Lithium Research Paper

Lithium Research Paper
The primary man–made atomic response occurred in 1932 when lithium was changed over into
helium through transmutation.
Lithium is utilized as a part of delivering glass and pottery, yet most understood for batteries.
Due to its awesome quality in little sums, it is utilized as a part of normal amalgams.
All living beings contain lithium in little sums, yet does not appear to fill a natural need.
Lithium particles are utilized as a part of making state of mind modifying drugs for the treatment of
bipolar issue.
Lithium has two stable isotopes in nature, one of which has a 92.5% plenitude.
As per hypothesis, lithium is one of three components accepted to have been made amid the Big
Bang.
Lithium is exceptionally inexhaustible in ocean water ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
00It is the minimum responsive of the alkali metals.
The core of lithium is genuinely insecure.
On account of this insecurity, lithium alone never shows up in nature.
While it seems metallic and glossy, it starts to consume promptly in air because of the dampness
introduce.
It is a metal, yet sufficiently delicate to be cut with a blade.
The primary man–made atomic response occurred in 1932 when lithium was changed over into
helium through transmutation.
Lithium is utilized as a part of delivering glass and pottery, yet most understood for batteries.
Due to its awesome quality in little sums, it is utilized as a part of normal amalgams.
All living beings contain lithium in little sums, yet does not appear to fill a natural need.
Lithium particles are utilized as a part of making state of mind modifying drugs for the treatment of
bipolar issue.
Lithium has two stable isotopes in nature, one of which has a 92.5% plenitude.
As per hypothesis, lithium is one of three components accepted to have been made amid the Big
Bang.
Lithium is exceptionally inexhaustible in ocean water and if frequently mined from brackish waters
and
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Lithium: Third Element In The Periodic Table
LITHIUM: Element Li
INTRO Lithium is the third element in the periodic table, with 3 protons and the element symbol Li.
Lithium is an alkali metal. . The name for lithium comes from Greek lithos which means stone.
Lithium does not occur free in nature but it is found in nearly all igneous rocks and in mineral
springs. Pure lithium metal is corrosive. If lithium did not react with water, which it does, it would
float. Lithium is used in medicine, as a heat transfer agent. Lithium is used to transfer heat from one
object to the next. Some things lithium is used in are glasses, organic compounds, and ceramics.
Because it is such a good conductor of electricity, it is used in batteries as well. It's also used for
making alloys; examples of alloys are brass, bronze, 14k gold, and sterling silver. Lithium is a metal
that is used to impart a red color to fireworks. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It's like sodium; it reacts to water to produce hydrogen. Lithium metals react slowly with water to
form a colorless solution of lithium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. It turns into a basic because of the
dissolved hydroxide. The reaction is slower than that of sodium. Not only does it react to water but
also to oxygen if left unattended for a period of time. Lithium metal is quite easily cut with a knife.
The result is a shiny silvery surface but it soon tarnishes because of reaction with oxygen and
moisture from the air. When lithium is burned in air, it makes a white oxide lithium oxide, Li2O.
Lithium metal dissolves in dilute sulphuric acid to form solutions. Compounds are made with water
though such as, Lithium Chromate Dihydrate: Li2CrO4.2H2O, Lithium Sulfate Monohydrate:
LiHSO4.H2O, Lithium Nitrate Trihydrate: LiNO3.3H2O and Lithium Dihydrogen Phosphate:

Disadvantages Of Electric Vehicles
Electric vehicles (EVs) are considered a key technology in reducing fossil fuel consumption,
emissions and energy consumption. In comparison with internal combustion vehicles (ICV), EVs
offer highly efficient energy usage (around three times as efficient as an ICV), zero emissions and
low noise level, aspects that are necessary to improve the quality of life in urban areas.
According to the latest IEA report, global electric car stock surpassed 2 million vehicles in 2016.
However, electric vehicles still only account for 0.2 per cent of all the cars in the world [ ]. In spite
of this, there are still a number of barriers to be overcome in order to increase demand for EVs. The
major obstacles are: the limited driving range, high investment costs, compared to ICV, the slow
recharging time and the resistance to innovation. [ ].
Thomas Franke & Josef F. Krems [ ] present an excellent literature review of driving range needs of
vehicles in several countries. Pearre et al. [ ] shows an interesting discussion on the limited driving
range issue and aims to indicate an ideal driving range based on the consumers' necessities in
Atlanta (USA). Several studies found that in Germany 95% of cars on the road travel less than 100
km [ ]. Despite this, a survey showed that 60% of drivers in EU would not consider it acceptable to
have a driving range of less than 160 km [ ]. This agrees with a recent survey in which most electric
vehicles sold in recent years have a driving range over 120

Essay on Lithium and Bipolar Disorder
Lithium and Bipolar Disorder
INTRODUCTION
The drug lithium has been used for a variety of disorders such as gout, diabetes, and epilepsy for
over 100 years. It was not until
1949 when John Cade discovered that lithium had a calming effect on guinea pigs that the
possibilities of it being used for mania were explored (Paykel, 1992). Since then, lithium has been
established as one of the primary treatments for manic depression disorder. In the body of this paper
we will explore the chemistry of lithium, the synaptic transmitters involved, the parts of the neuron
affected, the inhibitory and excitatory potential changes, the ion channels effected, the physiological
changes, the primary behavior changes, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When lithium is combined with other atoms, several useful molecules can be created. For the
purposes of this paper we will consider the lithium salts, such as lithium carbonate, lithium citrate,
and lithium sulfate. These molecules, among others, are used in psychiatry for the treatment of
bipolar I disorder.
Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) has an atomic weight of 73.89, and is the most popular of the lithium
salts in use today (Johnson,
1980). It is not clear why this is, as there does not appear to be a significant difference between
lithium carbonate and the other lithium salts. For a complete listing of lithium salts currently in use,
see table 1. Lithium salts are preferred for medical use because they are soluble in water, whereas
natural lithium is found in silicate form and is therefore not water soluble. Lithium salts have a half
life of approximately 1830 hours in the body, depending on the weight of the subject (Williams,
1973).
ROUTE OF ACCESS
Lithium is usually taken orally in pill form, or injected directly into the bloodstream. In pill form,
there are normal and time release doses available. Because the margin between a therapeutic dose
and a toxic dose (therapeutic index) is so small, the time release form is more popular. In this way,
the

Lithium Batteries And Lithium Ion Batteries
While Lithium based batteries have allowed electronic products to become more portable, current
applications of lithium based batteries are starting to show the limitations of the current technology.
These limitations include aspects such as energy density, charge rate, and the usable lifetime of the
battery. Furthermore, over the past decade safety concerns of lithium ion batteries have become
more and more apparent in both industrial and consumer uses of lithium based batteries.
The push towards electric cars in recent years has resulted in an exponential growth in the demand
for lithium–ion batteries that have a large capacity since a fully electric car is limited by the max
capacity of its battery. According to battery university, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If ignited, these gases can cause enclosed areas to overpressurize, and if unmitigated, this
overpressure can result in an explosion and severe damage to the battery and surrounding equipment
or people.(9)" The risk of this happening increases as battery size increases since if one cell fails in a
way that emits a large amount of heat, it can heat up the surrounding cells to heat up and
subsequently fail. Jason Hughes conducted a teardown of the lithium ion battery in the Tesla Model
S P100D and discovered that the 100 kWh battery contained 8,256 cells, while tesla does have
safety measures in place to prevent the cells from being damaged, a single manufacturing defect in
any of the 8,256 cells could cause a cascading thermal runaway event.
An alternative solution to the limited range of electric vehicles is to offer a large number of publicly
available charging stations for electric vehicles. These charging stations boast a charging rate of 170
miles in 30 minutes, which is much faster than the 4 hours and 56 minutes that a standard wall
connector would take to charge the car to this range as calculated on Tesla's website(12). The
problem with this solution is that while lithium based batteries can be charged quickly through
processes such as tesla 's supercharging, the longevity of the battery can be greatly damaged by
doing so. Fast charging a lithium based battery is most effective then the battery is almost depleted
and the voltage per cell

