers in fish culture ponds for enhancing primary productivity has led to the deterioration of water quality which adversely affects fish growth, survival and production.
combat pollution and to reduce the excessive use of organic/inorganic fertilizers for sustaining the production system and also for assuring food security, it had become a necessary to apply newer techniques and technology that will facilitate the culture of aquatic organism without adversely affecting the pond ecology.
Therefore,attemts have been made to utilize microbial bioinoculants such as Azotobacter which is free living diazotroph in freshwater fish culture ponds to enhance pond productivity and production
Similar to Effect of inoculation of nitrogen fixer A. Chroococcum Mac -27 and phosphate solubilizer PS-21 strains on pond productivity and fish growth in inland saline groundwater.
CSA Symposium 2016 -Burrell Scarlett Day 1 Session 3ACDI/VOCA
Similar to Effect of inoculation of nitrogen fixer A. Chroococcum Mac -27 and phosphate solubilizer PS-21 strains on pond productivity and fish growth in inland saline groundwater. (20)
Model Call Girl in Tilak Nagar Delhi reach out to us at 🔝9953056974🔝
Effect of inoculation of nitrogen fixer A. Chroococcum Mac -27 and phosphate solubilizer PS-21 strains on pond productivity and fish growth in inland saline groundwater.
2. Excessive use of manures and inorganic fertilizers in fish culture
ponds for enhancing primary productivity has led to the
deterioration of water quality which adversely affects fish
growth, survival and production.
combat pollution and to reduce the excessive use of
organic/inorganic fertilizers for sustaining the production
system and also for assuring food security, it had become a
necessary to apply newer techniques and technology that will
facilitate the culture of aquatic organism without adversely
affecting the pond ecology.
Therefore,attemts have been made to utilize microbial
bioinoculants such as Azotobacter which is free living diazotroph
in freshwater fish culture ponds to enhance pond productivity
and production
2
3. ORGANIC
MATTER
MESQUITE
RHIZOBIUM
ALFALFA
SOYBEAN
BLUE-GREEN ALGAE
AZOTOBACTER
CLOSTRIDIUM
PLANT AND ANIMAL
RESIDUES
R-NH2 + ENERGY + CO2
R-NH2 + H2O
R-OH + ENERGY + 2NH3
MATERIALS WITH N
CONTENT < 1.5%
(WHEAT STRAW)
MATERIALS WITH N
CONTENT > 1.5%
(COW MANURE)
HETEROTROPHIC
AMINIZATION
BACTERIA (pH>6.0)
FUNGI (pH<6.0)
AMMONIFICATION
GLOBAL WARMING
pH>7.0
2NH4
+ + 2OH-
FIXED ON
EXCHANGE
SITES
+O2
2NO2
- + H2O + 4H+
NH3 AMMONIA -3
NH4
+ AMMONIUM -3
N2 DIATOMIC N 0
N2O NITROUS OXIDE 1
NO NITRIC OXIDE 2
NO2
- NITRITE 3
NO3
- NITRATE 5
OXIDATION STATES
ATMOSPHERE
N2O
NO
N2
N2O2
-
NH3
SYMBIOTIC NON-SYMBIOTIC
+ O2
Nitrobacter
FERTILIZATION
LIGHTNING,
RAINFALL
N2 FIXATION
PLANT
LOSS
AMINO
ACIDS
NO3
-
POOL
LEACHING
AMMONIA
VOLATILIZATION
NITRIFICATION
NH2OH
Pseudomonas, Bacillus,
Thiobacillus Denitrificans,
and T. thioparus MINERALIZATION
+ NITRIFICATION
IMMOBILIZATION
NO2
-
MICROBIAL/PLANT
SINK
TEMP 50°F
pH 7.0
LEACHING LEACHING
DENITRIFICATION
LEACHING
LEACHING
VOLATILIZATION
NITRIFICATION ADDITIONS
LOSSES
OXIDATION REACTIONS
REDUCTION REACTIONS
HABER BOSCH
3H2 + N2 2NH3
(1200°C, 500 atm)
Joanne LaRuffa Robert Mullen
Wade Thomason Susan Mullins
Shannon Taylor
Heather Lees
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences
Oklahoma State University
INDUSTRIAL
FIXATION
3
4. N2 Fixation
Plant and Animal
Residues
Industrial
Processes
Fertilizer
Lightning,
Rainfall
Atmosphere
Organic Matter
Volatilization
Leaching
N2, N2O, NO
Interactive
Nitrogen Cycle
R-NH2 + Energy + CO2
R-NH2 + H2O
R-OH + Energy + 2NH3
Soil exchange
sites
2NH4
+ + 2OH-
2NO2
- + H2O + 4H+
2NH4
+ + 2OH-
NO3
- Pool
Plant/Microbial
Sink
Plant
Loss
4
32. Effect of Probiotics supplement on
growth Digestibility and nutrient
retention in Nile tilapia oreochromis
niloticus (Linn)
32
33. Vaccines are being developed and marketed an they generally cannot be
used as a universal disease control measure in aquaculture Juvenile fish are
fully immune competent and do not always respond to vaccination .
vaccination by injection , sometimes are the only effective route of
administration is impractical when supplied to small fish large number of
fish this situation is avoided by an alternative in the production system
through the use of beneficial bacteria to fight against pathogenic bacteria
i.e., through the use of probiotics which is an acceptable practice in
aquaculture. The health of the fish thus can be improved by the elimination
of pathogens or at least by minimizing their effects in aquaculture.
Five experimental diets with containing varying concentration of
lactobacillus sprogenes (probiotics ) (0.25,0.5,0.75 and 1.0%) were
formulated using processed full fat soybean as the protein source
Oreochromis niloticus fry were collected from the fish farm attached to the
department of Zoology and Aquaculture and kept in glass aquaria
(60x30x30cm)with aeration facilities in the laboratory where the
temperature was kept as 25+1.c , lighting schedule of LD 12:12 Salinity of
Water in the aquaria 10.0ppt.
33
34. Fry ( mean body weigh 1.22 ± 0.04g ) were randomly
distributed among the aquaria, with 20 fish per aquarium. Each
diet treatment was tested in replicate of four ( Four aquaria per
diet ).
All fish were fed twice daily,08.00, at 14:00 h. The feeding rate
was at 5% body weight day-1 for the whole rearing period of 70
days, and the amount of feed was adjusted every tenth day
following a bulk weighing of each group of fish.
The fish were exposed to their respective diet for 4h during
each ration, Fish growth, digestibility and nutrient retention
result shows that, survival was not affected by the inclusion
levels of probiotics.
34
35. Growth performance [(in terms of live weight gain), growth
percent gain in BW and final length).
SGR and nutrient retention (PER, GPR, GER and APD)]
increased when dietary probiotics level were increased from
0.25g to 0.75g 100g-1 of diet.
further increase in dietary probiotics level (>0.75g 100g-1)
resulted in a significant (P<0.05) growth depression and
nutrient depletion.
Apparent protein digestibility was significantly (P<0.05)
higher in fish which were fed diets containing probiotics at
0.75g 100g-1 than in fish fed probiotics free diet (Control) or
diets containing low or high levels of lactobacillus.
FCR values were also significantly (P<0.05) lower in fish fed
diet containing Lactobacillus at 0.75g 100g-1 than fish fed other
dietary preparations including control diet.
35
36. Indian Council of Agricultural Research
New Delhi.
Central Institute of Brackishwater
Aquaculture.Chennai
36