Effect of inoculation of nitrogen fixer A. Chroococcum Mac -27 and phosphate solubilizer PS-21 strains on pond productivity and fish growth in inland saline groundwater.
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Excessive use of manures and inorganic fertilizers in fish culture ponds for enhancing primary productivity has led to the deterioration of water quality which adversely affects fish growth, survival and production.
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Effect of inoculation of nitrogen fixer A. Chroococcum Mac -27 and phosphate solubilizer PS-21 strains on pond productivity and fish growth in inland saline groundwater.
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- 2. Excessive use of manures and inorganic fertilizers in fish culture ponds for enhancing primary productivity has led to the deterioration of water quality which adversely affects fish growth, survival and production. combat pollution and to reduce the excessive use of organic/inorganic fertilizers for sustaining the production system and also for assuring food security, it had become a necessary to apply newer techniques and technology that will facilitate the culture of aquatic organism without adversely affecting the pond ecology. Therefore,attemts have been made to utilize microbial bioinoculants such as Azotobacter which is free living diazotroph in freshwater fish culture ponds to enhance pond productivity and production 2
- 3. ORGANIC MATTER MESQUITE RHIZOBIUM ALFALFA SOYBEAN BLUE-GREEN ALGAE AZOTOBACTER CLOSTRIDIUM PLANT AND ANIMAL RESIDUES R-NH2 + ENERGY + CO2 R-NH2 + H2O R-OH + ENERGY + 2NH3 MATERIALS WITH N CONTENT < 1.5% (WHEAT STRAW) MATERIALS WITH N CONTENT > 1.5% (COW MANURE) HETEROTROPHIC AMINIZATION BACTERIA (pH>6.0) FUNGI (pH<6.0) AMMONIFICATION GLOBAL WARMING pH>7.0 2NH4 + + 2OH- FIXED ON EXCHANGE SITES +O2 2NO2 - + H2O + 4H+ NH3 AMMONIA -3 NH4 + AMMONIUM -3 N2 DIATOMIC N 0 N2O NITROUS OXIDE 1 NO NITRIC OXIDE 2 NO2 - NITRITE 3 NO3 - NITRATE 5 OXIDATION STATES ATMOSPHERE N2O NO N2 N2O2 - NH3 SYMBIOTIC NON-SYMBIOTIC + O2 Nitrobacter FERTILIZATION LIGHTNING, RAINFALL N2 FIXATION PLANT LOSS AMINO ACIDS NO3 - POOL LEACHING AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION NITRIFICATION NH2OH Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Thiobacillus Denitrificans, and T. thioparus MINERALIZATION + NITRIFICATION IMMOBILIZATION NO2 - MICROBIAL/PLANT SINK TEMP 50°F pH 7.0 LEACHING LEACHING DENITRIFICATION LEACHING LEACHING VOLATILIZATION NITRIFICATION ADDITIONS LOSSES OXIDATION REACTIONS REDUCTION REACTIONS HABER BOSCH 3H2 + N2 2NH3 (1200°C, 500 atm) Joanne LaRuffa Robert Mullen Wade Thomason Susan Mullins Shannon Taylor Heather Lees Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Oklahoma State University INDUSTRIAL FIXATION 3
- 4. N2 Fixation Plant and Animal Residues Industrial Processes Fertilizer Lightning, Rainfall Atmosphere Organic Matter Volatilization Leaching N2, N2O, NO Interactive Nitrogen Cycle R-NH2 + Energy + CO2 R-NH2 + H2O R-OH + Energy + 2NH3 Soil exchange sites 2NH4 + + 2OH- 2NO2 - + H2O + 4H+ 2NH4 + + 2OH- NO3 - Pool Plant/Microbial Sink Plant Loss 4
- 5. Symbiotic Rhizobium Alfalfa Mesquite Soybean Non-Symbiotic Azotobacter Cyanobacteria Clostridium Industrial Processes N2 Fixation Fertilizer Lightning, Rainfall Plant and Animal Residues Organic Matter NO3 - Pool Plant/Microbial Sink N2, N2O, NO Plant Loss Leaching Volatilization Atmosphere Interactive Nitrogen Cycle 5
- 6. Haber-Bosch (1200C, 500 ATM) 3CH4 + 3O2 + 2N2 4NH3 + 3CO2 Industrial Processes N2 Fixation Fertilizer Lightning, Rainfall Plant and Animal Residues Organic Matter NO3 - Pool Plant/Microbial Sink N2, N2O, NO Plant Loss Leaching Volatilization Atmosphere Interactive Nitrogen Cycle 6