Essay on Lithium
Almost everyone has a favorite song, a song that takes them back or sends them forward to a place
and time that is not the present. What makes us pick out our favorites? What kind of affect does a
song have that it requires us to constantly hum it or sing it at the top of our lungs? While I cannot
speak for others without some kind of group consultation, I can explain the things that make me feel
so intensely about this song, "Lithium," preformed by a 1990s grunge rock band, Nirvana, and sung
by Kurt Cobain.
The introduction to this song makes me think of a nursery rhyme. It takes me back to being a young
child singing "Ring Around the Rosie" and laughing and playing with others without a care in the
world. Though this feeling ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It only takes so much of this before one will encompass within ones own head. Of course these new
friends do not hurt you and you are the happiest you have ever been.
The next line, "I'm so ugly, but that's okay, 'cause so are you/ Broke our mirrors" (nirvana–music),
continues to explain an aggravated state of the songwriter. Also, a glimmer of hope appears in this
line. It reminds us that we are only as ugly as we think we are. By breaking the mirrors, a freedom
from society is stated. There is no fear of what others think. A reaction to this is in some way
straying from the norm. We have holes in our noses and tattoos and dress differently than the rest.
We all need to break our mirrors and be proud of who we are.
The following line, "Sunday morning is everyday for all I care/ And I'm not scared" (nirvana–
music), talks about somebody who either does not believe in God or believe in going to church on
Sundays, or is not afraid to worship in another manner other than the usual. Sunday is just another
day of the week. This person is not afraid of any repercussions that might be the effect of this
activity. This line is also about having freedoms.
"Light my candles/ In a daze/ 'Cause I've found god/ Hey, Hey, Hey" (nirvana–music) is a
continuation of the preceding line. It is difficult to determine what is meant here. Maybe it is
because the songwriter is so surprised to discover God. I see it like this. The

Types Of Electric Cars : The Earth Turns Round And Round,...
Wuzhou Zu
Professor Brian Gaines
The Researched Argument
ENGL 1030–37
27 Oct 2016
As the Earth turns round and round, transportation is in evolution. From the first car in the world,
Benz Patent–Motorwagen powered by a 670W internal combustion engine to today's powerful
supercars. But the thing that never change is that they always need to drink fossil fuels, until now.
All of a sudden, many types of electric vehicles are showing up in dealerships. Different than the
jokes in past, people are seriously considering if they need to buy one for lower emission tax, lower
price to feed and more parking space. And even for the polar bear's life, as many advertisements
show. But electric vehicles are not ideally perfect, not as many advertisements show. They are
expensive, they need a long time to be fully charged and they will put power plants in developing
country working under much higher pressure. On top of that, pollution in battery production cannot
be ignored.
The most essential elements of electric cars are lithium, which is defined as a rare metal. Even
though it is not considered as a high–risk metal, "there are growing concerns about risks arising
from the fact that limited regions are producing lithium resources to cover most demand. There are
also concerns about imbalance between demand–supplies and price fluctuations due to monopolistic
supply. Chile has the world's largest reserves of brinesource [SIC] lithium, followed by Bolivia and
Argentina; these three

Medication Paper : Using Lithium Essay
Medication Paper: Using Lithium
As a counselor works with clients, one may have to work with a client that are taking psychotropic
medication. A client named Kimberly disclosed in a session that she has Bipolar Disorder. She is a
19 year old African American woman. Kimberly has been experiencing symptoms of Bipolar
Disorder for three years. Before beginning to take lithium, Kimberly has run away from home,
displays erratic behaviors, has using marijuana to relieve symptoms, and attempting suicide when
experiencing severe depression. Kimberly has also attempted suicide. Kimberly's mental illness has
affected her relationship with her mother and put a financial strain on the household. Kimberly was
arrested and charged with the possession of marijuana.
Kimberly's Experience with Lithium
Kimberly has been taking 1200 mg a day. Kimberly is currently in Pre–trial Diversion to eventually
get back in college. Not only is it important for Kimberly to be drug free, but she has to be stabilized
by using medication and learning effective coping skills. When a client experiences side effects, one
may find oneself neglecting to take the drug (Ingersoll & Rak, 2016). Kimberly stated that she had
not been feeling like herself when taking lithium. Kimberly has been feeling sick to the stomach
when taking lithium. Although Kimberly was taking lithium on a regular basis again, she has
experienced dry mouth and fatigue (McIntyre, 2015). The client is also at risk to suffer

What Is Lithium?
Lithium is an extremely resourceful element that can help with a wide variety of things. Without
lithium, the world would not have many of it's greatest inventions today. Along with many uses, it
also has a rich history and extensive benefits. Without it, the world wouldn't have some of the most
advanced inventions that exist today. Lithium is a resourceful element that helps with the
advancement of mental illness treatments, building of airplanes, and many purification processes.
Lithium was discovered by Swedish chemist Johan August Arfwedson in 1817. He discovered
lithium by analyzing a sample of petalite, which is a mineral collected from a remote Swedish
Island. Arfwedson couldn't isolate pure lithium at the time. However, English inventor ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lithium is also often used in powerful hydrogen bombs. Crystals that contain lithium are used to
control lasers and to convert radio waves into electricity. Lithium alloys also have many uses.
Lithium is alloyed as a part of the purification process such as purifying other atoms and removing
impurities in steel and other alloys. Lithium is able to remove unwanted elements, such as chlorine
and sulfur. Lithium compounds can even be used to absorb unwanted substances that are in the air.
Lithium chloride and lithium bromide are used in air conditioners. These compounds are used in
them as strong brines. Lithium hydroxide is used to absorb unwanted gases. The compounds take
water vapor out of the hot air that is produced by the air conditioner. The compound can also take
dangerous amounts of carbon dioxide out of the air. Machines known as "scrubbers" take carbon
dioxide out of the air so people can breathe normally. Scrubbers have lithium hydroxide pellets in
them. The air is pumped

