pragmatics refers to meaning and context.

1. PRAGMATICS
Cynthianita Septifani Purnomo
131214072
Sanata Dharma University

2. Pragmatics
The study of
language in use
The study of
meaning in
context
The study of speakers’ meaning,
utterance meaning, & contextual meaning

3. Jane : coffee?
Juno : sure.
Jane : white?
Juno : white

4. CONVERSATIONAL MAXIM
Kit : How are you today?
Kat : Oh, Harrisburg is the capital of
Pennsylvania.
Kit : Really? I thought the weather
would be
warmer.
Kat : Well, in my opinion, the soup could
have been more salty.

5. The example of communication above
seems impossible, because the process
of communication between a speaker
and a hearer is driven by some
principles of cooperation. These
principles are called COOPERATIVE
PRINCIPLES.

6. COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE
Maxim of
Quality
Maxim of
Quantity
Maxim of
Relevanc
e
Maxim of
Manner

7. MAXIM OF QUANTITY
Make your contribution as informative as is
required.
Example:
Mercy asks you “Who is that person with Nita?”
What will your answer?
A. He is her boyfriend, named Ali.
B. He is a human.
C. He is Ali Baba, born in Jogja about 19 years ago, on
December 13 1994.
You would say A to make your statement as informative
as possible.

8. MAXIM OF QUALITY
Be
truthful
Do not
lie
Example:
Your sister asks you what is that unfamiliar animal on the
TV. You know it is platypus.
What will your answer?
A. It is Kookaburra
B. It is a strange duck
C. It is a platypus
You would prefer to use C because that is the truth.

9. MAXIM OF RELEVANCE
Be relevant.
Supposing your friend asked you: Do I look
good?
Would you respond:
A. Yes, you look good or Not really.
B. The sky is blue.
You would probably choose A to abide by the
maxim of Relevance.

10. MAXIM OF MANNER
Be clear
Be brief
Be orderly
Avoid ambiguity

11. SPEECH ACT
Various possible speech acts which a
speaker
might attempt to perform:
Statement : It is cold outside.
Request : Could you lend me money?
Query : Could you ride a bike?
Command : Move!
Promise : I promise to make you happy.
Human acts performed simply by using language

12. SPEECH ACT
Direct
Speech
Act
Indirect
Speech
Act

13. DIRECT SPEECH ACT
• It perfoms in a direct literal manner.
• The speaker makes an order directly.
• Example:
– Open the window!!!
– Go away!
– Move!

14. INDIRECT SPEECH ACT
• It is implied
• The speaker’s intention is not stated
directly.
• Example:
– Isnt’t it too hot in here? (means “Open the
window”)
– You block my way. (means “Move!”)

15. DIRECT SPEECH ACT
1. Turn down the radio,
please.
2.Get off my foot!!!
3. Henry VIII had six wives.
4. Close the window, please.
5. Take the garbage out!!!
INDIRECT SPEECH ACT
1. The radio is too loud.
2. Could you get off my foot!
3. Do you know that Henry
VIII had six wives?
4. Isn’t it too cold in here?
5. The garbage isn't out yet.

16. Frames
A form that have knowledge about
something.

17. Politeness

Example:
A student said to his lecturer, “I want to
meet Ms. Ayu”. The lecturer will
considered him as unpolite student.
He must be said “I would like to meet Ms.
Ayu” to be polite.
Who you are and to whom you are talking

18. Which maxims does this speaker
seem to be particularly careful about?
I may be mistaken, but I thought I saw a wedding
ring on his finger.
Maxim of Quality

19. Someone stands between you and the TV set you’re
watching, so you decide to say one of the following.
Identify which would be direct or indirect speech acts.
a. Move! –> Direct speech act
b. You are in the way –> Indiret speech
act
c. Could you please sit down? –> Indirect
speech act
d. Please get out of the way. –> Direct
speech act

20. Conversation between Julie and crystal
Crystal is adhhering the Quality maxim
because she is honest and not lying.
She admits that she does not know if
John Murphy is a gay or not because
she only hear the old rumor about John
Murphy dressing like a transvestite.