- 7. Industrial Processes N2 Fixation Lightning, Rainfall Plant and Animal Residues Organic Matter NO3 - Pool Fertilizer Small Percentage Soil Exchange Sites Plant/Microbial Sink N2, N2O, NO Plant Loss Leaching Volatilization Atmosphere Interactive Nitrogen Cycle 7
- 8. Oxidation of N N2 + 3O2 2NO3 - Industrial Processes N2 Fixation Fertilizer Lightning, Rainfall Plant and Animal Residues Organic Matter NO3 - Pool Plant/Microbial Sink N2, N2O, NO Plant Loss Leaching Volatilization Atmosphere Interactive Nitrogen Cycle 8
- 9. %N > 1.5 (Animal Manure) %N < 1.5 (Wheat Straw) Industrial Processes N2 Fixation Fertilizer Lightning, Rainfall Plant and Animal Residues Organic Matter NO3 - Pool Plant/Microbial Sink N2, N2O, NO Plant Loss Leaching Volatilization Atmosphere Interactive Nitrogen Cycle 9
- 10. N2 Fixation Plant and Animal Residues Industrial Processes Fertilizer Lightning, Rainfall Temperature above or below 50°F? Organic Matter NO3 - Pool Plant/Microbial Sink N2, N2O, NO Plant Loss Leaching Volatilization Atmosphere Interactive Nitrogen Cycle 10
- 11. N2 Fixation Plant and Animal Residues Industrial Processes Lightning, Rainfall Fertilizer R-OH + Energy + 2NH3 + H2O Organic Matter R-NH2 + Energy + CO2 Fungi pH < 6.0 Bacteria pH > 6.0 Heterotrophic Aminization R-NH2 + H2O Ammonification pH > 7.0 Soil exchange sites 2NH4 + + 2OH- 2NO2 - + H2O + 4H+ 2NH4 + + 2OH- NO3 - Pool Plant/Microbial Sink Immobilization Immobilization N2, N2O, NO Plant Loss Leaching Volatilization Atmosphere Interactive Nitrogen Cycle 11
- 12. N2 Fixation Plant and Animal Residues Industrial Processes Fertilizer Lightning, Rainfall Organic Matter NO3 - Pool Thiobacillus, T. Thioparus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Dentrificans Denitrification Amino Acids Immobilization Plant/Microbial Sink N2, N2O, NO Plant Loss Leaching Volatilization Atmosphere Mineralization & Nitrification NH2OH NO2 - N2O2 - NH3 Interactive Nitrogen Cycle 12
- 13. N2 Fixation Plant and Animal Residues Industrial Processes Fertilizer Lightning, Rainfall Organic Matter Plant/Microbial Sink N2, N2O, NO Plant Loss Leaching Volatilization Atmosphere NO3 - Pool Interactive Nitrogen Cycle 13
- 14. N2 Fixation Plant and Animal Residues Industrial Processes Fertilizer Lightning, Rainfall Organic Matter Plant/Microbial Sink Immobilization 2NH4 + + 2OH- N2, N2O, NO Plant Loss Leaching Volatilization Atmosphere NO3 - Pool Back to Main Cycle Interactive Nitrogen Cycle 14
- 15. N2 Fixation Plant and Animal Residues Industrial Processes Fertilizer Lightning, Rainfall Organic Matter N2, N2O, NO Thiobacillus, T. Thioparus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Dentrificans Denitrification Plant/Microbial Sink Plant Loss Leaching Volatilization Atmosphere NO3 - Pool Interactive Nitrogen Cycle 15
- 16. N2 Fixation Plant and Animal Residues Industrial Processes Fertilizer Lightning, Rainfall Organic Matter Plant Loss Plant/Microbial Sink N2, N2O, NO Leaching Volatilization Atmosphere NO3 - Pool NH2OH NO2 - N2O2 - NH3 Interactive Nitrogen Cycle 16
- 17. N2 Fixation Plant and Animal Residues Industrial Processes Fertilizer Lightning, Rainfall Organic Matter Leaching Plant/Microbial Sink N2, N2O, NO Plant Loss Volatilization Atmosphere NO3 - Pool Interactive Nitrogen Cycle 17
- 18. N2 Fixation Plant and Animal Residues Industrial Processes Fertilizer Lightning, Rainfall Organic Matter Volatilization Plant/Microbial Sink N2, N2O, NO Plant Loss Leaching pH > 7.0 Atmosphere NO3 - Pool R-NH2 + Energy + CO2 Heterotrophic Aminization R-NH2 + H2O Ammonification R-OH + Energy + 2NH3 Interactive Nitrogen Cycle 18