Lithium And Its Effects On Bipolar Disorder
1. Provide a rationale for the use of Lithium Carbonate that Ellen is currently prescribed. Lithium
Carbonate is the most commonly drug that is prescribed for treating bipolar disorder (May, Hickey,
Triantis, Palazidou, & Kyriacou, 2015). It works as a mood stabilizer that significantly reduces
excessive behaviors and suicidal tendencies. However, the way that lithium exerts its impact on
mood is still unknown. One study suggests that key of lithium therapeutic actions are the
neuroprotective effects (Malhi, Tanious, Das, Coulston, & Berk 2013). For instance, lithium has
been demonstrated to decrease the oxidative stress that involves in multiple episodes of mania and
depression. Other study recommends that lithium stabilize electrical ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, lithium users are not higher rates of chronic kidney illness related to bipolar disorder
(Rej et al., 2015). 2. Identify three (3) potential major side effects for Ellen's currently prescribed
Lithium Carbonate. Provide two (2) nursing management interventions for each of the three (3)
chosen major side effects. Although the effectiveness of lithium in management of bipolar disorder
is well established, health professionals should be aware of the potential major side effects related to
long–term lithium treatment. Hand tremor is one of common adverse reactions that might occur
during the first few days of lithium treatment. This side effect should decrease briefly after
beginning of lithium administration. However, if it persists, the dosage of lithium needs to be reduce
or cessation of the administration. Fine tremor of the hands is less likely if lithium is administered
slowly, smaller doses several times a day rather than quickly. Additionally, the healthcare provider
should discuss with the patients about possible adverse reactions when taking lithium therapy. Also,
the patients should be warned not to discontinue taking the drug or modify the dosage on their own.
In addition, lithium treatment may lead to weight gain. A recent study has showed that patients
receiving Lithium are more frequent weight gain compared to those receiving placebo (Murru et al.,
2015). This association

Lithium-Ion Batteries In American History
Ever felt frustrated because your phone died while you where in the middle of a text, or call, or even
trying to take a picture? Thats because you have the wrong battery. This invention fixes that
problem. The lithium–ion battery has been around for decades and it is in almost every electronic
know to date. They are in all of your phones and computers. This discovery was one of many very
important inventions in American History. Lithium batteries have affected both the social and
economic aspect of life in America. The lithium–ion battery was created back in 1980 by a man
named John Bannister Goodenough. John is a world renowned scientist and has earned many huge
awards that most scientist dream to get. Dr. Goodenough created this battery

Essay on Simulation: Lithium-ion Battery
Simulation Strategic Innovation Simulation: Back Bay Battery (v2)
Clayton M. Christensen; Willy Shih
Added on Sep 22, 2014, Purchased on Sep 22, 2014, Expires on Sep 22, 2015
Hide Details
Product #:7015–HTM–ENGFormat: English Web Based HTML
In this single–player simulation, students play the role of a business unit manager at a battery
company facing the classic Innovator's Dilemma. Students have to manage R&D investment
tradeoffs between the unit's existing battery technologies versus investing in a new, potentially
disruptive battery technology. Over the course of eight simulated years, students must address a
number of challenges including the timing and level of investment across both mature and new
businesses, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are inexpensive, albeit heavy. A variant on the lead –acid battery is the Gel Cell, which is a
sealed lead–acid battery with a jellified electrolyte, allowing a higher degree of portability.
Smaller rechargeable batteries began as size–compatible replacements for disposable batteries and
used technologies such as nickel–cadmium (NiCd), nickel–iron (Ni–Fe), nickel metal hydride
(NiMH), and lithium ion (Li–ion) and lithium polymer. As demands for portable electronic devices
such as laptop computers, music players, and cellular telephone handsets rose, makers responded
with new sizes and custom packaging to meet the unique needs of customers.
Battery Performance Criteria
Important battery performance criteria include:
 Energy Density: The amount of charge stored within a battery. A battery with a higher energy
density can store more charge, and thus can power a device for a longer time or deliver more power
in the same time period. As laptop computers took on larger screen sizes and more powerful
processors, the demand for higher energy density drove a switch from
NiMH to Li–ion batteries.
Back Bay Battery, Inc.
2
 Recharge Cycles: The number of times a battery can be

Lithium Therapy Case
1. Shorter E. The history of lithium therapy. Bipolar Disord. 2009;11 Suppl 2:4–9. doi:
10.1111/j.1399–5618.2009.00706.x.
2. Cade JF. Lithium salts in the treatment of psychotic excitement. 1949. Bull World Health Organ.
2000;78(4):518–20.
3. Canan F, Kaya A, Bulur S, Albayrak ES, Ordu S, Ataoglu A. Lithium intoxication related multiple
temporary ecg changes: A case report. Cases J. 2008;1(1):156. doi: 10.1186/1757–1626–1–156.
4. Zarse K, Terao T, Tian J, Iwata N, Ishii N, Ristow M. Low–dose lithium uptake promotes
longevity in humans and metazoans. Eur J Nutr. 2011;50(5):387–9. doi: 10.1007/s00394–011–0171–
x.
5. Diasio RB. Principles of drug therapy. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, editors. Goldman's Cecil
Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia. Saunders Elsevier; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Timmer RT, Sands JM. Lithium intoxication. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999;10(3):666–74.
7. Ghadirian AM, Lehmann HE. Neurological side effects of lithium: organic brain syndrome,
seizures, extrapyramidal side effects, and EEG changes. Compr Psychiatry. 1980;21(5):327–35.
8. Arnaoudova MD. Lithium toxicity in elderly–a case report and discussion. J IMAB.2014;
20(4):519–22. DOI: 10.5272/jimab.2014204.519
9. Hoffman RS, Nelson LS, Howland MA, Levin NA, Flomenbaum NE, Goldfrank LR. Goldfrank's
Manual of Toxicologic Emergencies. New York (NY): McGraw Hill Publishing; 2007:591–4
10. Meyer RJ, Flynn JT, Brophy PD, Smoyer WE, Kershaw DB, Custer JR, et al.Hemodialysis
followed by continuous hemofiltration for treatment of lithium intoxication in children. Am J
Kidney Dis. 2001;37(5):1044–7.
11. Menghini VV, Albright RC Jr. Treatment of lithium intoxication with continuous venovenous
hemodiafiltration. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;36(3):E21.
12. van Bommel EF, Kalmeijer MD, Ponssen HH. Treatment of life–threatening lithium toxicity
with high–volume continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Am J Nephrol. 2000;20(5):408–11.
13. Singh V, Kattimani Sh, Sagar R. Lithium Toxicity: Role of hemodialysis. J Ment Health Hum
Behav. 2009; 14(2):62–

What Is Lithium?
Symbol: Li Atomic Number: 3 Atomic Mass: 6.941 u ± 0.002 u Electrons per shell: 2.1 Melting
point: 180.5°C Atomic radius: 152pm 00Name: Lithium Symbol: Li Atomic Number: 3 Atomic
Mass: 6.941 u ± 0.002 u Electrons per shell: 2.1 Melting point: 180.5°C Atomic radius: 152pm
1143003157220Discoverer: John August Arfwedson (Swedish chemist) Discovered: In 1817 by
isolating it as a salt. Discovered: In Stockholm, Sweden. 00Discoverer: John August Arfwedson
(Swedish chemist) Discovered: In 1817 by isolating it as a salt. Discovered: In Stockholm, Sweden.
274320028575000026289001371600Aufbau Diagram of Lithium: 00Aufbau Diagram of Lithium: –
571500571500Lithium Properties: Lithium is the metal, which starts things out in the soluble bases
of the periodic

Chemistry: A Synthesis Of Lithium
The first unknown is BaCl2, the second unknown is Sr(NO3)2, and the third unknown is KCl. This
was determined through observing that each of the respective unknown solutions displayed the most
similar color to its respective known solution, meaning that the electrons were making the same
energy transfers, therefore being the same solution.
From highest to lowest energy emitted, the metal ions are as follows: potassium ions, copper ions,
barium ions, sodium ions, calcium ions, strontium ions, and lithium ions.
Lithium has the lowest energy of wavelength emitted. Sodium has a higher energy of wavelength
emitted, and lithium has the highest. As one moves down the alkali metal family, the energy emitted
increases because more shells are being added ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of these errors could have possibly been that the solutions were left uncovered during the
testing phase. An uncovered solution can be contaminated with certain particles of elements found
in the air that settle in the solutions, creating colors that are not are not linked with that specific
element. This can be compensated for by covering the solutions with a lid prior to testing, in order to
limit exposure to any outside factors.
Prior to conducting this lab, it was known that flame colors are produced from the electronic
transitions in the metallic ions present in the salt compounds. When heated, the electrons absorb
energy, jumping from ground states of lower energy to higher–energy, excited states. The electrons
must return to their lower energy levels as energy is emitted in specific amounts in the form of light.
Each energy emission correlates to a certain color, and since the transitions of metallic ions vary
from each other, each ion produces a unique pattern of spectral lines, therefore creating an equally
unique flame color.
In the real world, the flame test can be practically applied to the creation of fireworks. If a specific
ion is known to emit a certain color in reaction to energy absorption, the scientists can utilize those
ions and the movement of their electrons to produce fireworks with any desired array of

Monitoring Lithium Ion Characteristic Analysis Using Lab View
Methodology
This chapter was describing the methodology used in this paper. Its elaborate the main idea of the
experiment, the material used and also the procedure to obtained the data. Methodology is important
in implementing a system or kind of project because it acts as guideline starting from early stage up
to hand over. Methodology uses might be differed defending on purpose of the project, scope,
objective and timeframe. Figure 3.1 shows the flowchart or general about the project. Figure 3.1 :
Flowchart of project Before start this experiment, discussion is with supervisor is needed to know
about the project and how it operate. This step is very important to make arrangement about the step
to complete this project. Then, search and study about lithium ion battery, labVIEW and National
Instrument (NI–DAQ). This step must be done to understand the whole application and
characteristic about experiment by making research from the journal. After all research have been
made, sketch the wiring diagram. Wiring diagram include connection of battery, variable load and
sensors. Then, all the graphical user interface (GUI) will be made in labVIEW and the function will
be test. This step is to know whether the circuit function or not and if it is fail, the diagram need to
sketch again. Hardware will be develop after the wiring diagram have been verified. Hardware will
connect with National Instrument (NI–DAQ) and PC. This is to run the whole program of the

The Impact Of Lithium
The impact of lithium being used and the mineral being mined can have advantages and
disadvantages on the economic and the environment. An advantage of this mineral is that it has high
energy density, this means the battery will be able to live and last much longer the usual batteries.
There are many types electronic equipment starting from power tools to electric car. These
applications need a much higher energy density. An issue with batteries and cells is that they lose
their charge over time, this is a major issue. Lithium's cell rate of self–discharge is much lower
compared to any other rechargeable battery cells. Some rechargeable batteries need to be primed
when they receive their first charge but, with lithium batteries there is no

Manufacturing Of Lithium Ion Batteries Essay
Globally, 78% of mobile phone users have a smartphone (Close–Up Media, Inc, "Deloitte Report:
Mobile Consumers Check Phones over 80 Billion Times a Day Globally."). Lithium ion batteries,
which were introduced by Sony in the early 1990s, are the most common battery to be used in
smartphones and other mobile devices due to their high levels of efficiency, their lightweight design,
and their ability to be recharged (Hock, "Power Up"). As a result of worldwide demand for lithium
ion batteries, mobile technology producers, such as Microsoft and Apple, are dependent on the
acquisition of cobalt–a key element in the manufacturing of lithium ion batteries–at the lowest price
possible. In their quest for low prices, these companies purchase cobalt from cobalt producers that
mine in impoverished areas which lack workplace regulations that ensure safety and fair treatment
of laborers. One of the preeminent cobalt suppliers in the world is a Chinese company named
Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt, and this firm receives a vast amount of cobalt from a Congo–based
subsidiary called Congo DongFang International Mining. A majority of the world's cobalt, 60%, is
mined in the Congo (Frankel, "This Is Where Your Smartphone Battery Begins.").
One need not look far to see the ethical implications of obtaining cobalt from these Congolese
mines. Many worldwide organizations, for example Amnesty International, have criticized the
practices of these mines. Viewing this issue from the Kantian lens, once can

Essay on Aversive Conditioning
Aversive conditioning is a manufactured negative response to certain things, much like the operant
conditioning developed by
Skinner. The contingent behavior is behavior that, when performed, results in the delivery of
specific consequences or reinforcers. This article described the measures taken to make coyotes stop
wanting to kill lambs for food. The authors' contention is that it may be possible to reconcile the
desires of both ranchers and conservationists. The latter group wishes to enable the coyote and,
perhaps other predators, to survive in the open range, as they have for millions of years. Species that
kill farm animals include others: mountain lions, bears, bobcats, and red wolves as well as coyotes.
This paper on aversive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They tested their food one bite at a time, waiting between bites to see if they got sick.
In fact, during an earlier experiment with hamburger tainted with lithium the coyotes all became ill.
After the coyotes associated the hamburger with emesis, they didn't even taste hamburger offered to
them. Instead, the coyotes urinated on the meat, turned over their meat dish, or actually buried it.
The experiment with lithium–laced lamb was a temporarily successful one in that the coyotes were
weaned off of lamb meat.
Despite this apparent success, other problems could arise which this experiment did not address. For
example, coyotes might not have any other source of food other than lamb. There may or may not be
enough other edible things available to enable coyotes to survive. Lamb is a staple food for coyotes
in Montana, and other food sources might not replenish that lost by having lamb removed from the
coyotes' diet. It is noted that coyotes feed on mice, squirrels, rabbits, and even grasshoppers. Yet it is
by no means certain that these small animals alone would enable coyotes to survive in the wild.
Neither author claimed that coyotes kill sheep to drive ranchers out of business, they kill sheep to
survive.
Furthermore, wrapping lamb meat in sheep skin, which is how the authors attracted the coyotes, to
bait the lithium capsules may not exactly mimic the taste of lamb

Determination of Relative Atomic Mass of Lithium Essay...
Determination of Relative Atomic Mass of Lithium
Evaluation:
In general the accuracy of the experiments was good. However with practice, the accuracy could be
improved; accuracy being how close the results are to the real answer. I think I have carried pit the
experiment as well as I possibly could at the time with the given conditions and time period allowed.
I have gained precise results from the practical. However, looking back at the analysis section, the
relative atomic mass values I found were not exactly 6.9 as presented in the periodic timetable.
Method (1) gave me 8.28; a difference of 1.38 and method (2) gave me 7.37, a difference of 0.43 to
the real/reference value. Therefore ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When there is a colour change in the solution, we are supposed to close the tap. However, the colour
does not change throughout the solution as soon as there is a colour change. Therefore this will have
caused in concurrencies throughout, as the aim is NOT to put excess acid to the solution titrated, the
idea is to put the EXACT amount required to neutralize the solution. I also found that the reacted
solution sometimes returned to a slight pink colour even after turning completely colourless. Thus
this caused inevitable error.
Accuracy and reliability:
In method (1) the procedure was very accurate; the equipment used is very accurate, however as
mentioned before, the gas lost when replacing the bung caused a degree of inaccuracy. As shown by
the results, with the relative atomic mass found to be +1.38 over.
In method (2) not only were the results accurate but also precise. The final relative atomic mass
coming out as only +0.43 over the reference value proves a high degree of accuracy. Looking at the
results table, the three accurate titrations fall within 0.1cm3 and 0.3cm3 of each other, which is a
very concurrent set of results. Clearly method (1) and method (2) differ in accuracy and precision.
Method (1) is clearly less accurate and precise as the gas collected from the reaction of lithium and
water was not