- 19. N2 Fixation Plant and Animal Residues Industrial Processes Fertilizer Lightning, Rainfall Atmosphere Organic Matter Plant/Microbial Sink N2, N2O, NO Plant Loss Volatilization Haber-Bosch (1200C, 500 ATM) 3CH4 + 3O2 + 2N2 4NH3 + 3CO2 R-NH2 + Energy + CO2 Heterotrophic Aminization NO3 - Pool Leaching Interactive Nitrogen Cycle 19
- 20. Bacterial cultures/mutants used during studies are Azotobacter chroococcum (Mac-27) Pseudomonas spp.(PS-21) Experiment was carried out in0.375 ha(15 m2x25m2-1.2 m deep)ponds Inland saline groundwater(13 ppt salinity) Cow-dung 7500 kg/ha/year 20
- 21. TREAT MENT STAIN DOSE(per 375 m2 1 Azotobacter chroococcum (Mac-27) 1.5 L 2 Pseudomonas spp.(PS-21) 1.5 L 3 Mixed culture[Mac-27 and PS-21] 0.75 L+ 0.75 L 4 No biofertilizer(control) _ 21
- 22. RESULTS 22
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- 32. Effect of Probiotics supplement on growth Digestibility and nutrient retention in Nile tilapia oreochromis niloticus (Linn) 32
- 33. Vaccines are being developed and marketed an they generally cannot be used as a universal disease control measure in aquaculture Juvenile fish are fully immune competent and do not always respond to vaccination . vaccination by injection , sometimes are the only effective route of administration is impractical when supplied to small fish large number of fish this situation is avoided by an alternative in the production system through the use of beneficial bacteria to fight against pathogenic bacteria i.e., through the use of probiotics which is an acceptable practice in aquaculture. The health of the fish thus can be improved by the elimination of pathogens or at least by minimizing their effects in aquaculture. Five experimental diets with containing varying concentration of lactobacillus sprogenes (probiotics ) (0.25,0.5,0.75 and 1.0%) were formulated using processed full fat soybean as the protein source Oreochromis niloticus fry were collected from the fish farm attached to the department of Zoology and Aquaculture and kept in glass aquaria (60x30x30cm)with aeration facilities in the laboratory where the temperature was kept as 25+1.c , lighting schedule of LD 12:12 Salinity of Water in the aquaria 10.0ppt. 33
- 34. Fry ( mean body weigh 1.22 ± 0.04g ) were randomly distributed among the aquaria, with 20 fish per aquarium. Each diet treatment was tested in replicate of four ( Four aquaria per diet ). All fish were fed twice daily,08.00, at 14:00 h. The feeding rate was at 5% body weight day-1 for the whole rearing period of 70 days, and the amount of feed was adjusted every tenth day following a bulk weighing of each group of fish. The fish were exposed to their respective diet for 4h during each ration, Fish growth, digestibility and nutrient retention result shows that, survival was not affected by the inclusion levels of probiotics. 34
- 35. Growth performance [(in terms of live weight gain), growth percent gain in BW and final length). SGR and nutrient retention (PER, GPR, GER and APD)] increased when dietary probiotics level were increased from 0.25g to 0.75g 100g-1 of diet. further increase in dietary probiotics level (>0.75g 100g-1) resulted in a significant (P<0.05) growth depression and nutrient depletion. Apparent protein digestibility was significantly (P<0.05) higher in fish which were fed diets containing probiotics at 0.75g 100g-1 than in fish fed probiotics free diet (Control) or diets containing low or high levels of lactobacillus. FCR values were also significantly (P<0.05) lower in fish fed diet containing Lactobacillus at 0.75g 100g-1 than fish fed other dietary preparations including control diet. 35
- 36. Indian Council of Agricultural Research New Delhi. Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture.Chennai 36