Chronic Lithium Therapy: A Case Study
Background: Lithium is an antimanic agent labeled for acute treatment and maintenance therapy of
bipolar disorder. Off–label it is also used for bipolar depression as well as non–bipolar depression as
an addition to standard antidepressant therapy. Although the exact mechanism of action is still
unknown, it is thought to influence reuptake of serotonin and/or norepinephrine. Lithium, however,
has many potentially severe adverse reactions and warnings including: heart failure, impaired renal
function, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, thyroid disease, and since lithium has a narrow therapeutic
index, lithium toxicity is also common. Despite the risks associated with the use of this medication,
it continues to be the mainstay for maintenance ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Eight years ago, this patient was taking lithium as indicated for bipolar disorder, for which she was
evaluated for possibility of diabetes insipidus resulting from lithium use. At this time, the lithium
was discontinued. She appeared well for 8 years as long as she was "allowed to drink as much water
as she wanted," however, when fluids were limited, she would easily become dehydrated and
electrolyte levels would get thrown off (especially sodium). She had tests done to measure serum
osmolality and urine osmolality before and after fluid restriction and then after administration of a
dose of vasopressin. Results showed a very minimal change in serum or urine osmolality after
vasopressin administration which ruled out central diabetes insipidus as the cause of her
polyuria/polydipsia. Since the mechanism by which lithium causes toxicity is due to impairment in
the effects of ADH on the receptors in the kidney and therefore inability to concentrate urine, her
results from DI trails line up with lithium induced diabetes insipidus as the cause of her polydipsia
and polyuria. Based on this case study, it is evident that for some people, effects of lithium induced
DI can last several years, and in this specific case, even up to 8 years after discontinuation of
therapy. At this point, in order to

The Anxiety Of Lithium Chloride Causes Mild Illness
Introduction
Animals can be conditioned to display or not display a variety of behaviors and emotions, including
taste preference. This form of conditioning has even been successfully done in humans by using
rotation–induced motion sickness after consuming either a familiar or unfamiliar flavored beverage
to create a distaste for the beverage (especially the unfamiliar flavored one) (Arwas, Rolnick, &
Lubow, 1989).
A very common way to teach rats to dislike a certain taste is to give them injection(s) of lithium
chloride (LiCl) directly after consuming a taste stimulus. The lithium chloride causes mild illness,
which the rats connect to the taste stimulus, essentially because they believe the food/drink they
consumed caused the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For best results, LiCl should be measured as an absolute quantity, not as a volume or concentration
(Nachman & Ashe 1973). These studies (among others) show that LiCl is an effective unconditioned
stimulus for taste aversion when administered in correct dosages.
Though many studies have observed the effects of taste aversion, fewer studies have focused on the
influence of feeding on this conditioned aversion. In essence, conditioning is a form of learning, and
learning requires memory. One study used the pond snail Lymnaea to show that food deprivation
lowers blood–glucose levels and levels of insulin circulating; therefore, it decreases the animal's
ability to remember the pairing of taste stimulus and the noxious stimulus (Mita & Koichi 2014).
This study manipulates the preference for sucrose by administering lithium chloride (LiCl) to the
rats after consumption of sucrose. The researchers sought to determine whether rats given access to
free feeding would display more or less taste aversion than rats who were deprived of food after the
LiCl injection.
Methods & Materials
This study used eight adult male Long–Evans rats of average size. Rats were housed separately,
each in his own cage on a nocturnal light–dark cycle (lights off at 7:00 AM, lights on at 7:00 PM).
Each rat was given 1 hour of

Why Become A Registered Professional Nurse
I have worked as a Registered Professional Nurse for about 8 years, and have the professional goal
of obtaining a Master's Degree in Nursing Administration. This, I believe, would help me to
positively influence patient healthcare outcomes on a management level. In this essay, I will provide
examples of how I have exemplified professionalism as a Registered Professional Nurse, in the
areas of leadership, evidence– based practice, information management, interprofessional
collaboration, and professional values. The obstacles I have overcome to demonstrate high levels of
academic achievement foreshadow future success in your graduate program. I am the first in my
family to have completed college and graduate school, and became a mother at the age of seventeen.
Though my family was poor and uneducated, they still instilled a work ethic in me. Realizing that
education was key to moving out of poverty, I applied myself to my studies, and graduated from
Russell Sage College in Troy, NY with a Baccalaureate in Nursing, and a CUM of 3.5, and went on
to complete a Master's Degree in Human Resource Development with a 4.0 CUM. My eldest
daughter attended Columbia University and is currently a 4th year medical school student. In 1998, I
chose to become a stay–at–home mom to meet the needs of my other two children, who have special
needs. Though I had put my professional goals were on hold, I made sure to remain active within the
field of nursing by volunteering at their schools as

Lithium: An Experimental Study
Hoverboards are Safe to use if Properly Made
In 1817, Swedish chemist, Johan Arfvedson discovered the element lithium while studying petalite
ore. Lithium has been found in natural forms such as certain foods, water, and soil and in its purest
form, it is a white powder. Lithium is isolated for commercial use from rocks and minerals. The
element is located on the top left of the periodic table in the column of alkali metals, and like other
alkali metals, it is highly toxic and flammable (Young, 2005). However, compared to the other alkali
metals, it has a high melting point of 180 °C and a boiling point of 1347 °C (Young, 2007). The
melting point is low compared to other metals, which makes lithium a favorable medium to transfer
heat and is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They also charge differently. Apple has created a lithium ion batter that charges fast until it hits the
80% charged mark and them slowly charges. This method is designed to avoid diminishing the
number of charging cycles a battery has, which in turn will increase the lifespan of the battery. With
batteries, the user is not supposed to charge the product to 100% or leave it charging at 100% for a
long period of time or else the battery will deteriorate at a faster rate. With hoverboards, the user
may leave the board charged for longer than needed because there is no way to determine how far
along it is in the recharge cycle. Lithium batteries include safety features such as a shut down
separator, ventilation, and a thermal interrupter to avoid an explosion (Oswa, 2010). Batteries that
corners may not have these features, especially batteries that do not have to be to a certain standard.
It is not publicize the materials and methods that make up the knockoff

Lab Report On Lithium Polymer
Introduction
A lithium polymer battery– It is commonly abbreviated as LiPo, LIP or Li–poly . It is a rechargeable
battery that uses a lithium–ion technology . It uses a polymer electrolyte instead of the liquid
electrolyte that is more commonly used in other batteries. LiPo cells uses high conductivity
semisolid (gel) polymers as electrolyte. It is used in tablet computers and many cellular telephone
handsets. Lithium polymer cells have technically originated from lithium–ion and lithium–metal
batteries .Li–po battery uses a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) for example poly(ethylene oxide)
(PEO), poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) or poly(vinylidene fluoride)
(PVdF) whereas other batteries use a lithium–salt ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Working principle
LiPos work on the principle of intercalation and de–intercalation of lithium ions from a positive
electrode material and a negative electrode material, with the liquid electrolyte providing a
conductive medium. To prevent the electrodes from touching each other directly, a microporous
separator is used in between which allows only the ions and not the electrode particles to migrate
from one side to the other.
Charging
The voltage of a LiPo cell depends on its chemistry . It varies from about 2.7–3.0 V (discharged) to
about 4.20 V (fully charged) for cells based on lithium–metal–oxides for example LiCoO2 . It is
about 1.8–2.0 V (discharged) to 3.6–3.8 V (charged) for those based on lithium–iron–phosphate
(LiFePO4).
Advantages
LiPo cells has compelling advantages for manufacturers:–
They can manufacture batteries of almost any desired shape easily .For example, the space and
weight requirements of mobile phones and notebook computers can be satisfied completely. Another
advantage is that they have long life as the self discharge rate is low that is about 5% per month.
Problems associated with li–po battery

LiPo cells are affected by the following problems :–
 overcharge
 over–discharge
 over–temperature
 short circuit
 crush
 nail penetration
All these problems result in a

Lithium Ion Batteries And Its Effects
Lithium ion batteries were introduced commercially during the early 1990's as the desire for smaller
and more lightweight rechargeable batteries grew with the increased demand for the improvement of
portable electronic devices (Yoshino, 2012). Prior to this there were commercially available
rechargeable batteries already on the market, predominately in the form of lead–acid (PbA), Nickel–
Cadmium (NiC) and Nickel Metal–hydride (NiMH) batteries. The development of the Lithium ion
(Li–ion) battery began due to the knowledge of lithium's low redox reaction rate and high energy to
weight ratio (Wu, 2015), which, it was believed would make Li–ion batteries a good option for
introducing smaller, more energy rich batteries to the growing market. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Through the continuous research and development in the chemistry of Li–ion batteries the
components have been extensively studied in an attempt to find the best materials to ensure a battery
with a high energy capacity and safety features. There are a wide range of cathode materials
available for use in a Li–ion battery. Those with a good level of stability at high temperatures,
insolubility in the electrolyte and good electrical conductivity (Chakrabarti, 2008) being the ideal
choice for the cathode. In general cathodes consist of lithium–metal oxides and these layered or
intercalated oxides containing nickel, cobalt and manganese are those which have been studied most
extensively. Both cobalt and nickel have a high voltage, making these metals excellent options for
the cathode, however, the availability of cobalt is quite limited. Manganese is a low cost substitution
but it has limited cycling behaviour, hence mixtures of these metals are combined to provide a
cathode with a high thermal threshold, good rate capabilities and availability with low toxicity and
low cost (Claus, 2008). Recent studies have highlighted polyoxyanion structures, such as Lithium
Iron Phosphate, as options for the cathode material, providing high electrochemical performances as
well as nontoxicity (Chakrabarti, 2008). As with cathode materials, there are many options for the
material of the anode, with each providing different advantages. The Anode requires a high and
reversible

Lithium Ion Batteries For Electric Vehicle Batteries Essay
Introduction
A lithium–ion (Li–ion) battery is a type of rechargeable battery which uses a lithium ion that moves
from a positive electrode (cathode) to a negative electrode (anode) during charging and vice versa
during discharge. Lithium–ion batteries are less environmentally damaging than batteries containing
heavy metals such as cadmium and mercury, but recycling them is still far preferable to incinerating
them or sending them to landfill. Lithium ion batteries are made up of one or more generating
compartments called cells. Each cell is composed of three components: an anode, a cathode, and a
chemical called an electrolyte in between them.
Lithium–ion batteries are becoming more common in portable electronic devices due to their high–
energy density, lack of memory effect, and high charge and discharge rate capabilities. Research and
development work is ongoing to improve safety and increase capacity, charge/discharge rate, and
lifetime. Demand for electric vehicle batteries is currently small, but it is expected to grow very
quickly. China, Japan, South Korea, France, and the United States are the major lithium–ion battery
manufacturers for hybrid and electric vehicle applications.
A lot of information from different sources was gathered with the purpose of comparing different
Li–ion batteries mechanisms, cathode and anode materials, structure and fabrication procedures, and
their respective advantages and disadvantages.
Structure of a lithium ion cell
A lithium

Lithium Ion Batteries Case Study
A123 Systems History of Lithium–Ion Batteries Rechargeable battery evolution accelerated as the
world transitioned to instruments enabled by silicon microchip technology from those of bulky
electrical components. Mobile devices were designed to be powered by lightweight energy storage
systems. The development of batteries for this rapidly evolving market was challenging: The nickel
cadmium battery had been the only option for modern electronics for many years. It was a great
improvement over carbon batteries. Later, nickel–hydride batteries became the technology of choice.
Lithium–ion batteries became available in the 1990s, offering higher energy densities. This
technology won out nickel–hydride. The lithium–ion ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Howard Anderson was the founder of the venture capital firm "Yankee Tek" and a lecturer at MIT
Sloan School. He had previously funded two of Fulop's previous ventures and gave him office space
to be an "entrepreneur in residence" while he sought his next venture. Fulop began investigating
innovations in the battery industry and discovered Chiang's research lab. He was enthused by the
self–organizing battery concept and the opportunity for a battery with four times the energy density
of the available lithium–ion technology that could be charged one hundred times faster. Both Chiang
and Fulop decided that the new venture would be an early stage company dedicated to further
development of the self–assembly battery. They brought on Bart Riley as the R&D leader (he had
spent 11 years at Chiang's company "Superconductor"). A123 negotiated an exclusive license to the
key patent filings from Chiang's lab with MIT's technology and licensing office. A123 put together
the first round of financing of $8.3 M in December 2002 (Northbridge Ventures, Sequoia, Sparta
Group, Yankee Tek and MIT's Venture Fund). Four months later, an additional $4m was raised from
Motorola and Qualcomm, both incredible technology companies and users of lithium–ion batteries.
Howard Anderson (Yankee Tek) saw these corporate investments as

The Making Of Tesla Motor Inc. Essay
It is evident that the practices of modeling, simulation and prototyping produce optimal results and
saves a lot of resources and time however, these practices should not be overused to produce results.
They can sometimes produce results related to incorrectly defined problem and overconfidence on
these results can be catastrophic. It is necessary to properly understand the boundaries of a defined
system and or a problem statement that will permit the use of the techniques, as well as limitation of
the accuracy that such techniques provide. While practicing this technique in systems architecting, it
should be realized that an assumption that "original statement of the problem is the best"[6] might
prove wrong. "It might not necessary be the best or even the right one"[6]. Also overuse of these
techniques might prove costly and a time–consuming investment to extent that it is not present in the
systems architecting process. It is important that all the necessary factors are appropriately
accounted for and avoid the pitfalls in the system.
2.1 Application in the making of Tesla Motor Inc.
Tesla Motors development program was initiated with a prototype development of an electric car by
Martin Eberhart in 2002 known as the T–Zero. While making a prototype of this model, the
objective was to beat the traditional internal combustion engines car by acceleration, torque, energy
consumed and less number of moving parts. The modeling of the Roadster took into consideration
these

Steele's Argument Between Biofuels And Lithium Batteries?
Ronnie Steele's case analysis creates strong argument for both biofuels and lithium polymer
batteries to be used in order to increase engine performance. For each he presented pro's and con's
that allowed the reader to develop an informed opinion.
In his analysis he states," Lithium batteries tend to explode when gases are built up inside of them".
The problem this presents is in face a very real danger in aviation. According to www.bbc.com it is
believed to be a contributing factor in two fires that led to the crashes of two being 747 cargo planes,
killing four crewmembers. This same source referenced an FAA test in which a cargo container was
filled with 5,000 lithium polymer batteries and a cartridge heater (to replicate an overheating

Lithium Essay
taken up by all plants, in spite of the fact that it shows up not to be required for their development
and advancement. Numerous sustenance and wellbeing specialists trust that every day utilization of
up to 2 mgs of lithium might be vital for various vital cell collaborations. At those levels, lithium
appears to convey no danger of symptoms, and a few noteworthy reviews in the 1970s propose that
there might be some vital advantages. 228600228600Uses and Benefits of Lithium Decreases
forcefulness, viciousness and self–devastation. The biochemical components of activity of lithium
seem, by all accounts, to be multifactorial and are intercorrelated with the elements of a few
compounds, hormones and vitamins, and in addition with development and ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Manages nerve driving forces by controlling sodium and potassium Increments lymphocytic
generation Impacts circulation of sodium and potassium Impacts sodium transport Conceivable
disease concealment 114300800100While being the lightest metal under normal conditions, it is still
the densest. With an atomic number of three, lithium has three protons in the nucleus, but like many
other alkali metals it has only one valence electron. Interesting Lithium Facts: It is the least reactive
of the alkali metals. 00While being the lightest metal under normal conditions, it is still the densest.
With an atomic number of three, lithium has three protons in the nucleus, but like many other alkali
metals it has only one valence electron. Interesting Lithium Facts: It is the least reactive of the alkali
metals. 228600–685800It is the minimum responsive of the alkali metals. The core of lithium is
genuinely insecure. On account of this insecurity, lithium alone never shows up in nature. While it
seems metallic and glossy, it starts to consume promptly in air because of the dampness introduce. It
is a metal, yet sufficiently delicate to be cut with a

Tesla´s Electric Cars: What´s Sustainable Development?
What is sustainable development? This is an approach towards considering the finite resources of
the Earth. Its goal is defined as working towards developing means by which the needs of the
present are met without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs.
Sustainable development most commonly refers to the use and reuse of renewable energy sources.
This creates a system that is "sustainable" and can keep going on into the foreseeable future. The
world needs to be considered as a system since what happens in one part of the world can have an
effect on a different continent. For example, air pollution in North America is known to affect the
quality of air in Asia, and pesticides sprayed in Argentina can ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Their success revolutionized the green car industry because the general opinion on electric cars was
that they were good for the environment but impractical. Nowadays, they are surprisingly fast and
practical and everyone wants to buy one, but how green are Tesla's cars really? This answer depends
on a number of factors such as what assumptions you make, how you quantify environmental impact
and even where you live and how much it is driven. Tesla's electric cars are clean in the sense they
don't burn gas, since with the absence of a gas tank, engine and exhaust it is considered a zero–
emission vehicle, but there are more things to consider than just what the cars give out. These cars
run on electricity, which in turn has to be generated from a range of different sources, from nuclear
fission to natural gas and even coal, therefore it is safe to say that Tesla is powered by a large
amount from the burning of fossil fuels. This fact is however, acknowledged by Tesla but they are
still convinced that their vehicles are far cleaner than that of their competitors who use internal–
combustion. Tesla's Model S can travel more than 265 miles on a single charge of its 85 kWh
battery, which is equivalent to less than 3 gallons of gas. However, considering the energy sources
that go into Tesla's electrical grid, the Model S actually produces around 27 pounds of Co2 for a
typical 40 mile drive. Ozzie Zehner,

Power Lithium Ion Capacitor Using Carbon Silicon...
TUltrahigh power lithium ion capacitor using lithiated silicon oxycarbide and snake fruit rinds
activated carbon†
*a,b
In this study, we report reports an approach to form an exceptionally high–power lithium–ion
capacitor (LIC) using environmentally friendly lithiated silicone oxycarbide (SiOC) material derived
from phenyl–rich silicone oil as the anode and activated carbon via KOH activation of snake fruit
rinds (SKOH) as the cathode. A battery–type SiOC anode exhibited an incredibly high rate
capability in which one third of its initial capacity was maintained even after the discharge current
density increased up to 1,600 fold (from 0.05 to 80 A g–1). Moreover, the SKOH cathode
demonstrated a massive surface area of 2,638 m2 g–1 promoting a remarkably high capacitance.
When coupled to lihtium metal in a cell, the maximum power density of SKOH in LIC was 7.4 ×
106 W kg–1 at a current density of 103 W h kg–1 (a loading mass of c.a. 4 mg cm–2). The
optimized lithiated SiOC anode and SKOH cathode were paired in an LIC cell, providing a
maximum power density of 156,000 W h kg–1 at an energy density of 25 W h kg–1. Moreover, the
LIC demonstrates an outstanding cycle retention of 93% after 78,000 cycles. Introduction
The growing market of heavy–duty electrical vehicles has significantly increased the demand for
advanced energy storage systems that can deliver high power and energy density and long cycle
life.1–3 Although batteries have been successfully utilized in

The Creation Of Lithium
It is hard to think of a time where nothing ceased to exist. The world was a blank canvas fifteen
billion years ago until a spark occurred. The universe, known today, did not appear out of thin air. It
took one small step after the other to form. This journey began with hydrogen. It was the small seed
that appeared by distant cosmic enormity. As soon as it was created its atoms smashed together to
form helium. These elements remained alone for millions of years creating a cloud that possessed
the first stars. They stood alone until the elements underwent a process of nuclear fission to create
other elements like lithium and beryllium. To get a better understanding imagine the creation of
lithium. Hydrogen and helium smashed together

The Use Of Lithium And Benzodiazepines For Patients Based...
Summarize the contents of your article. In 1995 a Louisiana statewide project was performed for
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) as a mental health quality improvement project. The evaluators
observed the high concurrent utilization of lithium and benzodiazepines and the face validity issues.
Health Care Financing Administration (HFCA) of Louisiana contracted with the state peer–review
organizations (PRO) to complete an evaluation that would address the issues pertaining to the
application of clinical guidelines. After PRO reviewed the use of lithium and benzodiazepines they
provided clinics with task force recommendations and clinical guidelines. The creation was through
a collaboration of mental health quality improvement projects that would assist the practice between
a patient and a clinic. The guidelines covered the best approaches for caring for patients based on
benefits, risks, and cost of the clinical systems. The issues addressed promoted clinics to create
clinical guidelines by using data to evaluate the face validity of their practice and to develop a
clinical guideline. Definitions: Electroconvulsive therapy– is a procedure, done under general
anesthesia, in which small electric currents are passed through the brain, intentionally triggering a
brief seizure. ECT seems to cause changes in brain chemistry that can quickly reverse symptoms of
certain mental illnesses ("Lithium, benzodiazepines," 1992) Lithium– is used to treat the manic
episodes of manic

Lithium Research Papers
5 CAREERS Forensic chemists Forensic scientists break down non–natural trace evidence found at
crime scenes with a specific end goal to recognize obscure materials and match tests to known
substances. They additionally investigate medications/controlled substances taken from scenes and
individuals keeping in mind the end goal to distinguish and once in a while evaluate these materials.
Working in a lab, they run tests on tests gathered by specialists. They utilize a mixed bag of
methods, including microscopy, optical examination, (for example, UV, infrared, X–beam), gas
chromatography and different advances. They deliberately record their discoveries and compose
reports that are utilized to bolster criminal examinations. Measurable scientific ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lithium is used on things from cars to toy robots. Without lithium a great ordeal of things won't be
available for use. Lithium lives up to expectations with different components, drugs, chemicals,
hormones, vitamins, and development elements in the body in a wide range of ways. People use it
for drug. Lithium is used for mental illnesses, including bipolar issue, dejection, and schizophrenia;
for dietary issues, including anorexia and bulimia. Lithium is a standout amongst the most generally
utilized and mulled over medicines for treating bipolar issue. Lithium aides decrease the seriousness
and recurrence of lunacy. It might likewise help diminish or avoid bipolar misery. Studies
demonstrate that lithium can essentially diminish suicide hazard. Lithium likewise aides avert future
hyper and depressive scenes. Accordingly, it might be recommended for drawn out stretches of time
(even between scenes) as support treatment. Lithium follows up on a man's focal sensory system
(mind and spinal rope). Specialists don't know precisely how lithium attempts to settle a man's state
of mind, yet it is thought to help fortify nerve cell associations in cerebrum areas that are included in
managing inclination, speculation and conduct. It's used for blood issue, including iron deficiency
and low white–cell number. Lithium is additionally utilized for cerebral pain, liquor addiction,
epilepsy, diabetes, liver illness, kidney issue, joint pain, a skin condition called seborrhea, and
overactive thyroid. Different uses incorporate treatment of asthma, Huntington's illness, Graves'
malady, herpes simplex, Tourette's disorder, patterned spewing, Meniere's sickness, a shivering or
"slithering" sensation in the skin, and forceful conduct in individuals with consideration shortage
hyperactivity issue (ADHD). Without lithium a lot of people would be struggling to cope with the
diseases they are born with. Lithium is a standout

Lithium Ion Batteries Are Made From Lithium
Lithium–ion batteries are made from lithium; hence the name. Since lithium is an unstable metal,
lithium ions must be made through chemicals. Lithium is used because it is the lightest metal with
the highest electrochemical potential. Inside these batteries are a positive electrode called the
cathode, an anode or the negative electrode and lithium ions. Theses lithium ions move from the
negative electrode to the positive when it's being used and vice versa when it's being charged. For
the electrodes not to be combined, there is a separator in between the negative and positive
electrodes. Another type of battery is a alkaline batteries, which is made out zinc and manganese
dioxide. Alkaline batteries works like other batteries. There is a negative electrode, zinc powder, a
positive electrode, manganese dioxide, an electrolyte, potassium hydroxide, a separator, and a brass
pin. Once the electrolytes are added, a chemical reaction happens when the manganese dioxide
oxidizes and allows the zinc and manganese dioxide to combine to form electricity in the battery.
Zinc carbon batteries is another type of battery that is made of carbon and zinc. This battery works
when the carbon rod, cathode, in the center collects electrons from the anode, shell of the battery
that consists of zinc chloride, part of the battery, which creates a circuit. An electrolyte paste made
from ammonium chloride surrounds a piece a paper that keeps the electrons moving and causes the
battery to produce

Effects Of Lithium On Memory And Cognition
The Neurosensory Effects of Lithium
On Memory and Cognition
Chelse S. Pike
University of West GA
Abstract More than 5 million Americans have been diagnosed with Alzheimer 's or some form of
dementia. The Alzheimer 's Association says that dementia can also be referred to as memory loss. If
you could take a magic pill and have a stable memory...would you do it? This paper explores the
potential effects Lithium Carbonate has on memory, motor skills and cognition. For the purpose of
this essay Lithium Carbonate will be referred to as Lithium, from this point further. The purpose of
this paper is to determine if Lithium affects the brain's memory, or has no effect at all, more
specifically in Alzheimer 's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Squire et al. measured the participant's manic and depressive state with a series of test, along with a
subjective state questionnaire. The results indicated that lithium had a significant and detrimental
effect on memory and motor speed. Whereas, Shaw, Stokes, Mann and Manevitz (1987) conducted a
16 person double blind crossover design study on lithium carbonate effects on the memory and
motor speed of bipolar patients. The participants were between the ages of 22 to 55. Each patient
was either given a dose of lithium or a placebo. After 2 weeks participants were administered a
battery of memory and cognitive test. Shaw et al. (1987) reported lithium induced slowing
performance on certain motor tests; however it did not cause memory impairment or a change in
self–assessment of memory. This paper examines Squire et al. and Shaw et al. research against the
fictional experiment designed by Pike (2015).
This study was chosen to better understand the effects Lithium can have on the brain and more
specifically, memory. Lithium can be used in many different ways to manage bipolar disorder, major
depression, and PTSD. While there are studies that have tested the effects of Lithium on the brain in
participants with bipolar disorder, this paper branches to specifically diagnosed Alzheimer 's
participants. If this study is successful and proven to increase memory, this opens a door for the
need of more

Advantages Of The Graingoat
Competitive Insight
The GrainGoat has one major competitor. The Minibatt is a mini harvester, much like the
GrainGoat. The product harvests small grains such as wheat, barley, oats, rye, milo, canola, and
medical plants or species. This product acts as a mini combine. The product is very easy to use and
portable. It will provide an accurate yield estimate in less than five minutes. The creators of the
Minibatt are currently focusing their customer base on research and university extensions offices.
These markets could use the product for test plots. They may try to reach out to other markets in the
future if they see an increase in sales. (Reichardt, 2016)
The Minibatt is manufactured by Reichardt which has a USA and European division. The USA
division is based out of Sabin, Minnesota. The Minibatt has focused production and sales in the
United States division of the company. The Minibatt makes the argument that using this product to
test samples is much ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ultimate purpose of the machine is to test yields. GrainGoat has focused their competitive
advantage on allowing farmers to use their hand held deveice to check moisture levels for many
crops to ensure they are being harvested at the correct time. This could make the GrainGoat more
applicable to different markets.
There is another product on the market called the Micro Harvester and is much like the Minibatt
mentioned above. The product cuts and threshes a clean grain sample in minutes. The inventor
worked with different French research institutes to build a miniature harvester that is battery
operated and handheld. In comparison to the Minibatt, this product does test moisture levels. It
could be seen a true competitor to the GrainGoat. There was an article released in a farm magazine
in 2005 discussing the product. It appears as though it may not be on the market today. (Farmshow,

Lithium Research Paper

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